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Subject Name: Wireless Network

Subject Code: EC803

Subject Notes
Unit I
Review of Cellular Networks:
Mobile telephony, GSM, CDMA/CD, Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS).Advancement and
migrations. WLAN- PHY Layer and MAC Layer-IEEE 802.11 (a, b, g, ac), HIPERLAN, Wireless ATM, WiMAX- PHY
Layer and MAC Layer IEEE 802.16 (fixed and mobile).

1.1 Mobile telephony

Mobile telephony is the provision of telephone services to phones which may move around freely rather than
stay fixed in one location. Telephony is supposed to specifically point to a voice-only service or connection,
though sometimes the line may blur.
Mobile telephony has existed since the 1950s when it was introduced in Sweden, the first country to
invest in this technology. It wasn’t until the 1980s that the technique matured enough to be commercialized.
Mobile telephony is wireless phones that connect to phone towers to perform calls.
The first mobile phones differ a lot from the mobile phones that exist today. They were heavy, hefty,
expensive and required a big antenna to connect to a phone tower. Today’s mobile phones are powerful
enough to connect to a screen and therefore be used as a computer.
Mobile telephony revolutionized our way of communicating. It’s therefore hard to image a society without
mobile phones. Especially since today’s mobile phones have functions adapted to more than just phone calls
which makes them usable tools in day-to-day life.
• Today mobile phones are a hybrid between a computer and laptop.
• There are more mobile phones than people on the earth today.
• Today you can pay wireless through your mobile.
The mobile phone has gone from being a phone meant for simple calls between two parts, into
becoming a fully fledged computer that has several functions. Today it isn’t solely used to make calls, but
mostly send messages without cost.
Social media had its’ big breakthrough via mobile phones that offered simple and fast ways to reach
out to other’s via social media. Selfies, status updates, and fast news could easily spread and be shared in
apps.
The future in mobile telephony

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Every year, new mobiles are released with even stronger processors, better display, crisp cameras and
longer battery life.Future in mobile telephony is really exciting. With the launch of 5G, the new and extremely
fast mobile network, around the world, new opportunities are opened up. 5G will deliver hoisting speeds, less
latency and better throughput. Although 5G promises many good improvements, there are also concerns. It is
believed that the high frequency that 5G will be at may cause cancer.

1.2 GSM
GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication. It is a digital cellular technology used for
transmitting mobile voice and data services. Important facts about the GSM are given below −
• The concept of GSM emerged from a cell-based mobile radio system at Bell Laboratories in the early
1970s.
• GSM is the name of a standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European mobile
telephone standard.
• GSM is the most widely accepted standard in telecommunications and it is implemented globally.
• GSM is a circuit-switched system that divides each 200 kHz channel into eight 25 kHz time-slots. GSM
operates on the mobile communication bands 900 MHz and 1800 MHz in most parts of the world. In the US,
GSM operates in the bands 850 MHz and 1900 MHz.
• GSM owns a market share of more than 70 percent of the world's digital cellular subscribers.
• Presently GSM supports more than one billion mobile subscribers in more than 210 countries
throughout the world.
• GSM provides basic to advanced voice and data services including roaming service. Roaming is the
ability to use your GSM phone number in another GSM network.
GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down through a channel with two other streams of user
data, each in its own timeslot.
Why GSM?
Listed below are the features of GSM that account for its popularity and wide acceptance.
• Improved spectrum efficiency
• International roaming
• Low-cost mobile sets and base stations (BSs)
• High-quality speech
• Compatibility with Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) and other telephone company services
• Support for new services

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GSM History
The following are the some of the important events in the rollout of the GSM system.
1982-: Conference of European Posts and Telegraph (CEPT) establishes a GSM group to widen the standards
for a pan-European cellular mobile system.
1987-: Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) is chosen as the access method (with Frequency Division
Multiple Access [FDMA]). The initial Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) is signed by telecommunication
operators representing 12 countries.
1988-: GSM system is validated.
1989-: The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) was given the responsibility of the GSM
specifications.
1991-: Commercial launch of the GSM service occurs. The DCS1800 specifications are finalized.
1992-: The addition of the countries that signed the GSM MoU takes place. Coverage spreads to larger cities
and airports.
1995-: Phase 2 of the GSM specifications occurs. Coverage is extended to rural areas.
1996-: June− 133 network in 81 countries operational.
1997-: July− 200 network in 109 countries operational, around 44 million subscribers worldwide.
1999-: Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) came into existence and became operational in 130 countries
with 260 million subscribers.
2000-: General Packet Radio Service(GPRS) came into existence.
2001-: over 550 million people were subscribers to mobile telecommunications.
2020-: over 776 million people were subscribers to mobile telecommunications.

1.3 CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a sort of multiplexing that facilitates various signals to occupy
a single transmission channel. It optimizes the use of available bandwidth. The technology is commonly used
in ultra-high-frequency (UHF) cellular telephone systems, bands ranging between the 800-MHz and 1.9-GHz.

