YEAR 1 – SCIENCE FINAL EXAM REVISION NOTES (EXAM DATE: 2nd of June)

The additional notes in your notebook and the presentations will help you study. You are advised
to study well all the homework assigned and all handouts given.

CHAPTER: FORCES (pages: 146-153)

1. What is a force?
A force is a puch or a pull.
2. What is the unit of force?
Newton (N)
3. How do we measure forces (equipment)?
Forcemeter/Newtonmeter
4. What are the effects of a force (what can a force do)?
A force can:
-change the direction of a moving object
-change the speed of an object
-change the shape of an object
5. Know examples of common forces.
-Applied forces
-Gravity
-Friction
-Support force
-Magnetism
-Electrostatic force
-Upthrust
-Surface tension
-Air resistance
-tension

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6. Be able to draw forces on a given diagram.

7. Definitions of contact and non-contact forces.

Contact forces: forces that act when things touch.
Non-contact forces: forces that act from a distance.
8. Classify forces as contact and non-contact.

Contact forces Non-contact forces

Applied forces Magnetism

Friction Gravity

Support force Electrostatic force

Upthrust

Surface tension

Air resistance

tension

9. When are the forces acting on a body balanced?

-when the object is not moving
-when the object is moving with a steady speed

10. When are the forces unbalanced?

-when a still object is moving
-when the object is accelerating or decelerating

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11. Be able to draw and label the forces acting on a stationary object.

12. Be able to draw the forces acting on a moving object (moving at a constant speed, accelerating
(speed up) or decelerating (slow down)).

13. Be able to calculate the resultant force and indicate its direction.

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14. Understand the motion of the object when values of force are given.
Same as above

15. What is Friction? In what direction does it act?

Friction is a force that tries to stop two surfaces from moving over each other.
16. How can we reduce friction?
The friction between two surfaces can be reduced using a lubricant, like oil, grease or even
water.
17. Examples in which friction is useful and nuisance.

Friction is helpful Friction is nuisance

Friction between tyres of a car or bicycle, Friction between metal parts of a machine
keeps the motion steady and under control caused heating – cars engine can overheat

Friction between our shoes and the floor Friction can slow things down. It can make
during walking or running. Keeps us steady moving an object very difficult
and we can control our movement

18. What is air resistance? In what direction does it act?

Air resistance is a kind of friction that drags against something moving through the air. It acts in
the opposite direction of movement
19. What does Hooke’s law states?
The force exerted on a spring is proportional to its extension.
20. Be able to draw a force against extension graph using given values.

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 Elastic limit

21. Be able to indicate on a force against extension graph where elastic and plastic deformation
occurs, as well as the elastic limit.
The elastic limit shows on the graph above. Before the elastic limit elastic deformation occurs
and after the elastic limit plastic deformation occurs.

CHAPTER: ACIDS AND ALKALIS (pages: 92-96 and 98)

22. What is an acid? Give examples of acidic substances.

Acid is a substance with a pH below 7. Acids have sour taste.
Examples: vinegar, orange juice, soft drinks, yogurt, tomato sauce, hydrochloric acid

23. What is an alkali? Give examples of alkaline substances.

Alkali is a substance that is the chemical opposite of the acid.
Alkali is a substance with a pH above 7.
Examples: baking soda, soap, toothpaste indigestion remedy, sodium hydroxide

24. What is a neutral substance? Give examples of neutral substances.

A neutral substance is neither acidic nor alkaline.
A neutral substance has a pH equal to 7.

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25. Know how to read and use the pH scale.

26. Which pH values indicate a concentrated acid and which a dilute one?
The most concentrated acids have the lowest pH. See the picture below

27. Which pH values indicate a concentrated alkali and which a dilute one?
The most concentrated alkalis have the highest pH. See the picture above.

28. Know 2 properties of acids and 2 properties of alkalis.

Properties of acids Properties of alkalis
pH<7 pH>7
Corrosive when concentrated Corrosive when concentrated
Are neutralised by alkalis Are neutralised by acids
Turn the universal indicator red Turn the universal indicator blue
The most concentrated acids have the lowest The most concentrated alkalis have the
pH highest pH

29. What common properties do acids and alkalis have?

Corrosive when concentrated
Change the colour of the indicators
They can be of moderated hazard when they are diluted

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30. How can we measure the acidity or alkalinity of a substance? Which way is the most accurate?
(a)pH indicator (universal indicator or litmus paper). Universal indicator is more accurate than
the litmus paper since universal indicator has a range of colours that determine acidity or
alkalinity more accurately.
(b) pH meter. This is the most accurate way of measuring the pH since we have an exact pH
value (not just a colour indication).
31. Know the colour that universal indicator gets in acidic, alkaline and neutral substances.
See question 32
32. Know the colour that litmus indicator gets in acidic, alkaline and neutral substances.
This is for both questions 31 and 32
Indicator Acid Alkali

