ARCHIVES OF CIVIL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Vol. XI 2011 No. 4

Analytic bending solutions of rectangular cantilever thin plates

B. TIAN
Department of Science and Technology, China Road and Bridge Corporation, Beijing 100011, PR China.
Y. ZHONG, R. LI
Faculty of Infrastructure Engineering, Dalian University of Technology,
Dalian 116024, Liaoning Province, PR China.

Analytic bending solutions of rectangular cantilever thin plates subjected to arbitrary loads are derived us-
ing the double finite integral transform method. Since only the basic governing equations of the plates are used
and there are no predetermined functions, the present method overcomes the deficiency of the conventional
semi-inverse methods thus serves as a completely rational model in solving plate bending problems. The
method can be extended to more boundary value problems of plates such as buckling and vibration.

Keywords: rectangular cantilever thin plate, bending solution, analytic solution

1. Introduction
Rectangular thin plate is an important structural component used in various engi-
neering applications such as bridge decks, rigid pavements of highways, traffic zones
of airports and houses’ decks. Therefore, bending analysis of rectangular thin plates has
been one of important issues in theory and engineering. However, exact solutions for
some of these problems are difficult to be obtained, such as for rectangular cantilever
plates. One of the most commonly adopted numerical methods is the finite element
method [13], which is actually an approximate solution method. As for analytical so-
lution methods, the superposition method, firstly employed by Timoshenko and Woi-
nowsky-Krieger [9], has yielded some exact series solutions such as for clamped plates.
Using the superposition method involving generalized simply supported edge,
Chang [1–3] gave the series solutions for the bending of both uniformly loaded and
concentrated loaded rectangular cantilever thin plates, where complex calculation
has to be performed and a new procedure be executed for every new loading case. It
should be pointed out that the superposition method is semi-inverse which requires
preselection of the deflection functions. In recent years, Zhong and Yao [11], Lim et
al. [5], Yao et al. [10], Zhong et al. [12], Liu and Li [6] derived some solutions of
plates by the symplectic geometry method, which, however, has not been directly
applied to the problems with complex boundary conditions such as cantilever plate
problem.
1044 B. TIAN et al.

Integral transform is an important approach to obtain the explicit solutions to some

partial differential Equations [7]. The method has been often adopted to analyze some
structural engineering problems [8]. However, to the authors’ knowledge, there have
been no reports on the analysis for a rectangular cantilever thin plate using the finite
integral transform.
In this paper, the double finite integral transform method is adopted to acquire ex-
act bending solutions of rectangular cantilever thin plates under arbitrary loading, which
is known as one of the most difficult problems in theory of elasticity for its complexity
in both the governing equations and boundary conditions. The analysis is conducted
rationally without any trial functions, which demonstrates the advantage of the present
method over others.

2. The governing equation of a rectangular thin plate

and the finite integral transform method
The governing equation for bending of a rectangular thin plate is

D∇ 4W ( x, y ) = q, (1)

where: ∇ 2 = ∂ 2 ∂x 2 + ∂ 2 ∂y 2 , D = Eh3 12 (1 − ν 2 ) is the flexural rigidity, E, h, v, are the

elastic modulus, plate thickness and Poisson’s ratio, respectively, q(x, y) is the distributed
transverse load acting on the surface of the plate, W(x, y) is the transverse deflection.
The internal forces of the plate are

⎛ ∂ 2W ∂ 2W ⎞ ⎛ ∂ 2W ∂ 2W ⎞ ∂ 2W
M x = −D ⎜ 2 +ν ⎟ ; M y = − D ⎜ 2 + ν ⎟ ; M xy = − D (1 − ν ) , (2)
⎝ ∂x ∂y 2 ⎠ ⎝ ∂y ∂x 2 ⎠ ∂x∂y

∂ ( ∇ 2W ) ∂ ( ∇ 2W )
Qx = − D ; Qy = − D , (3)
∂x ∂y

∂M xy ∂M xy
Vx = Qx + ; Vy = Qy + , (4)
∂y ∂x

where:
D is the flexural rigidity,
Mx and My are the bending moments,
Mxy is the torsional moment,
Qx and Qy are the shear forces,
Vx and Vy are the effective shear forces.
 Analytic bending solutions of rectangular cantilever thin plates 1045

The coordinate system of a rectangular cantilever plate is illustrated in Figure 1.