CDMA Overview
Code Division Multiple Access system is very different from time and frequency multiplexing. In this
system, a user has access to the whole bandwidth for the entire duration. The basic principle is that different
CDMA codes are used to distinguish among the different users.

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Techniques generally used are direct sequence spread spectrum modulation (DS-CDMA), frequency hopping
or mixed CDMA detection (JDCDMA). Here, a signal is generated which extends over a wide bandwidth. A
code called spreading code is used to perform this action. Using a group of codes, which are orthogonal to
each other, it is possible to select a signal with a given code in the presence of many other signals with
different orthogonal codes.

How Does CDMA Work?

CDMA allows up to 61 concurrent users in a 1.2288 MHz channel by processing each voice packet with two
PN codes. There are 64 Walsh codes available to differentiate between calls and theoretical limits.
Operational limits and quality issues will reduce the maximum number of calls somewhat lower than this
value.
In fact, many different "signals" baseband with different spreading codes can be modulated on the same
carrier to allow many different users to be supported. Using different orthogonal codes, interference
between the signals is minimal. Conversely, when signals are received from several mobile stations, the base
station is capable of isolating each as they have different orthogonal spreading codes.
CDMA Capacity
The factors deciding the CDMA capacity are −
 Processing Gain
 Signal to Noise Ratio
 Voice Activity Factor
 Frequency Reuse Efficiency
Capacity in CDMA is soft, CDMA has all users on each frequency and users are separated by code. This means,
CDMA operates in the presence of noise and interference.
In addition, neighboring cells use the same frequencies, which means no re-use. So, CDMA capacity
calculations should be very simple. No code channel in a cell, multiplied by no cell. But it is not that simple.
Although not available code channels are 64, it may not be possible to use a single time, since the CDMA
frequency is the same.
Centralized Methods
 The band used in CDMA is 824 MHz to 894 MHz (50 MHz + 20 MHz separation).
 Frequency channel is divided into code channels.
 1.25 MHz of FDMA channel is divided into 64 code channels.
Advantages of CDMA

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CDMA has a soft capacity. The greater the number of codes, the more the number of users. It has the
following advantages −
a) CDMA requires a tight power control, as it suffers from near-far effect. In other words, a user near the
base station transmitting with the same power will drown the signal latter. All signals must have more
or less equal power at the receiver
b) Rake receivers can be used to improve signal reception. Delayed versions of time (a chip or later) of

the signal (multipath signals) can be collected and used to make decisions at the bit level.
c) Flexible transfer may be used. Mobile base stations can switch without changing operator. Two base
stations receive mobile signal and the mobile receives signals from the two base stations.
d) Transmission Burst − reduces interference.

Disadvantages of CDMA
The disadvantages of using CDMA are as follows −
a) The code length must be carefully selected. A large code length can induce delay or may cause
interference.
b) Time synchronization is required.

c) Gradual transfer increases the use of radio resources and may reduce capacity.
d) As the sum of the power received and transmitted from a base station needs constant tight power

control. This can result in several handovers.

1.4 Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)

UMTS or Universal Mobile Telecommunications Framework, is the 3G successor to the GSM family of
measures counting GPRS and EDGE. 3G UMTS employments a completely diverse radio interface based
around the utilize of Coordinate Grouping Spread Range as CDMA or Code Division Different Access. Although
3G UMTS employments a completely distinctive radio get to standard, the center arrange is the same as that
utilized for GPRS and EDGE to carry partitioned circuit exchanged voice and bundle data.

UMTS Applications
a) Streaming / Download (Video, Audio)
b) Video conferences.
c) Fast Internet / Intranet.
d) Mobile E-Commerce (M-Commerce)
e) Remote Login

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f) Multimedia-Messaging, E-Mail
Features of UMTS
a) UMTS could be a component of IMT-2000 standard of the Universal Broadcast communications Union
(ITU), created by 3GPP.
b) It employments wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA) discuss interface.
c) It gives transmission of content, digitized voice, video and multimedia.
d) It gives tall transmission capacity to portable operators.
e) It gives a tall information rate of 2Mbps.
f) For High-Speed Downlink Parcel Get to (HSDPA) handsets, the data-rate is as tall as 7.2 Mbps within
the downlink connection.
g) It is additionally known as Flexibility of Mobile Multimedia Access (FOMA).
Advantages of UMTS
a) UMTS could be a successor to 2G based GSM advances counting GPRS and EDGE . Gaining a 3rd title
3GSM since it could be a 3G relocation for GSM
b) Support 2Mbit/s information rates.
c) Higher Information rates at lower incremental costs.
Disadvantages of UMTS
a) It is more expensive than GSM.
b) Universal Mobile Telecommunication System has poor video experience.
c) Universal Mobile Telecommunication System still not broadband.

