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Report about: - Kinds of airplanes.
Name :- ‫محمد السيد عبد العزيز حسن‬
Sec No.: - 7
ACADIMIC YEAR: - 4th year mechanical power

engineering Department
What is an airplane?
An airplane is a vehicle that has wings and one or more engines and
can move through the air. The word aircraft is also commonly used to
refer to planes, though it can be used for other types of vehicles, such
as helicopters.
➢ What types of planes are there?

Airplanes can be classified according to their shape, their engine, their
weight, etc. Here, we will use a less technical classification,
classification according to its use:
• Passenger plane: these are built specifically to transport groups of

people; they’re used by airlines for commercial flights, though they
can also be private. They are equipped with pressurized cabins and
certain features like seats, toilets, screens, and small kitchens.
• Cargo plane: these are used to transport goods and large objects.
They don’t have seats or other elements needed to transport people.
They usually have a wider fuselage to have more storage space;
higher wings so the load is closer to the ground when grounded; more
wheels; and higher tails since loading and unloading usually occurs
through a back door.
• Military plane: it is used for wartime purposes. While passenger and

cargo aircraft can also be military (rather than civilian), this label is
for attack or defense aircraft. There are many types of military
aircraft, according to their purposes. For instance, they could
bombers, capable of transporting and dropping bombs or missiles; or
fighter planes designed and equipped to intercept and shoot down
targets in the air, reaching very high speeds in little time.
➢ Types of aircraft
1-Lighter-than-air
The lift an airfoil generates is also affected by its “angle of attack”—i.e.,

its angle relative to the wind. Both lift and angle of attack can be
immediately, if crudely, demonstrated, by holding one’s hand out the
window of a moving automobile. When the hand is turned flat to the
wind, much resistance is felt and little “lift” is generated, for there is a
turbulent region behind the hand. The ratio of lift to drag is low. When
the hand is held parallel to the wind, there is far less drag and a
moderate amount of lift is generated, the turbulence smooths out, and
there is a better ratio of lift to drag. However, if the hand is turned
slightly so that its forward edge is raised to a higher angle of attack, the
generation of lift will increase. This favorable increase in the lift-to drag
ratio will create a tendency for the hand to “fly” up and over. The
greater the speed, the greater the lift and drag will be. Thus, total lift is
related to the shape of the airfoil, the angle of attack.
2.Types of Commercial Airplanes
1. Jumbo Passenger Jets.
Konstantin von WedelstaedtThai Airways Boeing 747-400 The Boeing 747

was the first wide-body commercial jet to earn the moniker “Jumbo Jet.”
Boeing never imagined that the subsonic 747 would continue to hold
popularity, considering the supersonic jets in development at the time.
Nevertheless, Boeing went on to sell over 1,554 of these jumbo passenger
jets, which can be quickly converted into passenger or cargo planes. Airbus is
Boeing ‘s only major rival in Jumbo Jet sales. Although it is only four decades
old, Airbus has taken a marginal lead in market share. The chief weakness of
Airbus is that their A380 models have steadily lost popularity among airliners
because of their massive size. The profitability of such a massive jet is limited
unless you are flying from a large central hub to a large central hub.
2. Mid-Size Passenger Jets
Editorial Team Airbus A350-900 – Vietnam Airlines
Mid-size passenger jets, such as the Airbus 350-1000, have a narrower body.
Although they can still carry over 350 passengers, these planes can’t match
the 600- passenger capacity of a Boeing 747 in a single class configuration.
The Airbus A380 further dwarfs that number with its 853-passenger capacity
in a single class configuration. But the Boeing 737 recently expanded its
range by 900 nautical miles to reach 3,000 for transcontinental flights. Of
course, these mid-size commercial jets are desirable among airliners because
they sustain greater profitability in seasonal routes and on smaller flights.
The lower price tag also makes them attractive from an investment
standpoint. When you consider the flexibility of configuring the Airbus 380 or
even a Boeing 787 for different routes, it makes sense to hedge against
market trends by choosing a model that is more flexible.
3. Light Passenger Jets
Editorial Team Embraer 175 Air Canada
In the light passenger jet range, the seating for passengers is typically 60 to
100. The Embraer 175 can travel 1,800 miles at a cruising speed of 545 miles
per hour. The smaller size of light passenger jets makes them the ideal choice
for economy airlines. The seating is evenly divided into two sections on each
side of a center aisle. Larger jets have three sections and two aisles. The light
passenger jets are popular for regional routes. Because they consume less
fuel and require less investment, an owner can quickly reap a profit by flying
their plane to popular destinations from larger central hubs. A plane from Los
Angeles to Las Vegas, for example, would be an easy way of generating
revenue off the investment without facing the strict regulations imposed by
flights over seas.
4. Passenger Turboprops
Editorial TeamFlybe British European Bombardier DHC 8 402 Q400 Although

turboprops are not as reliable as jet engines, aircraft are much safer than
ground transportation because they are built for reliability. In addition, once
the planes reach cruising altitude, there are not many factors which can
negatively influence planes that fly over the weather. The friction and
geography of the terrestrial landscape and weather are the hardest burdens
for automotive engineers to face. Turboprop engines are more fuel-efficient
than jet engines, however. Since fuel is one of the greatest expenses for an
airliner, this makes them a better investment. A passenger turboprop can
also operate and take off from shorter runways. This opens up the doors to
flying a greater variety of short flights to meet the market demands. The
larger prop planes, such as the Bombardier Q400, can carry up to 80
passengers.
➢ Types of Propeller Planes