Fig. 1. Rectangular cantilever thin plate

The boundary conditions of the plate can be expressed as

∂W
W = 0; = 0, (5)
x =0
∂x x =0

⎛ ∂ 2W ∂ 2W ⎞ ⎛ ∂ 2W ∂ 2W ⎞
Mx = −D ⎜ 2 +ν ⎟ = 0; My = −D ⎜ 2 +ν ⎟ = 0, (6)
⎝ ∂x ∂y 2 ⎠ x = a ⎝ ∂y ∂x 2 ⎠ y = 0,b
x =a y = 0,b

∂ ⎡ ∂ 2W ∂ 2W ⎤
Vx = −D ⎢ 2 + ( 2 −ν ) 2 ⎥ = 0,
x=a
∂x ⎣ ∂x ∂y ⎦ x = a
(7)
∂ ⎡ ∂ 2W ∂ 2W ⎤
Vy = − D ⎢ 2 + ( 2 −ν ) 2 ⎥ = 0,
y = 0,b ∂y ⎣ ∂y ∂x ⎦ y = 0,b

∂ 2W
M xy x =a , y =0 = −2 D (1 − ν ) = 0. (8)
x = a , y =b ∂x∂y x = a , y =0
x = a , y =b

Based on the properties of the finite integral transforms and the boundary condi-
tions of the cantilever plate, we define a double finite integral transform [7]
a b αm
Wmn = ∫
0 ∫ W ( x, y ) sin
0 2
x cos β n ydxdy ( m = 1,3,...; n = 0,1, 2,...) . (9)

The inverse transform can be represented as

2 ∞ α 4 ∞ ∞
α
W ( x, y ) = ∑
ab m =1,3"
Wm 0 sin m x +
2
∑ ∑
ab m =1,3" n =1,2"
Wmn sin m x cos β n y ,
2
(10)
1046 B. TIAN et al.

where α m = mπ a , β n = nπ b , a and b denote the length and width of the plate respec-
tively.
The double integral transforms of higher-order partial derivatives of W used in this
paper are derived as follows:

a b ∂ 4W α
∫∫
0 0 ∂x 4
sin m x cos β n ydxdy =
2
(11)
⎡b ∂W
m −1 3
α m ∂ 2W m −1
α m2 ∂W α m3 ⎤ α4
⎢ ( −1)
∫0 ⎢ 2 ∂x3 + − ( −1) 2 − W x =0 ⎥ cos β n ydy + m Wmn ,
⎣ x=a
2 ∂x 2 x=0
4 ∂x x=a 8 ⎦⎥ 16

a b ∂ 4W α
∫∫
0 0 ∂y 4
sin m x sin β n ydxdy =
2
(12)
a ⎡ n ∂ W
3
∂ 3W ∂W ∂W ⎤ α
∫ ⎢( −1) − ( −1) β
n
− 3 2
n +β 2
n ⎥ sin m xdx + β n4Wmn ,
0
⎣⎢ ∂y 3 y =b
∂y y =0
∂y y =b
∂y ⎥
y =0 ⎦
2

∂ 4W αm a ⎡ α ∂W α m2 ∂W ⎤ α
2
a b
∫∫ ∫0 ⎢ 4 ∂y − ( −1)
n
sin x cos β n ydxdy = ⎢ m
⎥ sin m xdx −
0 0 ∂x 2 ∂y 2 2 ⎣ y =0
4 ∂y y =b ⎦⎥ 2
b⎡ m −1
∂W αm ⎤ α m2 2
− ∫ ⎢( −1) 2 β n2 + β n2 W x =0 ⎥
cos β n ydy + β n Wmn + (13)
0
⎣ ∂x x=a 2 ⎦ 4
m −1
∂ 2W m −1
∂ 2W α m ∂W α m ∂W
+ ( −1) − ( −1) + ( −1)
+n n
2 2 − .
∂x∂y x = a , y =b
∂x∂y x =a , y =0
2 ∂y x = 0, y = b
2 ∂y x = 0, y = 0