1.5 Advancement and migrations

Our life has become so digital that smart phone cannot be isolated from us because imagine once, the life
without a smart phone or a cell phone you can’t. Mobile Phone is serving us as a wireless communicator,
Bank, Payment system, PC, Music System, Camera whatnot everything. Today some of the countries are
enjoying 5G network services whereas most of the countries are trying for it. Leaving a couple of countries
most of the world is using the 4G network services & 4G mobiles.

Evolution of Wireless Generations:

Before the year 1980 there were some technologies which made the people to make wireless phone, by using
the technologies like MTS – Mobile Telephone Service, Motorola company launched the first commercial MTS
in US in 1946, likewise a number of companies in different countries emerged. Before the evolution of the first

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Generation wireless network or 1G there was a pre cellular technology, countries like US started using it in the
year 1946.

0G – Pre Cellular technology

1G – First Generation Wireless Network
2G – Second Generation Wireless Network
3G – Third Generation Wireless Network
4G – Fourth Generation Wireless Network
5G – Fifth Generation Wireless Network

Pre Cell phone Technology/ OG:

Before the existence of the so called cellphones, mobile radio telephones were the first ever wireless radio
phones and these were operated with the help of PTT, MTS, IMTS, and AMTS technologies. PTT – Push to talk,
MTS – Mobile Telephone Services, IMTS – Improved Mobile Telephone Services, and finally AMTS – Advanced
Mobile Telephone Services.

What is 1G?

1G is the first generation wireless mobile communication technology, 1G or first generation of wireless
network was introduced in the year 1980, the technology used in the 1G Mobile phones was analog
telecommunications and the radio signal used in the 1G network was analog.

 The 1G commercial service was first launched in Japan in the year 1979.
 The first company to provide 1G commercial service is Nippon Telegraph & Telephone (NTT).
 Moving on in the year 1981, the first ever international roaming featured mobile network was launched in
Denmark, Finland, Sweden, and Norway.
 In the year 1983, Ameritech launched the 1G commercial services by using the Motorola Dynatac mobile
phone.

What is 2G?

2G is the second generation wireless mobile communication technology, the 2G commercial services were
launched in Finland in the year 1991. It was introduced based on the GSM standards.

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Features of 2G Network & 2G Data Speed:

 2G network encrypted the conversations digitally and received by the intended user exclusively.
 2G enabled more number of users by using the radio frequency spectrum.
 Most important feature, data services like SMS, MMS etc , this feature enabled a lot of commercial
services providers to provide data services.
 The radio frequency used in the 1G network was analog while the 2G network was digital.
 The data speed in 2G network was 40 Kbit/s.
 Later 2.5G GPRS was introduced with packet-switched domain.

What is 3G?

3G is the third generation wireless mobile communication technology, 3G is the advanced version of both 2G
& 2.5G wireless mobile networks. 3G was launched with IMT – 2000 standards. IMT stands for International
Mobile Telecommunications. The first 3G services was launched commercially in the year 1998 by NTT
Docomo in Japan.

Features of 3G Network & 3G Data Speed:

 Mobile internet access

 Video calls
 Mobile TV
 Fixed wireless internet access
 3.5G & 3.75G was launched that provides mobile broadband to smartphones, modems, personal
computer, and laptops.
 According to the IMTS – 2000, the data speed must be 0.2 Mbit/s.

What is 4G?

4G is the fourth generation wireless mobile communication technology, 4G is the advanced version of 3G,
3.5G, and 3.75G wireless mobile networks. 4G was launched with ITU standards. ITU is the advanced IMT . The
4G was developed to provide the potential services like IP telephony, HD Mobile TV, 3D Television, Video
Conferencing, and Mobile web access.
The first 4G services was launched commercially in the year 2009 by Norway, Oslo, Stockholm, and Sweden in
the name of 4G LTE. LTE stands for Long Term Evolution.

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What is LTE?

The full form of LTE is Long Term Evolution, basically LTE is a standard for wireless broadband
communications, and it enhances the capacity and the speed of the wireless communications in terms data
speed by using the digital signal processing technique. LTE is owned by the ETSI – European
Telecommunications Standards Institute. Initially when LTE was launched, everyone thought that it is advance
4G or 4G LTE but 4G and LTE are different. 4G is designed and developed and works on the ITU standards
whereas LTE works on the ETSI standards.

What are Mobile Generations?

We know about human generations later on computer generations etc, even wireless mobile communications
have generations. Before the first generation and which led to cause the 1G was 0G or pre cell Phone
technology or 0 Generation. The Mobile generations from 1G to 5G they are all the successors of the pre cell
phone generation or 0G. Depending on the requirements the generations in the wireless communications are
evolved. Right now they are 6 generations, they are 0G, 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G. During the tenure of 2G or second
generation there were 2.5G & 2.75G. Coming to the third generation there were 3.5G & 3.75G.