Blue litmus paper Turns red Stays blue

Red litmus paper Stays red Turns blue

Universal Indicator Turns red Turns blue

32. Be able to explain safety rules in the lab when handling acids and alkalis.
Concentrated acids and alkalis are corrosive, which means they can destroy a range of
substances along with living tissue. Dilute acids are not corrosive but they have a moderate
hazard, which means that they will make our skin red or blistered and damage our eyes.
This is why when working with acids and alkalis we need to:
-Wear gloves
-Wear eye protection
- We must wash our skin with plenty of water in case of a spill. (to dilute the acid or alkali and
make it less irritating)
32. Be able to recognise the 3 hazard symbols on p.96.

Corrosive moderate
hazard wear eye protection

33. Be able to explain the term corrosive. Which acids and alkalis are corrosive?
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Concentrated acids and alkalis are corrosive, which means they can destroy a range of
substances including metals and living tissue.
34. How do we make a concentrated acid or alkali less concentrated (dilute)?
Concentrated acids and alkalis can be made less concentrated by the addition of water
(dilution).
35. What is a neutralisation reaction? Be able to write the word equation of it?
Neutralisation reaction is a chemical reaction between an acid and an alkali to form something
neutral (pH=7).
Acid + alkali  salt + water
e.g hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide  sodium chloride and water
36. What are the products and the reactants of a neutralisation reaction?
Salt and water
37. Be able to explain examples of neutralisation reactions (e.g. indigestion remedies,
neutralisation of bee and wasp stings, neutralisation of acidic soils)
-To neutralise the bee sting which is acidic we use something alkaline like soap or toothpaste

-To neutralise the wasp sting which is alkaline we use something acidic like vinegar

-To neutralise acidic soil we use something alkaline which is appropriate (slaked lime)

-To neutralise extra acidity in our stomach we use indigestion remedies that include a mild alkali

CHAPTER: REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS (pages: 16-21, excluding infertility)

38. Define reproduction.

Reproduction is the production of offspring (new organism).

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39. Be able to label the parts of the male and female reproductive systems and explain the role
(function) of each part of them.

Female Male

40. Define fertilisation. Where does it happen?

Fertilization is the joining of the egg and sperm nuclei. It happens in the fallopian tube

41. Name the male and female sex cells (gametes). In which organ are they produced?

Female: egg cells, produced in ovaries

Male: sperm cells, produced in testis

42. Be able to label the parts the sperm cell and explain the function of each one of them.

A: acrosome

B: head (includes nucleus)

C: mitochondria

D: tail

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43. Be able to label the parts of the egg cell and explain the function of each one of them.

E: nucleus

F: membrare/jelly layer

44. What is the zygote? What happens to it once it is fertilised?

Zygote is produced once the egg cell and sperm cell nuclei fuse together.

45. Define puberty. At what age does puberty happen in girls and boys?

 Puberty is the time when a child’s body starts to change into an adult body.
 In boys, between the ages of about 12-14 years old.
 In girls, it begins between the ages of 11-13 years old.

46. Which hormones are produced at high concentrations during puberty in boys and girls? Which
organs produce those hormones?

 In girls, the ovaries produce the hormone OESTROGEN.

 In boys, the testes produce the hormone TESTOSTORONE.

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47. Be able to describe the physical changes observed in boys and girls during puberty (secondary
sexual characteristics).

Physical changes in boys Physical changes in girls

 Hair growth (pubic area, under the  Grow taller
armpits, and on the face)  Bones grow
 Acne appears  Body becomes curvier
 Voice deepens  Breast development
 Penis and testicles grow  Hair grows under armpits and in pubic
 Sperm is produced area
 Muscles grow  Voice gets a little deeper
 Grow taller  May sweat more
 Body sweats more  Menstruation (period) begins
 Acne

48. Be able to explain the menstrual cycle (a diagram may be given). How long does is usually last?

• It lasts about 28 days, but it can be slightly less or more than this.

• The cycle stops while a woman is pregnant. 

• Day 1  the first day of menstruation. The lining of the uterus breaks down and bleeds.

• Menstruation can last up to 6 days.

• After, the uterus lining starts to grow again to support a baby until day 28.

• On day 14, an egg cell is release from one ovary. This is called ovulation.

• If the egg cell is not fertilized by a sperm, it dies and is lost from the body during period along
with the thick uterus lining.

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49. What is menstruation (period)? When does is happen in the menstrual cycle and how long does is
usually last?

Period is: when the uterus lining breaks down and bleeds, (because it is not needed to support a
baby)

50. What is ovulation? On what day of the menstrual cycle does ovulation usually happen?

Ovulation is when an egg cell is released from an ovary. It usually happens on day 14.

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