By performing over Equation (1) the double finite integral transform and the sub-
stitution of Equations (11–13), we have

b ⎡ m −1
∂ 3W α m ∂ 2W m −1 ⎛ α m2 ⎞ ∂W ⎛α3 ⎞ ⎤
∫ ⎢⎢( −1)
0
2
∂x3
+
2 ∂x 2
− ( −1) 2
⎜
⎝ 4
+ 2β n2 ⎟
⎠ ∂x
− ⎜ m + α m β n2 ⎟W
⎝ 8 ⎠
x =0 ⎥
⎥⎦
⎣ x =a x =0 x=a

a⎡ n ∂ W ∂ 3W n ⎛α ⎞ ∂W ⎛α2 ⎞ ∂W ⎤
3 2
cos β n ydy + ∫ ⎢( −1) − − ( −1) ⎜ m + β n2 ⎟ + ⎜ m + β n2 ⎟ ⎥
0
⎢⎣ ∂y 3 y =b
∂y 3 y =0 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ∂y y =b ⎝ 2 ⎠ ∂y y =0 ⎥
⎦ (14)
αm m −1
∂W 2 m −1
∂W 2
xdx + 2 ( −1) − 2 ( −1)
+n
sin 2 2 +
2 ∂x∂y x = a , y =b
∂x∂y x = a , y =0
2
∂W ∂W ⎛α2 ⎞ q
+ ( −1) α m
n
− αm + ⎜ m + β n2 ⎟ Wmn = mn ,
∂y x = 0, y =b
∂y x = 0, y = 0 ⎝ 4 ⎠ D
 Analytic bending solutions of rectangular cantilever thin plates 1047

a b α
where qmn = ∫ ∫ q ( x, y ) sin 2 x cos β n ydxdy represents the double integral transform
m
0 0

of the load function q(x, y).

After the single finite cosine and sine transforms over two formulas in Equation (7)
respectively, we obtain

∂ 3W ∂W ∂ 3W α m2 ∂W
= ( 2 − ν ) β n2 ; = ( 2 −ν ) . (15)
∂x 3 x=a
∂x ∂y 3 y =0 4 ∂y
x=a y =b y =0
y =b

Substituting Equations (8), (15) and the first formula of Equation (5) into Equation
(14) gives
2
⎛ α m2 ⎞ b⎡ ⎛α2 ⎞ ∂W α m ∂ 2W ⎤
m −1

⎜ + β n2 ⎟ Wmn − ∫ ⎢ (−1) 2 ⎜ m + νβ n2 ⎟ − ⎥ cos β n ydy −

⎠ ∂x 2 ∂x x = 0 ⎥⎦
2
⎝ 4 ⎠ 0
⎢⎣ ⎝ 4 x =a
(16)
⎛ α2 ⎞ a⎡ ∂W ∂W ⎤ α q
− ⎜ν m + β n2 ⎟ ∫ ⎢(−1) n − ⎥ sin m xdx = mn .
⎝ 4 ⎠ ⎢⎣
0 ∂y y =b
∂y y =0 ⎥
⎦ 2 D

Let

a ∂W αm a ∂W αm
Im = ∫ sin xdx; J m = ∫ sin xdx;
0 ∂y y =b
2 0 ∂y y =0
2
(17)
b ∂W b ∂ 2W
Kn = ∫ cos β n ydy; Ln = ∫ cos β n ydy.
0 ∂x x =a
0 ∂x 2 x =0

