Personality Development

Personality
Content
CONCEPT
FACTORS HELP IN SHAPING PERSONALITY
PERSONALITY TRAITS
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
MEASUREMENT OF PERSONALITY
CONCEPT
The human personality includes:

1. External appearance and behavior or
social stimulus value.
2. Inner awareness of self as a permanent
organizing force.
3. The particular pattern or organization of
measurable traits , both “inner or outer”.
It is a pattern of stable states and

characteristics of a person that influence his
behavior towards goal achievement.
What is Personality?
Personality
The sum total of ways in which an individual reacts
and interacts with others.
Personality Traits
Enduring characteristics
that describe an
individual’s behavior.
Personality Trait
Personality traits reflect people’s characteristic
patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Personality traits imply consistency and
stability—someone who scores high on a specific trait
like Extraversion is expected to be sociable in
different situations and over time.
Thus, trait psychology rests on the idea that people
differ from one another in terms of where they stand
on a set of basic trait dimensions that persist over
time and across situations.
What is personality?
– The overall profile or combination of characteristics that

capture the unique nature of a person as that person
reacts and interacts with others.
– Combines a set of physical and mental characteristics that

reflect how a person looks, thinks, acts, and feels.
– Predictable relationships are expected between people’s

personalities and their behaviors.
British entrepreneur Richard Branson, chairman of Virgin Group, is
described as energetic, enthusiastic, charismatic, decisive, ambitious,
adaptable, courageous, and industrious.
These traits helped Branson build one of the most recognized and
respected global brands for products and services in the areas of
business travel, entertainment, and lifestyle.
In this photo Branson is joined by his daughter Holly during the
promotional launch of a new venture—the Marussia Virgin racing
partnership with Disney’s Cars 2 film. Identifying personality traits helps
organizations select employees and match workers to job.
Personality Determinants
*Heredity *Environment * Situation
FACTORS THAT HELP IN SHAPING PERSONALITY
• Biological
• Physique
• Body Chemistry
• Heredity
• Brain
• Ductless Glands
• Social
• Effect of Family
• Effect of School
• Cultural
• Beliefs
• Values
• Situational
• Knowledge
• Skill
• Language
What is personality?
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
Carl Jung’s Theory

Social Learning theory
The Big Five Model
Personality-Job Fit Theory (Holland)
Carl Jung’s Theory
This theory divided personality into 2 parts
extrovert and introvert.
He believed that we harbor within us not only
our own thoughts, but also what he called a
collective unconscious, accumulated
memories and urgings based on certain
common elements.
He gave the concept of :-
Introversion
Extroversion
Social Learning theory
It states that personality consists of learned habits.
Situation is an important determinant of behavior.
Patterns of behavior the individual learns in coping
with environment.
Direct experiences
Vicarious :- refers to observation of some one else
receiving reward or punishment for similar behavior.
Self administered :- evaluation of one’s own
performance with self praise.
The Big Five Model of Personality Dimensions
Extroversion
Sociable, gregarious, and assertive
Agreeableness
Good-natured, cooperative, and trusting.
Conscientiousness
Responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.
Neuroticism (Emotional Stability)

Calm, self-confident, secure (positive) versus nervous, depressed,
and insecure (negative).
Openness
Imaginativeness, artistic, sensitivity, and intellectualism.
Andrea Jung, chairman and CEO of
Avon, scores high on all personality
dimensions of the Big Five Model.
She is sociable, agreeable,
conscientious,
emotionally stable, and open
to experiences. These personality
traits have contributed to Jung’s
high job performance and career
success. Since joining Avon in 1994,
Jung has led a dramatic turnaround
of a company that had a poor
image, slow growth, and decline in
sales to one of the world’s top cosmetics
companies and the world’s
leading direct sales brand. She
transformed Avon by developing
and executing growth strategies,
launching new brand initiatives,
and developing earnings opportunities
for women worldwide.
Big Five personality traits
Why do people respond differently to the same

situations? The Big Five traits of personality are five
broad domains which define human personality and
account for individual differences.
Human resources professionals often use the Big
Five personality dimensions to help place employees.
That is because these dimensions are considered to
be the underlying traits that make up an individual’s
overall personality.
Openness - People who like to learn new things and enjoy new
experiences usually score high in openness. Openness includes traits
like being insightful and imaginative and having a wide variety of
interests.
Conscientiousness - People that have a high degree of
conscientiousness are reliable and prompt. Traits include being
organized, methodic, and thorough.
Extroversion - Extroverts get their energy from interacting with
others, while introverts get their energy from within themselves.
Extraversion includes the traits of energetic, talkative, and assertive.
Agreeableness - These individuals are friendly, cooperative, and
compassionate. People with low agreeableness may be more distant.
Traits include being kind, affectionate, and sympathetic.
Neuroticism (Emotional Stability) - This dimension relates to one’s
emotional stability and degree of negative emotions. People that score
high on neuroticism often experience emotional instability and
negative emotions. Traits include being moody and tense.
Personality-Job Fit Theory (Holland)
Achieving Person-Job Fit