1.6 WLAN- PHY Layer and MAC Layer-IEEE 802.11 (a, b, g, ac)
Introduction
Wi-Fi is a technology that allows many electronic devices to exchange data or connect to the internet
wirelessly using radio waves. The Wi-Fi Alliance defines Wi-Fi devices as any "Wireless Local Area Network
(WLAN) products that are based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11
standards".
The key advantage of IEEE 802.11 devices is that they allow less expensive deployment of Local Area
Networks (LANs). For places where running cables to every device is not practical, such as outdoor areas and
airports, they can host wireless LANs. IEEE 802.11 is a set of medium access control (MAC) and physical layer
(PHY) specifications for implementing Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) communication original version of
the standard IEEE 802.11 was released in 1997, but is basically obsolete today. It specified bit rates of 1 or 2
megabits per second (Mbit/s).
WLAN- PHY Layer
The Standard 802.11 covers protocols and operation of wireless networks. It only deals with the two lowest
layers of the OSI reference model, the physical layer and the Data Link layer (or Media Access Control layer).
Practical, connectionless LANs began with the pre-IEEE Ethernet specification, which is the ancestor of IEEE

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802.3. The Standard 802.11 covers protocols and operation of wireless networks. It only deals with the two
lowest layers of the OSI reference model, the physical layer and the Data Link layer (or Media Access Control
layer). The goal is for all the 802.11 series of standards to be backward compatible and to be compatible at the
Medium Access Control (MAC) or Data Link layer. Each of the 802.11 standards would therefore only
Differ in physical layer (PHY) characteristics (Figure 1).
The Physical Layer defines the electrical and physical specifications for devices. In particular, it defines the
Relationship between a device and a transmission medium. The major functions and services performed by
the physical layer are the following:
Establishment and termination of a connection to a communication medium.
Participation in the process where the communication resources are effectively shared among multiple users.
For example, contention resolution and flow control. Modulation or conversion between the representation
of digital data in user equipment and the corresponding signals transmitted over a communications channel.
These are signals operating over the physical cabling (such as copper and optical fiber) or over a radio link.
The Physical layer is divided into three sub layers.
1. The Physical Layer Convergence Procedure (PLCP) acts as an adaption layer.
2. The PLCP is responsible for the Clear Channel Assessment (CCA) mode and building packets for different
physical layer technologies.
3. The Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) layer specifies modulation and coding techniques. The PHY
management layer takes care of the management issues like channel tuning.
The Station management sub layer is responsible for co-ordination of interactions between the MAC and
PHY layers.

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LLC

DATA
MAC
LINK
Management
Layer
MAC Station
Manageme
nt
PLCP
PHY

Physical Management
Layer
PMD

Figure 1: 802.11 standards focus on data link and Physical layer of OSI reference Model
WLAN- MAC Layer
The MAC layer provides the functional and procedural means to transfer data between network entities and
to detect and possibly correct errors that may occur in the physical layer. It provides access to contention
based and contention free traffic on different kinds of physical layers. In the MAC layer the responsibilities are
divided into the MAC sub-layer and the MAC management sub-layer. The MAC sub-layer defines access
mechanisms and packet formats. The MAC management sub-layer defines power management, security and
roaming services.
IEEE 802.11a
The 802.11a standard was added to the original standard and was ratified in 1999. The 802.11a standard uses
the same core protocol as the original standard and was the first of the 802.11 family to operate in the 5 GHz
band. It uses a 52-subcarrier orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) with a maximum raw data
rate of 54 Mbit/s, which typically yields a throughput in the mid-20 Mbit/s.

IEEE 802.11b

802.11b has a maximum raw data rate of 11 Mbit/s and uses the same media access method defined in the
original legacy standard. 802.11b products appeared on the market in early 2000 and is a direct extension of

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the modulation technique defined in the original standard. The dramatic increase in throughput of 802.11b
(compared to the original standard) along with substantial price reductions led to the rapid acceptance of
802.11b as the definitive wireless LAN technology.
IEEE 802.11g
The 802.11g standard was rapidly adopted by consumers starting in January 2003, well before ratification, due
to the desire for higher speeds and reductions in manufacturing costs. By summer 2003, most dual-band
802.11a/b products became dual-band/tri-mode, supporting 802.11a and b/g in a single mobile adapter card
or access point.
802.11g works in the 2.4 GHz band (like 802.11b), but uses the same OFDM based transmission scheme as
802.11a. It operates at a maximum physical layer bit rate of 54 Mbit/s, exclusive of forward error correction
codes. 802.11g hardware is fully backwards compatible with 802.11b hardware. In an 802.11g network,
however, the presence of a 802.11b device will significantly reduce the speed of the overall 802.11g network.
IEEE 802.11ac
The early standards for wireless LAN were designed primarily to connect a laptop PC in the home, office, and
to allow connectivity “on the road”. The broad acceptance and success of WLAN has created the need for new
usage models which would require higher throughput, such as:
 Rapid upload/download of large files to/from servers
 Campus and auditorium deployments
The standard was developed from 2011 through 2013.
1.7 HIPERLAN