Accordingly Equation (16) is expressed in terms of unknown constants Im, Jm, Kn, and
Ln as

⎡q m −1
α ⎤
Wmn = Cmn ⎢ mn + ( −1) Rmn I m − Rmn J m + ( −1) 2 Tmn K n − m Ln ⎥ ,
n
(18)
⎣ D 2 ⎦

α m2 α m2
where Cmn = 1 (α m2 4 + β n2 ) , Rmn = ν
2
+ νβ n2 . + β n2 and Tmn =
4 4
Substitution of Equation (18) in Equation (10) gives the expression of W in terms
of Im, Jm, Kn, and Ln for m = 1, 3,… and n = 0, 1, 2,…, i.e.
1048 B. TIAN et al.

2 ∞ ⎡q m −1
α ⎤ α
W ( x, y ) = ∑
ab m =1,3"
Cm 0 ⎢ m 0 + Rm 0 I m − Rm 0 J m + ( −1) 2 Tm 0 K 0 − m L0 ⎥ sin m x +
⎣ D 2 ⎦ 2
4 ∞ ∞
⎧q m −1
α ⎫
∑ ∑ Cmn ⎨ mn + ( −1) Rmn I m − Rmn J m + ( −1) 2 Tmn K n − m Ln ⎬
n
+ (19)
ab m =1,3" n =1,2" ⎩ D 2 ⎭
αm
sin x cos β n y.
2

When M and N terms are taken for m and n, we have 2[M/2] + 2(N + 1) undeter-
mined coefficients where [M/2] denotes the integer part of M/2.
As mentioned above, Equation (19) can meet the boundary conditions described by
Equations (7), (8) and the first formula of Equation (5).
It can be seen that Im, Jm and Kn in Equation (17) are the coefficients of the series
describing the slopes of the free edges. Observing

b ∂ 2W
∫0 ∂y 2
cos β n ydy =
x =0
b (20)
⎛ ∂W ⎞
cos β n y ⎟ + β n ⎡ W ( ) cos β n ydy ⎤ = 0,
a a
⎜⎜ sin β n y − βn ∫ W
⎟ ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
⎝ ∂y
x =0 0 0 x =0
x =0 ⎠0

b⎛ ∂ W ∂ 2W ⎞
2
the 4th formula of Equation (17) is rewritten as Ln = ∫ ⎜ 2 + ν ⎟ cos β n ydy .
0
⎝ ∂x ∂y 2 ⎠ x = 0
It is obvious that –DLn is the coefficient of the series describing the bending moment
of the clamped edge. Therefore, the slopes of the free edges and the bending moment
of the clamped edge are represented as

∂W 2 ∞ α ∂W 2 ∞ α
∂y
= ∑
a m =1,3"
I m sin m x;
2 ∂y
= ∑
a m =1,3"
J m sin m x
2
y =b y =0
(21)
∂W 1 2 ∞
⎛1 2 ∞ ⎞
= K 0 + ∑ K n cos β n y; Mx = − D ⎜ L0 + ∑ Ln cos β n y ⎟ .
∂x x=a b b n =1 x=0
⎝b b n =1 ⎠

In quest of the solutions of Im, Jm, Kn, and Ln substituting Equation (10) into the re-
maining boundary conditions represented by Equation (6) and the second formula of
Equation (5), considering the differentiation procedure of trigonometric series [4], we
obtain
 Analytic bending solutions of rectangular cantilever thin plates 1049

