Module 6 (Physics)

JEE Companion
For JEE MAINS and ADVANCED
PHYSICS
MODULE-6
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 17. Calorimetry & KTG

THEORY 1-11
EXERCISE 12-38
ANSWER KEY 39
CHAPTER 18. Thermodynamics

THEORY 40-48
EXERCISE 49-82
ANSWER KEY 83
CHAPTER 19. Heat Transfer & Thermal Expansion

THEORY 84-99
EXERCISE 100-133
ANSWER KEY 134
PHYSICS-X I-IIT-JEE CALORIMETRY & KTG
CHAPTER
17
CALORIMETRY & KTG

 Calorimetry is that branch of heat which deals with (6) The molar heat capacity at constant volume,
its measurement. The useual units of heat are Q 
calorie or kilocalorie denoted by Cv is Cv =  
 n T 
1. SPECIFIC HEAT
(7) If, at absolute temperature T , total energy of a gas
This is also called ' Heat Inertia' of a substance E , degree of freedom of gas = f
1.1 Specific Heat of solid & Liquid (s): If a solid or a
fRT E Rf
liquid is heated till the change of the state, there is  E= and Cv = CV =
2 T 2
no change in their volume hence the work done is
zero. Hence there is only one specific heat of solids (8) Amount of heat needed to increase the temperature
and liquids which is constant. of n moles of gas by dT at constant volume is
1. Definition : The amount of heat needed for an unit d = ncv dT
increase in the temperature of unit mass of a solid
(9) Amount of heat needed to increase the temperature
or liquid is called it's specific heat
Unit : kilocalorie / kg-ºC or calorie/g-ºC of 1gm of gas by 10C at constant volume is called
gram specific heat at constant volume.
1 Kcal / Kg-ºC = 1 Cal/g-ºC
2. If mass of the body is 'm' and specific heat is 's' then (C v ) molar
(10) (Cv)gram =
amount of heat needed to increases it's temperature M
by dT is given by Q = msdT or (Cv)molar = M(Cv) gram
3. Specific heat of water = 1 kcal / kg-ºC Where M = molecules wt. of gas
= 1 Cal/ g-ºC = 4.18 × 103 J/kg-ºC (11) Amount of heat needed to increases temperature of
4. Kelvin can also be used instead of ºC is size of both 'm' gm of gas by dT at constant volume is
units is same. m
dQ = m (Cv) gram dT = (Cv)molar dT
M
1.2 Specific heat of gas (c) (12) Amount of heat needed to increase temperature of
(1) There are many processes possible to give heat to a
1mole of gas by 10C at constant pressure is called
gas. A specific heat can be associated to each such
process which depends on the nature of process. molar specific heat at constant pressure.
(2) The number of possible specific heats for a gas is (13) Cp = Cv + R, for one mole.
infinite and the value of specific heats can very where R = universal gas constant
from zero (0) to infinity ().
(14) Amount of heat needed to increase temperature of n
(3) Generally two types of specific heat are mentioned
moles of gas by dT is at constant pressure
for a gas -
(a) specific heat at constant volume (Cv) dQ = nCp dT
(b) specific heat at constant pressure (Cp) Note:
(4) These specific heats can be molar or gram, If gas is heated at constant pressure, then Cv can
depending on the amount of gas considered to be replaced by Cp in above discussion. Hence
define it
CP
(5) The molar heat capacities of a gas are defined as the (a) (Cp)gram =
M
heat given per mole of the gas per unit rise in the
temperature or Cp = M (Cp) gram
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CALORIMETRY & KTG PHYSICS-X I-IIT-JEE
(15) Specific heat for other processes Example : 01
 Q  1 g of steam at 100ºC can melt how much ice at 0ºC?
S   Latent heat of ice = 80 cal/g and latent heat of steam
 m T 
= 540 cal/g
(a) Adiabatic s = 0, as Q = 0 but T has some Solution :
value Heat required by ice for melting of m g of ice
(b) Isothermal s = , as T = 0 but Q has some = mL = m × 80 cal
Heat available with steam for being condensed and then
value
brought to 0ºC
= 1 × 540 × 100
(16) Specific heat for any process is given by = 640 cal
m × 80 = 60
pdV pdV
C = Cv + = Cp – R + 640
ndT ndT or m = = 8 grams
80
(For the n mole of gas)
Example : 02
Example: A tap supplies water at 10ºC and another tap at
(1) If process is isochoric, then dV = 0 100ºC. How much hot water must be taken so that
we get 20 kg of water at 35ºC?
 C = Cv Solution :
(2) If process is isobaric, then pV = nRT Let mass of hot water = m kg
mass of cold water = (20 – m) kg
pdV Heat taken by cold water = (20 – m) × 1 × (35 – 10)
 = nR
dT Heat taken by hot water = m × 1 × (100 – 35)
Law of mixture gives
 C = Cv + R = Cp (for one mole)
Heat given by hot water = Heat taken by cold water
m × 1 × (100 – 35)
2. THERMAL CAPACITY = (20 – m) × (35 – 10)
65 m = (20 – m) × 25
(1) Amount of heat needed to increase the temperature 65 m = 500 – 25 m
or 90 m = 500
of a substance (any amount) by 1ºC is called
500
thermal capacity of that substance. m= = 5.56 kg
900
(2) Thermal capacity = (mass of body ) x (specific
heat)  Hc = ms 3. WATER EQUIVALENT OF A BODY
(3) Unit = calorie /ºC orKcal/ºC (1) If m gram of a substance is given Q amount of heat
1 which rises its temperature by T . Now if on
Heat capacity at point 'p' = = cot giving same amount of heat temperature of w gram
tan 
of water is also increased by T then w is called
(4) Thermal capacity is given by reciprocal of slope of water equivalent of body of mass m.
heat temperature curve as (2) The value of water equivalent of a body is same as
Q it's heat capacity. The difference is only in units. e.g
Hc = mS =
dT If heat capacity of a body is m calorie/0C then it's
water equivalent will be m gram.
(5) Heat capacity in an isothermal process is infinite
(). e.g. process of melting and vaporisation (3) Physical meaning : The same amount of heat has
to be given to a body for increasing it's temperature
(6) If heat capacity of a body is Hc, then heat needed to rise
by dT as needed for quantity of water equal to it's
it's temperature by d is, dQ = Hc d water equivalent by same temperature range.
2
4. LATENT HEAT Example : 03

