 Understand the uses of effective coding to

support users in accomplishing their tasks.

 Design effective and efficient data capture

approaches for people and systems.

 Recognize how to ensure data quality through

validation.

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 Effective coding
 Types of codes
 Guidelines for coding
 Validation methods
 Check digits
 Ecommerce accuracy

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 The quality of data input determines the quality of
information output.
 Effective coding
 creating meaningful coding for data

 Efficient data capture

 designing efficient data capture approaches

 Effective data capture

 assuring complete and effective data capture

 Assuring data quality through validation

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 Coding—the process of putting
ambiguous or cumbersome data into
short, easily entered digits or letters.

 Data that are coded require less time to enter

 Coding helps to reduce the number of items entered
 Coding can help in sorting of data during the data transformation
process
 Coded data can save valuable memory and storage space

Human • Keeps track of something

• Classifies information
Purposes • Conceals information
for • Reveals information
Coding • Requests appropriate action Specific types of codes allow us to
treat data in a particular manner.

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 A number that is assigned to something if it needs to be
numbered
 No relation to the data itself
Using a simple sequence code to indicate the sequence in
which orders enter a custom furniture shop

Sequence codes should be used when the

order of processing requires knowledge of
the sequence in which items enter the system
or the order in which events unfold. 6
Advantages Disadvantages
• Eliminates the possibility • When you do not wish to
of assigning the same have someone read the
number code to figure out how
• It gives users an many numbers have been
approximation of when assigned
the order was received • When a more complex
code is desirable to avoid
a costly mistake

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 A commonly used approach in identifying an account
number
Identifying the account of a magazine subscriber with an alphabetic
derivation code

 When the alphabetic portion is small (the name Po) or when the
name contains fewer consonants than the code requires
 Names like ROE, become RXX

 Some of the data may change

 changing name or address results in the key field being changed.

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 Affords the ability to distinguish between classes of
items
 Must be mutually exclusive
 Classification codes
 Block sequence codes

Classifications are necessary for many purposes, such

as reflecting what parts of a medical insurance plan
and employee carries, or showing which student has
completed the core requirements of his or her
coursework.

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 Used to distinguish one group of data with special
characteristics from another
 Can consist of either a single letter or a number
 A shorthand way of describing a person, place, thing, or event
 Listed in manuals or posted so that users can locate them easily
 Use a single letter for a code

Grouping tax-deductible items through

the use of a one-letter classification code

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 An extension of the sequence code
 Data are grouped according to common characteristics
 Simplicity of assigning the next available number (within
the block) to the next item needing identification

Using a Block Sequence

Code to Group Similar
Software Packages

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 Codes may be used to conceal or disguise information
 Cipher Codes
 The direct substitution of one letter for another, one number
for another, or one letter for a number

Encoding Markdown Prices

with a Cipher Code Is a Way of
Concealing Price Information
from Customers

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 Sometimes it is desirable to reveal information to
specific users through a code
 Makes the data entry more meaningful for humans
 Example of codes are:

Significant-
Mnemonic
digit subset Unicode
codes
codes

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 Significant-Digit Subset Codes
 Used to help describe a product
by virtue of its membership in
many subgroups
 Possible to locate items that
belong to a certain group or class
 Inquiries may be performed on a
portion of the code
 Useful for a marketing product
 when a customer purchases a certain
type of book, a website might
recommend other titles that have the
same author, or similar content or
style.
Using a Significant-Digit Subset Code Helps Employees Locate
Items Belonging to a Particular Department 14
 Mnemonic
Codes
 A mnemonic (pronounced nî-môn'-ïk) is a human
memory aid
 Any code that helps the data-entry person remember
how to enter the data or the user remember how to
use the information is a mnemonic
 Using a combination of letters and symbols affords a
clear way to code a product so that the code is easily
seen and understood

Mnemonic Codes Function as

Memory Aids by Using a Meaningful
Combination of Letters and Numbers
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 Unicode
 Includes all standard language symbols
 Has room for 65,535 characters
 The full set of Unicode characters are grouped by language and
may be found at www.unicode.org

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 Instruct either the computer or the decision maker about what action
to take
 Generally, take the form of either sequence or mnemonic codes.
 The functions that the analyst or programmer desires the computer to
perform with data are captured in function codes.
 Short numeric or alphanumeric codes used to spell out precisely what
activities are to be accomplished

Function Codes
Compactly Capture
Functions that the
Computer Must Perform

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 Be concise
 Keep the codes stable
 Ensure that codes are unique
 Allow codes to be sortable
 Avoid confusing codes
 Keep the codes uniform
 Allow for modification of codes
 Make codes meaningful

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 Overly long codes mean more keystrokes and
consequently more errors
 Long codes also mean that storing the information in
a database will require more memory
 Short codes are easier for people to remember and
easier to enter
 If codes must be long, they should be broken up into
subcodes

Sometimes codes are made longer

than necessary for a reason.
Consider credit card numbers.

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 Stability means that the identification code for a customer
should not change each time new data are received
 Don’t change the codes in a mnemonic system
 makes it extremely difficult for data entry personnel to adapt.

 For codes to work, they must be unique

 Do not assign the same code number or name to the same items

 Make sure that users can do what you intend to do with the
codes you create
 If you are going to manipulate the data usefully, the codes must be
sortable.
 Numerical codes are much easier to sort than alphanumeric data
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 Avoid using coding characters that look or sound alike

Combining Look-Alike Characters in Codes Can Result in Errors

 Need to follow readily perceived forms

 in order to be effective and efficient for humans

 Keep codes uniform among as well as within programs

• avoid using the codes MMDDYY in one application; YYDDMM in a
second 21
 The system will evolve over time
 The coding system should be able to encompass change

The analyst needs to be able to forecast the

predictable changes that business users will
desire and anticipate a wide range of future
needs when designing codes.