Identifies six personality types
and proposes that the fit Personality Types
between personality type and •Realistic
occupational environment
•Investigative
determines satisfaction and
turnover. •Social
•Conventional
•Enterprising
•Artistic
Holland’s
Typology of
Personality
and
Congruent
Occupations
Feelings
I like my boss
Beliefs
I think my boss is decent
Behaviour
I support my boss & help him
Feelings
I dislike my co-worker
Beliefs
My co-worker is not good.
Behaviour
I won’t cooperate with my
co-worker
Attributes of Personality
Locus of Control
The degree to which people believe they
are masters of their own fate.
Internals
Individuals who believe that they
control what happens to them.
Externals
Individuals who believe that
what happens to them is
controlled by outside forces
such as luck or chance.
How do personalities differ?
Organizat
ional
Behavior:
Chapter 4 22
Attributes of Personality
Machiavellianism (Mach)
Degree to which an individual is pragmatic,
maintains emotional distance, and believes
that ends can justify means.
Conditions Favoring High Machs

•Direct interaction
•Minimal rules and regulations
•Emotions distract for others
People with a high-Machiavellian personality
– Approach situations logically and thoughtfully.
– Are capable of lying to achieve personal goals.
– Are rarely swayed by loyalty, friendships, past promises, or

others’ opinions.
– Are skilled at influencing others.
– Try to exploit loosely structured situations.
– Perform in a perfunctory or detached manner in highly

structured situations.
People with a low-Machiavellian personality:
– Accept direction imposed by others in loosely

structured situations.
– Work hard to do well in highly structured situations.
– Are strongly guided by ethical considerations.
– Are unlikely to lie or cheat.

Measurement of Personality
Myers- Briggs type Indicator
Projective techniques:- Inkblot tests, TAT, Word
association
Situational Tests
Personality Inventories :- MMPI
Thomas International Profiling System:- accurate
insight into how people behave at work,
The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

A personality test that taps four characteristics and
classifies people into 1 of 16 personality types.
Personality Types
• Extroverted vs. Introverted (E or I)
• Sensing vs. Intuitive (S or N)
• Thinking vs. Feeling (T or F)
• Judging vs. Perceiving (P or J)
Myers-Bri
ggs
Sixteen
Primary
Traits
Myers- Briggs type Indicator
The Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a

self-help assessment test which helps people gain
insights about how they work and learn.
The MBTI was developed by Katherine Briggs and is
based on the typological theory of Carl Jung who
had proposed that there are four essential
psychological functions by which we see this world.
These functions are sensation, intuition, feeling, and
thinking. All of us rely on one function more than
others. The base of MBTI lies in identifying our
preferences which are driven through our interests,
values, needs, and motivation.
Projective techniques
Inkblots Tests
Thematic Apperception test
Word association test
Situational Tests
Situational judgement tests present candidates
with a range of different situations that they might
experience in the job for which they are applying.
For each situation, a number of possible actions
are suggested. There are usually around 4 or 5
actions but this varies. It is the candidate’s job to
choose between these possible options and
judge which is the most effective course of action
to take and therefore which action they would
take if faced with this situation. SJTs are always
multiple-choice; no answers other than the
options listed are allowed.
MMPI
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(MMPI) is a psychological test that assesses
personality traits and psychopathology.
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is
considered a protected psychological instrument,
meaning it can only be given and interpreted by a
psychologist trained to do so .
The MMPI is currently commonly administered in
one of two forms — the MMPI-2, which has 567
true/false questions, and the newer MMPI-2-RF,
which has only 338 true/false items.
Thomas International Profiling System
The Thomas International Personality Profile
Assessment (PPA test) is a popular personality test
which employers administer to evaluate candidates’
character traits in a more thorough way to determine
whether they will be a proper fit for the job.
The PPA test assesses one’s choice of adjectives,
each of which reflects their behavioral tendencies and
personality in a workplace setting that wouldn’t
necessarily be shown during a job interview.
The PPA test builds the personal profile to portray
how four traits, i.e. Dominance, Influence, Steadiness
and Compliance rank within the personality to form
one’s unique character.

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Personality

The human personality includes:

It is a pattern of stable states and

– The overall profile or combination of characteristics that

– Combines a set of physical and mental characteristics that

– Predictable relationships are expected between people’s

FACTORS THAT HELP IN SHAPING PERSONALITY

Carl Jung’s Theory

Neuroticism (Emotional Stability)

Why do people respond differently to the same

Achieving Person-Job Fit

Conditions Favoring High Machs

– Approach situations logically and thoughtfully.

– Are capable of lying to achieve personal goals.

– Are rarely swayed by loyalty, friendships, past promises, or

– Are skilled at influencing others.

– Try to exploit loosely structured situations.

– Perform in a perfunctory or detached manner in highly

– Accept direction imposed by others in loosely

– Work hard to do well in highly structured situations.

– Are strongly guided by ethical considerations.

– Are unlikely to lie or cheat.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)

The Meyers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a

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