1. Aerobatic Alan WilsonZivko Edge 540 ‘G-EDGY’.
Many former air force pilots find themselves missing the thrill of high-speed
maneuvers in fighter jets. While it may be impossible for them to ever get
their hands on a fighter jet again, an aerobatic plane is a suitable substitute.
These planes are fast and perform stunts in the air, such as dives and rolls.
Because they are light and easy to maneuver, they are often involved in
choreographed drills. In order to properly fly an aerobatic stunt plane, the
pilots require hours and hours of advanced training. If they have a military
background, this can reduce the learning curve significantly. Accustoming
oneself to the g-forces and disorientation that occurs under intense acrobatic
performances is something that is much easier if they went through years of
flight school and spent significant time in military fighter jets.
2. Amphibious Bill Larkins Republic RC-3 Seabee ‘N6485K’
Amphibious aircraft are specially designed to take off and land in freshwater
lakes and seas. Some planes can even be fitted with keels that are reinforced
to handle a landing on terrain covered by snow or ice. Tourism to remote
areas may also require the use of an amphibious aircraft. In fact, some
models of amphibious aircraft also have retractable wheels that allow them
to land on ordinary landing strips. The downside of an amphibious plane is
that the models which boast of a full range of landing capabilities are heavier
and require greater maintenance. It is always better to use a plane for
dedicated purposes by landing on either land or water. Positioning the
wheels for a terrestrial or aqua landing is another problem that pilots face in
convertible planes. If the wheels aren’t adjusted properly, damage will
ensue.
3. Military Turboprops
Tomás Del Coro Lockheed EC 130H Compass Call The military is still
developing and using turboprop planes for cargo transport and light attack
fighters. Because the turboprops provide better fuel economy and are
cheaper to manufacture and deploy into regions where light-duty fighters
are needed, they are still preferred over jets in some applications.
Nevertheless, the Embraer Super Tucano still carries an amazing 3,300
pounds of weaponry. Because the military has a limited operating budget,
turboprops are practical. And because they have the advantage of modern
engineering, military turboprops are still just as lethal as jet fighters.
Furthermore, turboprop engines provide stronger forward thrust than jets
do. Although a jet can operate more efficiently at Mach speeds, Mach speeds
are rarely needed for most combat missions or supply transports. The
turboprops also perform much better at lower altitudes than jet engines. And
most missions require low altitude combat fighters.
➢ How are airplanes made?

The raw material for aircraft must be rigid, strong, corrosion-resistant, and
light-weight. Most aircraft are made from titanium, steel, aluminum, and
composites (often including polymers and carbon fiber). Engineers determine
what materials an airplane will be built from by taking a set of factors into
account, including the dimensions, the purpose, and so on. An aircraft’s
purpose especially shapes the frame and the body. Most of the old
commercial airplanes were primarily made of aluminum, and newer ones are
made of composite materials. Military aircraft may use a light alloy, such as
titanium.
➢ Why do planes fly?

Their operating principle is based on the aerodynamic force generated on
the wings in an upward direction, called lift. This is caused by the pressure
difference between the top and bottom of the wing. The higher a plane flies,
the faster it will go. This is because air becomes less dense at higher altitudes
and generates less aerodynamic drag. This can also be useful to avoid
turbulence and save fuel.

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Report about: - Kinds of airplanes.

Name :- ‫محمد السيد عبد العزيز حسن‬

ACADIMIC YEAR: - 4th year mechanical power

➢ What types of planes are there?

• Passenger plane: these are built specifically to transport groups of

• Military plane: it is used for wartime purposes. While passenger and

The lift an airfoil generates is also affected by its “angle of attack”—i.e.,

2.Types of Commercial Airplanes

1. Jumbo Passenger Jets.

Konstantin von WedelstaedtThai Airways Boeing 747-400 The Boeing 747

2. Mid-Size Passenger Jets

Editorial Team Airbus A350-900 – Vietnam Airlines

3. Light Passenger Jets

Editorial Team Embraer 175 Air Canada

Editorial TeamFlybe British European Bombardier DHC 8 402 Q400 Although

➢ Types of Propeller Planes

2. Amphibious Bill Larkins Republic RC-3 Seabee ‘N6485K’

➢ How are airplanes made?

➢ Why do planes fly?

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