∑α
m =1,3
m Wmn = 0 ( n = 0,1, 2") ,
∞ m −1
⎧ m −1
⎫
∑ ( −1) ⎨ν ( −1) I m − ν J m + ( −1) 2 K n − TmnWmn ⎬ = 0 ( n = 0, 1, 2") ,
n
2
m =1,3 ⎩ ⎭
m −1
I m − J m + ( −1) 2 ν K 0 − Rm 0Wm 0 +
∞
(22)
⎧ m −1
⎫
+2 ∑ ⎨( −1) I m − J m + ( −1) 2 ν K n − RmnWmn ⎬ = 0 ( m = 1, 3") ,
n

n =1,2 ⎩ ⎭
m −1
I m − J m + ( −1) 2 ν K 0 − Rm 0Wm 0 +
∞
n ⎡ ⎤
m −1
+2 ∑ ( −1) ⎢( −1) I m − J m + ( −1) 2 ν K n − RmnWmn ⎥ = 0 ( m = 1,3") .
n

n =1,2 ⎣ ⎦

Substituting Equation (18) into Equation (22), we finally obtain

∞ ∞ ∞ m −1

∑ ( −1) α mCmn Rmn I m − ∑ α mCmn Rmn J m + ∑ ( −1) 2 α mCmnTmn K n −

n

m =1,3 m =1,3 m =1,3

∞ ∞
(23)
1 1
− ∑ α m2 Cmn Ln = − ∑ α m Cmn qmn ( n = 0,1, 2") ,
2 m =1,3 D m =1,3
∞ m −1 ∞ m −1

∑ ( −1) (ν − Cmn RmnTmn ) I m − ∑ ( −1) (ν − Cmn RmnTmn ) J m +

n+
2 2
m =1,3 m =1,3
∞
1 ∞ m −1
+ ∑ ( −1)
m −1
(1 − C T 2
mn mn )K n + ∑
2 m =1,3
( −1) 2 α m CmnTmn Ln = (24)
m =1,3

1 ∞ m −1
= ∑
D m =1,3
( −1) 2 CmnTmn qmn ( n = 0,1, 2") ,

⎡ ⎤ ⎡
(1 − Cmn Rmn2 )⎤⎥ J m +
∞ ∞

⎢1 − ν 2
+ 2 ∑ ( −1)
n
(1 − C R 2
)
mn mn ⎥ m I − ⎢1 − ν 2
+ 2 ∑
⎣ n =1 ⎦ ⎣ n =1 ⎦
∞ m −1
2ν ∞
+2∑ ( −1) 2 (ν − Cmn RmnTmn ) K n + L0 + ∑ α m Cmn Rmn Ln = (25)
n =1 αm n =1

4ν 2 ∞
= q + ∑ Cmn Rmn qmn ( m = 1,3") ,
Dα m2 m0
D n =1

Equations (23–26) are four infinite systems of linear simultaneous equations with
unknowns Im, Jm, Kn, and Ln (m = 1, 3, ...; n = 0, 1, 2, ...). When the first M and N terms
1050 B. TIAN et al.

are taken for m and n respectively, we have 2[M/2] + 2(N + 1) equations and un-
knowns, which can be readily solved. Substituting the resultant Im, Jm, Kn, and Ln into
Equation (19) gives exact bending solutions of a rectangular cantilever thin plate.

⎡ ∞
⎤ ⎡ ∞
⎤
⎢1 −ν + 2∑ (1 − Cmn Rmn ) ⎥ I m − ⎢1 −ν + 2∑ ( −1) (1 − Cmn Rmn ) ⎥ J m +
2 2 2 n 2

⎣ n =1 ⎦ ⎣ n =1 ⎦
∞ m −1
2ν ∞
+2∑ ( −1) 2 (ν − Cmn RmnTmn ) K n + L0 + ∑ ( −1) α m Cmn Rmn Ln =
n+ n
(26)
n =1 αm n =1

4ν 2 ∞
∑ ( −1) Cmn Rmn qmn ( m = 1,3") .
n
= q +
Dα m2 m0
D n =1

3. Numerical examples
In order to verify the validity of the results derived in the paper, we took some
cases in References [1] and [3] as examples. The transverse deflections and bending
moments at specific locations for a square cantilever thin plate under a uniform load or
a concentrated load at (a, 0.75b) with v = 0.3 are obtained. The first 50 terms of Im and
Jm and the first 100 terms of Kn and Ln are taken to ensure sufficient accuracy. For
simplicity three significant figures are retained for the data in the tables.
It can be seen from Tables 1– 4 that the agreement between the present results and
those from the literature is satisfactory. The method developed in this paper is suitable
for the problems of rectangular cantilever thin plates under arbitrary loads.