Introduction: The HIPERLAN is the short form of HIgh PERformance Radio LAN. It is defined by ETSI as
alternative to IEEE 802.11. The specifications are specified or managed by BRAN (Broadband Radio Access
Network). There are four set of standards as mentioned below.
a) HIPERLAN/1: radio LAN, 5.15 to 5.3 GHz, range: 50 meters, maximum rate of 23.5 Mbps, mobility less than
10 m/s
b) HIPERLAN/2: 5.1 to 5.3 GHz, short range (50 to 100m), greater than 20 Mbps, mobility less than 10 m/s.
c) HIPERACCESS: 5.1 GHz to 5.3 GHz, range of 5000 meters, data rate greater than 20 Mbps, stationary mode
d) HIPERLINK: 17.1 to 17.3 GHz, range: up to 150m, rate upto 155 Mbps, stationary mode

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Broadcast Frame Downlink Uplink Random

Control Control Traffic Channel Access
Channel Channel Burst Channel

Preamble PDU PDU PDU

Fig-2: HIPERLAN/2 Frame

The basic frame structure in HIPERLAN/2 consists of broadcast, frame control, downlink, uplink and random
access. Transmission format in HIPERLAN/2 is burst which consists of preamble and data fields (i.e. PDUs).
HIPERLAN/2 Protocol Stack-PHY layer, MAC layer

Application

Presentation

Session Convergence Layer

Transport Data Link Control Layer

Network LLC
MAC RLC ECl
Data Link
CAC
Physical Layer
Physical Physical

OSI Stack HIPERLAN-1 HIPERLAN-2

Fig.3: HIPERLAN-1 and HIPERLAN-2 protocol stack

The figure-3 depicts HIPERLAN-1 protocol stack layers. As shown it consists of two layers viz. physical layer and
data link layer. Data link layer consists of LLC (Logical Link Control) and MAC (Medium Access Control). There is
another sub layer which exists between PHY and MAC. It is known as CAC (Channel Access and Control Layer).
The figure-3 also depicts HIPERLAN-2 protocol layers viz. Physical Layer, DLC layer and Convergence layer. DLC
(Data Link Control) layer is further sub divided into 3 layers viz. MAC, LLC and RLC layers.

1.8 Wireless ATM

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ATM and ATM Networks

ATM stands for Asynchronous Transfer Mode. It is a switching technique that uses time division multiplexing
(TDM) for data communications. ATM networks are connection oriented networks for cell relay that supports
voice, video and data communications. It encodes data into small fixed - size cells so that they are suitable for
TDM and transmits them over a physical medium.
The size of an ATM cell is 53 bytes: 5 byte header and 48 byte payload. There are two different cell formats -
user-network interface (UNI) and network-network interface (NNI).
Benefits of ATM Networks are
a) It provides the dynamic bandwidth that is particularly suited for bursty traffic.
b) Since all data are encoded into identical cells, data transmission is simple, uniform and predictable.

c) Uniform packet size ensures that mixed traffic is handled efficiently.

d) Small sized header reduces packet overload, thus ensuring effective bandwidth usage.

e) ATM networks are scalable both in size and speed.

The below figure 4 represent the Functional Reference Model of the Asynchronous Transfer Mode.

ATM Endpoint
ATM Switch
ATM Endpoint

ATM Adaptation ATM Adaptation

ATM Layer ATM Layer

ATM Layer
Physical Layer Physical layer Physical Layer

Physical Medium

Figure 4: Functional Reference Model of the Asynchronous Transfer Mode

ATM reference model comprises of three layers

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 Physical Layer − this layer corresponds to physical layer of OSI model. At this layer, the cells are
converted into bit streams and transmitted over the physical medium. This layer has two sub layers:
PMD sub layer (Physical Medium Dependent) and TC (Transmission Convergence) sub layer.
 ATM Layer −This layer is comparable to data link layer of OSI model. It accepts the 48 byte segments
from the upper layer, adds a 5 byte header to each segment and converts into 53 byte cells. This layer
is responsible for routing of each cell, traffic management, multiplexing and switching.
 ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) −This layer corresponds to network layer of OSI model. It provides
facilities to the existing packet switched networks to connect to ATM network and use its services. It
accepts the data and converts them into fixed sized segments. The transmissions can be of fixed or
variable data rate. This layer has two sub layers − Convergence sub layer and Segmentation and
Reassembly sub layer.
 ATM endpoints − It contains ATM network interface adaptor. Examples of endpoints are workstations,
routers, CODECs, LAN switches, etc.
 ATM switch −It transmits cells through the ATM networks. It accepts the incoming cells from ATM
endpoints (UNI) or another switch (NNI), updates cell header and retransmits cell towards destination.