Latent heat of fusion of a substance is the quantity 5 g of ice at 0ºC is dropped in a beaker containing
of heat (in kilocalories) required to change its 1 kg 20g of water at 40ºC. What will be the final
mass from solid to liquid state at its melting point temperature?
(For ice latent heat of fusion = 80 kilocal/kg).
Solution :
Latent heat of vaporization of a substnce is the
quantity of heat required to change its 1 kg mass Let final temperature be = 
from liquid to vapour state at its boiling point. Heat taken by ice = m1L + m1c11
For water latent heat of vaporisation = 536
= 5 × 80 + 5 × 1( – 0)
kilocal/kg
= 400 + 5
5. GASEOUS MIXTURE Heat given by water at 40ºC
(i) Suppose two non - reactive gases are enclosed in a = m2c22 = 20 × 1 × (40 – )
vessel of volume V. In the mixture n1 moles of one
= 800 – 20
gas are mixed with n2 moles of another gas. If NA is
Avogadro's number then number of molecules of As Heat given = Heat taken
first gas will be N1 = n1 NA and number of 800 – 20 = 400 + 5
molecules of second gas will be N2 = n2A2.
20 = 400
(ii) Total mole fraction n = (n1 + n2).
(iii) If M1 is molecular weight of first gas and M2 that of 400
= = 16ºC
second gas the molecular weight of the mixture will 25
be
n M n M Example : 04
M= 1 1 2 2
n1  n 2 5 g ice of 0ºC s mixed with 5 g of steam at 100ºC.
(iv) Specific heat of the mixture at constant volume will What is the final temperature ?
be Solution :
n1C v1  n 2 c v 2 Heat required by ice to raise its temperature to 100ºC,
Cv =
n1  n 2 Q1 = m1L1 + m1c11
(v) Specific heat of the mixture at constant pressure = 5 × 80 + 5 × 1 × 100
will be = 400 + 500 = 900 cal
n1C p1  n 2 c p 2 Heat given by steam when condensed,
Cp =
n1  n 2 Q2 = m2L2
(vi) Ratio of specific heats of the mixture will be = 5 × 536 = 2680 cal
C n1Cp1  n 2 Cp2 As Q2 > Q1. This means that whole steam is not even
= p = condensed.
Cv n1Cv1  n 2 Cv 2
Hence temperature of mixture will remain at 100º
(vii) Pressure exerted by the mixture
RT  m1 m 2  RT 6. ASSUMPTION OF KINETIC THEORY
P = (n1 + n2) =   

V  M1 M2  V (i) Assumptions regarding the molecule :
(Where m1 and m2 are the masses of the two gases (a) Every gas consists of extremely small particles
respectively) known as molecules. The molecules of a given
gas are all identical but are different than those
(viii) If n1 moles of first gas at a temperature T1 are another gas.
mixed with n2 moles of the other gas at a
(b) The molecules of a gas are identical, spherical,
temperature T2, the temperature of the mixture will
be rigid and perfectly elastic point masses.
n T n T (c) Their size is negligible in comparison to inter
T= 1 1 2 2
n1  n 2 molecular distance (10–9 m)
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(ii) Assumptions regarding volume :

