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    ‎⁨احصاء محاضرة 4⁩ PDF

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    فاضل حمزه فاضل
    Graphical summaries of data can include histograms, frequency polygons, and ogives. A histogram plots frequencies versus value intervals. A frequency polygon displays frequencies connected by line segments at class midpoints. A cumulative frequency distribution curve (ogive) shows the cumulative frequencies and how many values are below a boundary. Other key points include calculating the class interval by dividing the range by the number of classes, and determining class boundaries and relative frequencies.

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    ‎⁨احصاء محاضرة 4⁩ PDF

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    فاضل حمزه فاضل
    16 views12 pages
    Graphical summaries of data can include histograms, frequency polygons, and ogives. A histogram plots frequencies versus value intervals. A frequency polygon displays frequencies connected by line segments at class midpoints. A cumulative frequency distribution curve (ogive) shows the cumulative frequencies and how many values are below a boundary. Other key points include calculating the class interval by dividing the range by the number of classes, and determining class boundaries and relative frequencies.

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    Graphical summaries of data can include histograms, frequency polygons, and ogives. A histogram plots frequencies versus value intervals. A frequency polygon displays frequencies connected by line segments at class midpoints. A cumulative frequency distribution curve (ogive) shows the cumulative frequencies and how many values are below a boundary. Other key points include calculating the class interval by dividing the range by the number of classes, and determining class boundaries and relative frequencies.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    16 views12 pages

    ‎⁨احصاء محاضرة 4⁩ PDF

    Uploaded by

    فاضل حمزه فاضل
    Graphical summaries of data can include histograms, frequency polygons, and ogives. A histogram plots frequencies versus value intervals. A frequency polygon displays frequencies connected by line segments at class midpoints. A cumulative frequency distribution curve (ogive) shows the cumulative frequencies and how many values are below a boundary. Other key points include calculating the class interval by dividing the range by the number of classes, and determining class boundaries and relative frequencies.

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    GRAPHICAL SUMMARIES OF DATA

    Histograms, Frequency Polygons and Ogives


    Frequency distributions are used to produce graphs. Three types of graphs are:

    1. Histogram: is a plot (or tabulation) of the number of data points (frequencies) versus selected intervals or values
    for a parameter.
    2. Frequency distribution curve (Polygon): displays data by using line segments connecting points plotted for the
    frequencies at the mid – point of each class.
    3. Cumulative frequency distribution curve (Ogives): is a graph that represents the cumulative frequencies for the
    classes in a frequency distribution. It shows how many of values of the data are below certain boundary.

    The range: is the difference between the largest and smallest numbers of the raw data.

    Relative frequencies
    The notation fx is used to denote the frequency or number of times the value x occurs. Plots of relative frequencies
    help add perspective on the sample variance, mean and median.

    The cumulative relative frequency distribution F(x) refers to the proportion of observations less than or equal to a
    given value.
    Finding the range, Range=largest value-smallest value=87-32=55
    Choosing the number of categories (classes), let’s take 12 classes. (Classes are usually between 5 and 20).
    : ‫قد يعطى في االمتحان او يحسب بقانون‬
    K= 1+3.322 log (n)

    Finding the class interval, which is the difference between two successive lowerclass limits or two successive
    upper-class limits.

    Class interval= Range/number of classes or categories *Always rounded to the highest integer number.

    Finding class boundaries, or true class limits


    : ‫اذا كان عدد صحيح للفئات فنستخدم‬
    Lower value - 0.5
    Upper value + 0.5
    :‫اذا كان العدد عشري للفئات ويحتوي على رقم واحد بعد الفارزة فنستخدم‬
    Lower value – 0.05
    Upper value + 0.05
    :‫اذا كان العدد عشري للفئات على رقمين بعد الفارزة فنستخدم‬
    Lower value – 0.005
    Upper value + 0.005
    Finding relative frequency (probability of frequency) to each class.
    A frequency distribution is a table that shows classes or intervals of data with a count of the
    number in each class. The frequency f of a class is the number of data points in the class.

    The class width is the distance between lower (or upper) limits of consecutive classes.
    Example:
    The following data represents the ages of 30 students in a statistics class. Construct a frequency
    distribution that has five classes

    1. The number of classes (5) is stated in the problem.


    2. The minimum data entry is 18 and maximum entry is 54, so the range is 36. Divide the range by the number of
    classes to find the class width.

    3. The minimum data entry of 18 may be used for the lower limit of the first class. To find the lower class limits of
    the remaining classes, add the width (8) to each lower limit.
    4. Make a tally mark for each data entry in the appropriate class.
    5. The number of tally marks for a class is the frequency for that class.

    The midpoint of a class is the sum of the lower and upper limits of the class divided by two. The midpoint is
    sometimes called the class mark.
    The relative frequency of a class is the portion or percentage of the data that falls in that class. To find the relative
    frequency of a class, divide the frequency f by the sample size n.
    The cumulative frequency of a class is the sum of the frequency for that class and all the previous classes
    Class boundaries are the numbers that separate the classes without forming gaps between them. The horizontal
    scale of a histogram can be marked with either the class boundaries or the midpoints.
    Frequency Polygon
    A frequency polygon is a line graph that emphasizes the continuous change in frequencies.

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