1.9 WiMAX- PHY Layer and MAC Layer IEEE 802.16 (fixed and mobile)
What is WiMAX ?

 WiMAX is Acronym for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.

 It is based on Wireless MAN technology.
 A wireless technology optimized for the delivery of IP centric services over a wide area.
 A scalable wireless platform for constructing alternative and complementary broadband networks.
 A certification that denotes interoperability of equipment built to the IEEE 802.16 or compatible
standard. The IEEE 802.16 Working Group develops standards that address two types of usage models
A fixed usage model (IEEE 802.16-2004).
 A portable usage model (IEEE 802.16e).

What is 802.16a ?
The 802.16a standard for 2-11 GHz is a wireless metropolitan area network (MAN) technology that will
provide broadband wireless connectivity to Fixed, Portable and Nomadic devices. It can be used to

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connect 802.11 hot spots to the Internet, provide campus connectivity, and provide a wireless
alternative to cable for last mile broadband access.

WiMax Speed and Range

WiMAX is expected to offer initially up to about 40 Mbps capacity per wireless channel for both fixed
and portable applications. WiMAX can support voice and video as well as Internet data. WiMax
developed to provide wireless broadband access to buildings, either in competition to existing wired
networks or alone in currently un served rural or thinly populated areas. It can also be used to connect
WLAN hotspots to the Internet. WiMAX is also intended to provide broadband connectivity to mobile
devices. It would not be as fast as in these fixed applications, but expectations are for about 15 Mbps
capacity in a 3 km cell coverage area.

Why WiMax ?

a. WiMAX can satisfy a variety of access needs. Potential applications include extending broadband
capabilities to bring them closer to subscribers, filling gaps in cable, DSL and T1 services, WiFi, and
cellular backhaul, providing last-100 meter access from fiber to the curb and giving service providers
another cost-effective option for supporting broadband services.
b. WiMAX can support very high bandwidth solutions where large spectrum deployments (i.e. >10 MHz)
are desired using existing infrastructure keeping costs down while delivering the bandwidth needed to
support a full range of high-value multimedia services.
c. WiMAX can help service providers meet many of the challenges they face due to increasing customer
demands without discarding their existing infrastructure investments because it has the ability to
seamlessly interoperate across various network types.
d. WiMAX can provide wide area coverage and quality of service capabilities for applications ranging from
real-time delay-sensitive voice-over-IP (VoIP) to real-time streaming video and non-real-time
downloads, ensuring that subscribers obtain the performance they expect for all types of
communications.
e. WiMAX, which is an IP-based wireless broadband technology, can be integrated into both wide-area
third-generation (3G) mobile and wireless and wire line networks allowing it to become part of a
seamless anytime, anywhere broadband access solution.

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Ultimately, WiMAX is intended to serve as the next step in the evolution of 3G mobile phones, via a potential
combination of WiMAX and CDMA standards called 4G.

WiMAX- PHY Layer

The WiMAX physical layer mainly composed of scrambler, Reed solomon encoder, convolution encoder,
puncturing, interleaver, data mapping (data modulation), OFDM symbol formation, 256 point IFFT , cyclic
prefix(CP) insertion before baseband data is inserted to DAC and RF part to pump into the air.

Following figure 5 describes wimax Physical layer modules used to convert raw data of MAC layer into
complex data. These modules are used for forming one OFDM symbol. If the Burst is more than one symbol
long the same modules are used repeatedly. This complex data passes through DAC and RF Frequency
converter before transmission by Antenna. The reverse will take place in reception.

Scrambler Reed Solomon Convolution

Puncturing Interleaver
Encoder Encoder

Data
CP Insertion 256 Point IFFT OFDM Symbol Mapping
Formation

Pilot and Guard

Carrier Insertion

Figure-5 : WiMAX Physical layer block diagram for transmitter part

Let us analyze what happens to the MAC layer PDU as it is passes through these modules of
wimax physical layer as per OFDM specifications.