7. SOME DEFINITIONS
The volume of molecules is negligible in
 Definition:
comparison to the volume of gas. (The volume of
(i) Gram mol. or Kilogram mol. :
molecules is only 0.014 % of the volume of gas.)
(a) The quantity of matter in which the number of
(iii) Assumptions regarding motion : molecules is equal to the Avogadro's number, is
(a) Molecules of a gas keep on moving randomly defined as gram mol.
in all possible direction with all possible (b) The molecular weight of any substance
expressed in kilogram is defined as 1 kilogram
velocities.
mol of that substance.
(b) The speed of gas molecules lie between zero (c) The molecular weight of any substance
and infinity (very high speed). expressed in grams is defined as 1 gram mol of
(c) The number of molecules moving with most that substance.
probable speeds is maximum. (d) 1 Kg mol of H2 = 2 kg.,
1 Kg mol of N2 = 28 kg.
(iv) Assumptions regarding collision : 1 Kg mol of O2 = 32 kg.,
(a) The gas molecules keep on colliding among 1 Kg mol of CO2 = 44 kg.
themselves as well as with the walls of (e) No. of molecules in 1 mol
containing vessel. These collision are perfectly Total number of molecules
=
elastic. (i.e. the total energy before collision = Number of mols.
total energy after the collisions). Mass of gas
(b) Molecules move in a straight line with constant (f) Number of moles =
Molecular wt . of gas
speeds during successive collisions.
m
(c) The distance covered by the molecules between or n=
M
two successive collisions is known as free path (g) The mass of 1 mol of a gas is equal to its
and mean of all free paths is known as mean molecular weight.
free path. (ii) Avogadro's Number (NA ) :
(d) The time spent is a collision between two (a) The number of molecules present in 1 mol of a
molecules is negligible in comparison to time gas is defined as Avogadro's number.
between two successive collisions. (b) NA = 6.01 × 1023 per gm. mol.
(e) The number of collisions per unit volume in a = 6.02 × 1026 per Kgm. mol.
gas remains constant. (iii) Molar volume and Molar mass (Vm ) :
(a) Molar volume Vm : The volume of 1 mol of gas
(v) Assumptions regarding force :
is known as molar volume (Vm).
(a) No attractive or repulsive force acts between
gas molecules. V
(b) Vm =
n
(b) Gravitational attraction among the molecules is
ineffective due to extremely small masses and (c) The unit of Vm is m3/mol.
very high speed of molecules. Molecular weight (M) :
(a) The quantity in 1 mol of matter is its molecular
(vi) Assumptions regarding pressure : weight.
Molecules constantly collide with the walls of (b) M = mNA (m = mass of a single molecule)
container due to which their momentum changes.
This change in momentum is transferred to the (iv) Meaning of NTP : NTP means normal temperature
and pressure.
walls of the container. Consequently pressure is
(a) Temperature at NTP = 0º C = 273 K
exerted by gas molecules on the walls of container.
(b) Pressure at NTP = 76 Cm of Hg - column
(vii)Assumptions regarding density : = 1.013 × 105 Newton/meter2 or Pascal
The density of gas is constant at all points of the = 1 atmosphere.
container. (c) Volume of 1 mol of gas at NTP = 22.4 litre.
4
(v) Absolute zero temperature (0º K) : (6) Mean square velocity ( v 2 ) : Average of the
(a) The minimum possible temperature at which all squares of instantaneous velocities of all the
the gas molecules come to rest, is defined as molecules.
absolute zero temperature (i.e. 0º K).
 v 2 v12  v 22  ...v 2N
(b) The temperature at which the kinetic energy of < v2 > = v 2 = =
N N
gas molecules become zero is defined as
absolute zero temperature. (7) Root mean square speed (RMS speed) (vrms):
(c) At this temperature the volume of the gas  v2 v12  v 22  ...v 2N
becomes zero. vrms = =
N N
Symbols used in this chapter
R = Universal gas constant = 8.314 J/mol-K 3RT 3kT 3PV 3P
= = = =
= 0.082 Lit-atm/mol-K = 1.986 cal /mol-K M m nM d
M = Molecular wt in Kg = mass of 6.023 × 1023
(8) Velocity of sound in the gas :
molecules of the gas
m = Mass of each molecule in Kg = M/N0 RT C
vs = , where  = P
N0 = Avogadro's constant = 6.023 × 1023 M CV
k = Boltzman's constant =R/N0 =1.38×10–23J/K
P = Pressure of the gas in N/m2 9. MAXWELL'S LAW OF MOLECULAR VELOCITY
T = Temperature in Kelvin DISTRIBUTION
N = Total number of molecules
d = Density of gas = nM/v (a) Molecules can have all possible velocities in the
n = No. of moles range from 0 to .
(b) the curve between number of molecule per unit
8. DIFFERENT VELOCITIES OF MOLECULES OF A velocity range and velocity at different temperature
GAS is as shown.