The job of data entry

becomes more interesting
when working with
 Need to follow readily perceived forms meaningful codes instead
of just entering a series of
 in order to be effective and efficient for
meaningless numbers.
humans

 Keep codes uniform among as well as within

programs
• avoid using the codes MMDDYY in one
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application; YYDDMM in a second
 Deciding what to capture
 Letting the computer do the rest
 Avoiding bottlenecks and extra steps
 Starting with a good form
 Choosing a data-entry method

To ensure the quality of data users

enter into the system, it is
important to capture data
effectively.

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 Data that change or vary with every transaction
 Example: the quantity of supplies purchased each time an
advertising firm places an order with the office supply wholesaler.

 Data that concisely differentiate the particular item

being processed from all other items
 Example: the inclusion on a patient record of the patient’s Social
Security number and the first three letters of his or her last
name.

The decision about what to capture

precedes user interaction with the
system. “Garbage in, garbage out”

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 Recording the time of the transaction
 Calculating new values from input
 Storing and retrieving data on demand

By employing the best features of

computers, efficient data capture design
avoids needless data entry, which in turn
alleviates much human error and boredom
and permits people to focus on higher-level
or creative tasks.

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 Data are poured rapidly into the wide mouth of the
system only to be slowed in its “neck” because of
an artificially created instance of insufficient
processing for the volume or detail of the data
being entered
 The fewer steps involved in inputting data, the
fewer chances there are for the introduction of
errors
 One way a bottle neck can be avoided is by
ensuring that there is enough capacity to handle
the data that are being entered.
 Use of an online, real-time system that captures customer
data without necessitating the completion of a form is an
excellent example of saving steps in data entry.
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 With effective forms, it is not necessary to
reenter information that the computer has
already stored, or data such as time or
date of entry that the computer can
determine automatically

Considerations when choosing a data-entry

method:

Methods
Need for User
Accuracy Cost currently
speed training
in use
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Keyboard
• Special function keys to open programs
• Keys used to scroll and explore the Web

Bar codes
• Saves labor costs
• Allows the automatic capturing of data for inventory

Quick Response (QR) Code

• Easily identifiable
• Free and may require code readers

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Microsoft Tags
• Code is a Web link
• Allows collecting and storing data subjected to analytics

RFID
• Allows automatic collection of data using a tag that contains
a chip and an antenna
• Two types: Passive and active RFID tags

Near Field Communication (NFC)

• Allows two-way communication, secure because of the short
range
• Used in contactless payment systems at checkout counters

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Optical Character Recognition
• Eliminates many of the time-consuming and error-fraught steps
of other input devices

Magnetic Ink Character Recognition

• Used as a security measure against bad cheques
• A reliable and high-speed method that is not susceptible to
accepting stray marks

Mark-Sense Forms
• Stray marks on form can be entered as incorrect data
• Allows data entry through a scanner that senses where marks
have been made on special forms

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 The critical importance of
catching errors during input,
prior to processing and storage
cannot be overemphasized
 Potential problems
 Validating input
transactions
 Validating input data

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Submitting the wrong data
• E.g. Attempt to input a patient’s Social Security number
into a hospital’s payroll system
Submitting of data by an unauthorized person
• E.g. Only the supervising pharmacist should be able to
enter inventory totals for controlled substances in the
pharmacy.
Asking the system to perform an unacceptable function
• It would be logical for a human resources manager to
update the existing record of a current employee, but it
would be invalid to ask the system to create a new file
rather than merely update an existing one.

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Test for missing data
• A Social Security file would be invalid if it did not include
the payee’s Social Security number.

Test for correct field length

• If the Omaha, NE, weather station reports into the
national weather service computer but mistakenly
provides a two-letter city code (OM) instead of the
national three-letter code (OMA), the input data might be
deemed invalid, and hence would not be processed.

Test for class or composition

• A credit card account number for American Express should
not include any letters.
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Test for range or reasonableness
• If a user was trying to verify a proposed shipment date, the range
test would neither permit a shipping date on the 32nd day of
October nor accept shipment in the 13th month.

Test for invalid values

• A brokerage firm divides accounts into three classes only.
If data are assigned to any other class through an error,
the values are invalid.

Cross-reference checks
• The price for which an item is sold should be greater than
the cost paid for the item.

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Test for comparison with stored data

• A newly entered part number can be compared with

the complete parts inventory to ensure that the
number exists and is being entered correctly.

Setting up self-validating codes

(check digit)

• The clerk types in 54411 instead of 53411. Only the

digit in the thousands place is incorrect, but this
error may result in the wrong part being shipped.

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 GUI screens can help
Check to reduce the number
first for Check the Check the of human input errors
when they incorporate
missing syntax semantics radio buttons, check
data boxes, and drop-down
lists

• Check the syntax: the length, class, and composition.

• Check the semantics: the meaning of the data.
A range, reasonable, or value test followed by a check digit test.
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Customers generally key or enter data themselves
• customers know their own information better than anyone else.

Data entered by customers are stored for later use

• autocomplete and cookies.

Data entered at the point of sale are reused throughout the

entire order fulfillment process
• allows better supply chain management, including checking
product and resource availability electronically, and automating
planning, scheduling, and forecasting.
Information is used as feedback to customers
• accuracy is improved by better feedback.
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 Quality of data  Input validation
 Effective coding  Input transaction
 Effective and efficient data  Input data
capture
 Validation of data

 Coding
 Sequence codes
 Alphabetic derivation codes
 Classification codes
 Block sequence codes
 Cipher codes
 Significant-digit subset codes
 Mnemonic codes
 Uniform character set
 Function codes

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