Dichotomy of Self and Society in Saul Bellow's Herzog

Dichotomy of Self and Society in Saul Bellow’s Herzog
T. Devaraj1 & Dr. G. Manivannan2

1
Assistant Professor of English & Research Scholar
Rajah Serfoji Government College (Auto), Thanjavur-613005 Tamil Nadu.
(Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024)
E Mail ID: tedethambu@gmail.com

2
Research Advisor & Assistant Professor, Department of English
Rajah Serfoji Government College (Auto), Thanjavur-613005 Tamil Nadu.
(Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024)
ABSTRACT
Because of the dehumanised environment a man has a

strained relationship with the society. But, at the same time,
if an individual does not behave in accordance with the
larger group, his life gets disintegrated. He has to integrate
his ‘self’ with the ‘society’ to have a meaningful existence.
This paper analyses how the protagonist manages to
integrate his ‘self’ with the society in Saul Bellow’s Herzog.
A society is a web of social relationships (McIver, 6). An individual is

the basic component of a society. The negotiations between individuals paves
way to the formation of a group which, on a larger scale leads to society. In
this chain, a man and society are entangled entities. If an individual does not
act in accordance with the group, the chain is delinked. Therefore, for a
meaningful existence, one has to integrate himself with society (McIver, 6).
This paper analyses how the protagonist manages to integrate his ‘self’ with
the society in Saul Bellow’s Herzog.
Herzog is a retrospective contemplation by Moses Elkhana Herzog to
understand the reasons for his devastating past. Moses Elkhana Herzog is a
twice divorced professor. He has the habit of writing letters, in his mind, to
family, friends, acquaintances, scholars, writers, and the dead. Many of his
letters deal with the frustrations that resulted from his life in the society.
Riesman et al. argued that Americans had been coerced into conforming to
social dictates set by politicians, religious leaders, and the media. Though
often resulted in surface unity and serenity, on a deeper level, this
overshadowed individual values and beliefs. The result was feelings of
estrangement and frustration, which created the sense of being alone in a
crowd.
Herzog’s life appears to be disintegrating - he is alone in a big, old
house, sharing slices of bread with rats (Datta). Herzog relentlessly struggles
to gain a measure of freedom from the conditioning forces of both history and
time. He struggles with the conflict between his intellect and his emotion. He
cannot cope with a world which appears hostile to his intellect. The threat
caused by the chaos of modern, but hollow culture, disturbs his inner peace of
mind.
The opening line of Herzog “If I am out of mind, it’s all right with
me...” clearly outlines Herzog’s insight into his own troubled self. His
introspection and realization neither prevents him commenting on the adverse
situation nor allows him to blindly accept whatever happens. The series of
incidents Herzog encounters reminds us the American city life and its
inhumanness.When Herzog appears at the city courthouse where he is
scheduled to meet Simkin, he sits in on a few court cases that are being tried
that day. As he watches testimony about a mother who beat her son to death,
he becomes incensed and runs out of the courtroom. He determines that New
York could not hold him now, and flies to Chicago to see his daughter Junie
and to confront Madeleine ,his wife and Gersbach,his friend who cheated him
and living together with Junie. As soon as he arrives in Chicago, he goes to his
father’s house, where he reminisces with his stepmother, Tante Taube. He
soon leaves with his father’s pistol in his pocket with murder in his
heart.When he looks through the window and sees Gersbach giving Junie a
bath with fatherly tenderness he changed his mind.
The mind which is reluctant to the fundamental human nature needs
willing acceptance. The confrontation of the self with the ‘untaught’ results in
its conflict with society. Unable to handle fundamental challenges of society,
the self undergoes severe problems like the loss of individuality and the sense
of the nothingness in individual life. Bellow attacks the cheapening of
individual life and senses the difficulty of dignifying the individual. He seeks
a new conception of individuality, distinguishing between the presentation self
and the true self. What makes man incompatible with society is the ideal
construction of the self. His rich intelligence makes him a scholar of repute.
However, it cannot provide his self with any universal connections to relieve
his sense of misery. In constant search for order and meaning, his soul finds
only chaos and disorder.
The indignities Herzog has to suffer in this world cannot subdue him to
the surrounding worldly cynicism, and he insists on a better fate. He carelessly
attempts to liberate himself from such decaying forces and makes adventures
mainly in his mind. Bellow presents the dichotomy between the private and
the civil self through his protagonist, Herzog himself becomes a universal
figure in his struggle against the dehumanizing forces and standing as the
eternal sentinel for the human and the enduring values. To focus the anguish
of Herzog’s inner self, Bellow makes his hero undergo a series of experiences
both in his private and public realms. Aware of the inconsistency and
fragmentation of a modern individual, Herzog begins to live in his own “ideal
constructions’. With keen desire to affirm human against inhuman elements of
the present civilization, he seeks for those values and enduring quality, the
absence of which makes him sick and which for him .are indispensable to
make human life a decent one and thus enabling each individual to have
genuine human dignity and complete his life in meaningful terms.
Life, based on values, can attain meaning. It spontaneously urges each
individual to share his life with other individuals. Again it is the manifestation
of absolute love. Herzog’s spiritual rebirth has made a kind of realization
possible for him to feel a bond of oneness with the entire humanity. With his
renewed faith, he is now aware that identity is found in communion through
love. The feeling of love urges him to make his life meaningful in
brotherhood. In discovering the meaning of what it means to be human, he has
rediscovered his self and its true meaning and purpose. He has attained a state
of gentle reasonableness in accepting limitations.
Herzog struggles to find their self-value and attempts hard to preserve
his dignity. Being aware of his ‘self,’ he realizes his mismatch with society
and is willing to adapt to fit in and finally reconciles with society. In other
words, his quest for the self gets satisfied only when Herzog returns to the
community. Herzog has finally learnt that only dialogue can render meaning to
one’s life –not monologue. Bellow thus shows that to celebrate life, one must
accept limitations and join humanity. Only then can a man discover his true
identity.
Works Cited
Bellow, Saul. Herzog. Penguin Books, 2003.
Datta, Sudipta. “Reprise: Herzog by Saul Bellow.” The Hindu, The Hindu, 23
Feb. 2019,
www.thehindu.com/books/reprise-herzog-by-saul-bellow/article26342
763.ece.
MacIver, Robert M. Society; Its Structure and Changes. Farrar & Rinehart,
Inc., 1936.
Riesman, David, et al. The Lonely Crowd: a Study of the Changing American
Character. Yale University Press, 2020.

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Dichotomy of Self and Society in Saul Bellow’s Herzog

T. Devaraj1 & Dr. G. Manivannan2

Rajah Serfoji Government College (Auto), Thanjavur-613005 Tamil Nadu.

(Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024)

E Mail ID: tedethambu@gmail.com

Rajah Serfoji Government College (Auto), Thanjavur-613005 Tamil Nadu.

(Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli - 620 024)

Because of the dehumanised environment a man has a

A society is a web of social relationships (McIver, 6). An individual is

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