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For example if the PDU has 20 bytes and modulation-code rate is BPSK1/2 then PDU is fragmented into
12 and 8 bytes to be carried over 2 OFDM symbols over the air. In the second symbol necessary
padding will be incorporated. We will take example of QPSK 3/4 as mentioned above to understand the
modules in OFDM Physical layer as per wimax physical layer standard IEEE 802.16-2004 which is also
referred as 802.16d.
Step 1: 35 bytes will be fed to the input of scrambler which is a generic linear feedback shift register
with EX-OR gate. The output is randomized data of 35 bytes to which hex byte of zero is added.
Step 2: The 36 bytes will be fed as input to the RS encoder which will give 40 bytes of data with
redundancy added for error correction at the receiver on the other side. RS Encoder is bypassed for
BPSK1/2.
Step 3: The Convolution Encoder will double this input bytes and will produce 80 bytes of data as the
rate is ½ of this encoder.
Step 4: Puncturing will remove bits as per order mentioned in the standard hence the data rate will
increase. For QPSK3/4 puncturing configuration is 5/6, which produces total of 48 bytes.
Step 5: The Interleaver consists of permutation equations which help in error correction as it spreads
the data over distributed carriers in bunch of 192 data carriers of OFDM symbol of total 256 carriers.
Step 6: This 48bytes (i.e. 384bits) will be fed to QPSK data mapping which will produce 192 complex
data which will be carried over 192 data carriers. In QPSK 2 bits are converted to one.
Step 7: The symbol is formed after embedding pilot, DC and guard carriers. WiMAX consists of OFDM
symbol of 256 carriers in total consisting of 192 data, 8 pilots, 1 DC and rest of the carriers as guard
carriers.
Step 8: These 256 values are fed to the IFFT module which will produce time domain complex data.
Step 9: Cyclic prefix is added which helps to overcome effect of the delay spread is added to OFDM
symbol.
Step 10: After CP is added to each symbol, packet formation take place. For the Downlink subframe,
Preamble and FCH is appended to the Downlink bursts after they have passed through all above
physical layer modules. For the Uplink Burst, only preamble is appended to the uplink burst after burst
is formed by concatenating all the symbols.
The reverse process takes place in the wimax physical layer receiver with the exception that time,
frequency and channel estimation and equalization modules are incorporated before it passes through
the FFT, de mapping, de-interleaving, decoding and descrambling blocks.

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WiMAX MAC Layer

The WiMAX MAC layer, or IEEE 802.16 MAC is an essential elements within the overall WiMAX software stack
as shown in Figure 6. These elements enable WiMAX to perform as an effective wireless broadband system.
The WiMAX MAC layer is a form of MAC used for the WiMAX system.
WiMAX MAC layer basics
A MAC layer or Media Access Control data communication protocol sub-layer may also be known as a Medium
Access Control layer.
A MAC layer is a sub-layer of the Data Link Layer. This is defined in the standard seven-layer OSI model as layer
2. The MAC layer provides addressing and channel access control mechanisms that make it possible for several
terminals or network nodes to communicate within a multi-point network, typically a local area network (LAN)
or metropolitan area network (MAN).
The WiMAX MAC has been designed and optimized to enable point to multipoint wireless applications and the
WiMAX MAC layer provides an interface between the physical layer and the higher application layers within
the stack.
The WiMAX MAC layer has to meet a number of requirements:
 Point to multipoint: One of the main requirements for WiMAX is that it must be possible for a base
station to communicate with a number of different outlying users, either fixed or mobile. To achieve this,
the IEEE 802.16, WiMAX MAC layer is based on collision sense multiple accesses with collision avoidance,
CSMA/CA to provide the point to multipoint, PMP capability.
 Supports communication in all conditions: The WiMAX MAC layer must be able to support a large
number of users along with high data rates. As the traffic is packet data orientated it must be able to
support both continuous and" bursty" traffic. Most data traffic is "bursty" in nature having short times of
high data rates then remaining dormant for a short while.
 Efficient spectrum use: The WiMAX MAC must be capable of supporting methods that enable very
efficient use of the spectrum.
 Variety of QoS options: To provide the support for different forms of traffic from voice data to Internet
surfing, etc, a variety of different classes and forms of QoS support are needed. Support for QoS is a
fundamental part of the WiMAX MAC-layer.
 Multiple WiMAX / IEEE 802.16 physical layers: With different variants, the WiMAX MAC layer must be able
to provide support for the different PHYs.

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WiMAX MAC layer operation

The WiMAX MAC layer is primarily an adaptation layer between the physical layer and the upper layers within
the overall stack. One of the main tasks of the WiMAX MAC layer is to transfer data between the various
layers.
 Transmission of data - reception of MAC Service Data Units, MSDUs from the layer above. It then
aggregates and encapsulates them into MAC Protocol Data Units, MPDUs, before passing them to the
physical layer, PHY for transmission.
 Reception of data - the WiMAX MAC layer takes MPDUs from the physical layer. It decapsulates and
reorganizes them into MSDUs, and then passes them on to the upper-layer protocols.
For the different formats: IEEE 802.16-2004 and IEEE 802.16e-2005, the WiMAX MAC design includes a
convergence sublayer. This is used to interface with a variety of higher-layer protocols, such as ATM, Ethernet,
IP, TDM Voice, and other future protocols that may arise.
WiMAX defines a concept of a service flow and has an accompanying Service Flow Identifier, SFID. The service
flow is a unidirectional flow of packets with a particular set of QoS parameters, and the identifier is used to
identify the flow to enable operation.