Table 1. Deflections W (qa4/D) of the free edges y = 0 and y = b for a square plate under uniform loading
W x=0 x = 0.25a x = 0.5a x = 0.75a x=a
Ref. [1] Present Ref. [1] Present Ref. [1] Present Ref. [1] Present Ref. [1] Present
y=0 0 0 0.0119 0.0117 0.0443 0.0433 0.0850 0.0841 0.129 0.127
y=b 0 0 0.0119 0.0117 0.0443 0.0433 0.0850 0.0841 0.129 0.127

Table 2. Deflections W (qa4/D) of the free edge x = a and bending moments Mx(qa2) of the clamped edge
x = 0 for a square plate under uniform loading
y=0 y = 0.25b y = 0.5b y = 0.75b y=b
Ref. [1] Present Ref. [1] Present Ref. [1] Present Ref. [1] Present Ref. [1] Present
W (a, y) 0.129 0.127 0.131 0.129 0.131 0.129 0.131 0.129 0.129 0.127
Mx (0, y) 0 0 χ0.534 χ0.530 χ0.536 χ0.531 χ0.534 χ0.530 0 0

Table 3. Deflections W (Pa2/D) of the free edges y = 0 and y = b for a square plate under a concentrated
load at (a, 0.75b)
W x=0 x = 0.25a x = 0.5a x = 0.75a x=a
Ref. [3] Present Ref. [3] Present Ref. [3] Present Ref. [3] Present Ref. [3] Present
y=0 0 0 0.0162 0.0157 0.075 0.0733 0.166 0.163 0.274 0.268
y=b 0 0 0.0319 0.0323 0.123 0.125 0.252 0.256 0.398 0.402
 Analytic bending solutions of rectangular cantilever thin plates 1051

Table 4. Deflections W (Pa2/D) of the free edge x = a and bending moments Mx(P) of the clamped edge
x = 0 for a square plate under a concentrated load at (a, 0.75b)
y=0 y = 0.25b y = 0.5b y = 0.75b y=b
Ref. [3] Present Ref. [3] Present Ref. [3] Present Ref. [3] Present Ref. [3] Present
W (a, y) 0.274 0.268 0.309 0.305 0.348 0.346 0.385 0.386 0.398 0.402
Mx (0, y) 0 0 χ0.934 χ0.935 χ1.11 χ1.09 χ1.21 χ1.26 0 0

4. Conclusions
Analytic bending solutions of rectangular cantilever thin plates subjected to arbi-
trary loads are derived using the double finite integral transform method. The mathe-
matical approach employed does not require the preselection of a deformation func-
tion, which can scarcely be avoided in the traditional semi-inverse approaches. Also,
the present approach provides an efficient and unified procedure for accurate plate
bending analysis. The method can be further extended to other boundary value prob-
lems in plate bending as well as buckling, vibration, etc.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
of China (2010) and the Scholarship Award for Excellent Doctoral Student granted by the
Ministry of Education of China (2010).

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Rozwiązania analityczne zginanych, wspornikowych cienkich płyt prostokątnych

W pracy sformułowano analityczne rozwiązania dotyczące zginania prostokątnych, wsporniko-

wych płyt cienkich poddanych dowolnym obciążeniom przy zastosowaniu metody podwójnej,
skończonej transformaty całkowej. Ponieważ zastosowano tylko podstawowe równania płyt, zapre-
zentowana metoda przezwycięża niedobór konwencjonalnych metod semi-odwrotnych i może
służyć jako całkowicie wymierny model przy rozwiązywaniu problemów zginania płyt. Zaprezen-
towana metoda może być rozszerzona na dalszą klasę problemów brzegowych płyt w zakresie ich
wyboczenia oraz drgań.