Network Layer

MAC Subconvergence Sublayer

MAC Layer

MAC Privacy Layer

PHY Layer

Figure 6 WiMAX Protocol Stack

There is an additional layer between the WiMAX MAC itself and the upper layers. This is called the
Convergence Sublayer. For the upper protocol layers, the convergence sublayer acts as an interface to the
WiMAX MAC. Currently the convergence sublayer only supports IP and Ethernet, although other protocols can
be supported by encapsulating the data.
The WiMAX MAC layer provides for a flexible allocation of capacity to different users. It is possible to use
variably sized MPDUs from different flows - these can be included into one data burst before being handed
over to the PHY layer for transmission. Also, multiple small MSDUs can be aggregated into one larger MPDU.

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Conversely, one big MSDU can be fragmented into multiple small ones in order to further enhance system
performance. This level of flexibility gives significant improvements in overall efficiency.
WiMAX MAC Connection Identifier
Before any data is transferred over a WiMAX link, the user equipment or mobile station and the base station
must create a connection between the WiMAX MAC layers of the two stations. To achieve this, an identifier
known as a Connection Identifier, CID, is generated and assigned to each uplink / downlink connection. The
CID serves as an intermediate address for the data packets transmitted over the WiMAX link.
There is another identifier used within the WiMAX MAC layer. Known as the Service Flow Identifier, SFID, this
is assigned to unidirectional packet data traffic by the base station. It is worth noting that the base station
WiMAX MAC layer also handles the mapping of the SFIDs to CIDs to provide the required quality of service.
The WiMAX MAC layer also incorporates a number of other features including power-management techniques
and security features.
The WiMAX MAC layer has been developed to provide the functionality required for a point to multipoint
system and to provide wireless broadband. The WiMAX MAC layer is also able to provide support for the
different physical layers needed for the different flavours of WiMAX that are in use.

Fixed wimax and mobile wimax

.
There are various versions of wimax standards viz.IEEE 802.16-2001, IEEE 802.16-2004, IEEE 802.16e-2005,
IEEE 802.16-2009. IEEE 802.16-2004 is known as fixed wimax(16d) and IEEE 802.16e-2005 is known as mobile
wimax(16e). 802.16m is upgraded version of 802.16-2009 version and is referred as wimax advanced.
Both Fixed wimax and Mobile WiMAX systems are used for broadband data communication. As the name
suggests fixed wimax system will have subscriber terminals located at fixed place and mobile wimax system
will have mobile subscriber terminals. Mobile WiMAX is known as 4G technology due to higher data rate and
larger coverage support. These have been achieved with the help of MIMO and Beam forming.

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 •

Figures above depict frame structure used in fixed wimax and mobile wimax systems. As shown in figure fixed
wimax resource allocation is time wise while in Mobile wimax it is both time as well as frequency wise. Unit of
resource allocation in fixed wimax is OFDM symbol. Unit of resource allocation in mobile wimax is slot. A slot
composed of OFDM symbols on time axis and subchannels on the no. frequency axis. A subchannel is
composed of more than one subcarriers.
Both technologies are based on IEEE 802.16 standard but in fixed wimax OFDM Physical layer is employed
while in mobile wimax OFDMA Physical layer is employed.
FFT size is 256 in Fixed wimax system, while in mobile wimax 128, 512, 1024 and 2048 is available. 512 and
1024 FFTs are adopted by most of the manufacturers of mobile wimax equipment.
Channel Bandwidths of 3.5 MHz and 7 MHz are adopted by manufacturers of fixed wimax equipments while 5,
7, 8.75, 10 MHz are adopted by mobile wimax equipment manufacturers.
As shown in figure, both the systems will have frame consisting of preamble, header and one or more bursts.
Header is of 24 bits in mobile wimax while in fixed wimax it is about 88 bits. Header carry information such as
mod-code rates as well as position of bursts.
Both the fixed wimax and mobile wimax frame starts with a known sequence referred as preamble. The
preamble is used for time, frequency and channel estimation and equalization at the receiver. There are total
114 PN sequences in mobile wimax out of which any one is selected randomly as preamble for transmission. In
Fixed wimax specific pattern is defined for short and long preamble; where in Long Preamble is used for
downlink sub frame and short preamble is used for uplink bursts. Both systems have got cyclic prefix or guard
insertion to take care of delay spread. Refer OFDM preamble generation as per fixed wimax specifications in
MATLAB.

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Mobile wimax support various zones such as PUSC, FUSC and AMC in uplink and downlink directions. Fixed
wimax do not have any zone concept.
Mobile wimax uses CTC and CC for forward error correction while fixed wimax uses Reed Solomon and CC.
Both systems use modulation techniques such as BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM.
MIMO and Beamforming techniques are employed in mobile wimax. Most of Fixed wimax systems do not
have MIMO and beamforming employed.

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