(1) Instantaneous velocity ( v ) : Velocity of molecule
T = 300 K
at any instant of time. T = 1000 K

 T = 2000 K
(2) Instantaneous speed (| v |): Speed of molecule at dn

any instant of time dv
(3) Average velocity ( v ): vmp
vmp vmp
   
 v v 1  v 2  ... v N v
< v > = v= = =0
N N (c) the number of molecules belonging to finite
Because molecules are in random motion velocity range is constant however the velocity of
(4) Average speed (| v |) : each molecule is changing.
     Results :
  | v | | v 1 |  | v 2 | ... | v N |
< | v | > = |v| = = (a) Different molecules have different velocities.
N N
(b) As the temperature increases, the number of
8RT RT kT molecules having higher velocities increases.
= =1.59 =1.59
M M m (c) At a given temperature, the velocity which
maximum number of molecules possess, is called
(5) Most probable speed (vmp) : This is defined as the most probable velocity (vmp).
speed with which maximum number of molecules (d) With the increase in the temperature, the most
travel.
probable velocity increases.
2RT 2kT (e) Area under the curve represent the total number of
vmp = =
M m molecules.
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10. CALCULATION OF PRESSURE OF GAS 9. If N is the total number of molecules in the sample,
Y 1 mN  v 2
F=
3 L N
Pressure on the wall = Force /Area
F 1 mN  v 2
P= =
L2 3 L3 N
X 1 m0  v 2
P=
3 V N
L
where, m0 = Total mass of the gas = mN
L
V = Volume of the vessel
Z
m = mass of each molecule
1. Consider an ideal gas enclosed in a cubical vessel
of edge 'L' 1   v 2  m
  P= d 
(d = density = 0 )

2. Consider a molecule moving with velocity v in any 3  N  V
direction
1  v2
 ^ ^
v = v x i  v y j v z k
^  P = d v 2rms  (vrms = )
3 N
3. This molecule collides with the shaded wall with 1 1
velocity vx. or PV = m0 v 2rms or PV = Nm v 2rms
3 3
(a) momentum before collision = mvx
(b) momentum after collision = – mvx 10. As we know, energy of each molecule
(assuming elastic collision) 1
= m v 2rms
   change in momentum of the molecule 2
= – mvx – mvx = – 2mvx 1
4. By the law of conservation of momentum change in Total energy = E0 = Nm v 2rms
2
momentum of the wall = equal in magnitude but
  Nm v 2rms = 2E0
opposite in direction to that of molecule P = 2mvx
5. The distance travelled parallel to the 2 2
x-direction = L. Thus, the time between two   PV = E0 or P = E
3 3
successive collisions with the shaded wall is
where E = Energy per unit volume
2L
t =
vx
11. Dependence of pressure :
  number of collisions per second (n) is
(a) P  n (Total number of moles)
vx
n= (b) P  m ( Total mass of the gas)
2L
6. The momentum imparted per unit time to the wall (c) P  v 2rms
by this molecule is  (d) P  1/V (V = Volume)
vx mv2x (e) P  d (d = Density)
 F = nP = 2mvx = (f) PE (E = Energy per unit volume)
2L L
7. The total force on the wall
m 2 m 2 Example : 05
=F= 
L
vx =
L v x
The mass of hydrogen molecules is 3.32 × 10–27kg. If
8. Assuming average velocity in all direction to be 1023 hydrogen molecules strike a fixed wall of area 2
equal, we have  cm2 at an angle 45º to the normal and rebound
1 elastically with a speed of 103m/s calculate the
  v 2x =  v 2y = v 2z =  v 2x + v 2y + v 2z )
3 pressure exerted on the wall –
1 1 m 2 (A) 2.347 × 103 N/m2 (B) 23.47 × 104 N/m2
= v2  F = v
3 3 L (C) 234.7 × 103 N/m2 (D) 23.47 × 103 N/m2
6
Solution : [a] 12. DEGREE OF FREEDOM

A Wall Number of modes in which a gas molecule can
store energy is called degrees of freedom. It can
also be referred as the number of modes in which
45º motion of gas molecule takes place.
N O
45º Degree of Freedom
Translational Rotational Vibrational Total

B Monatomic 3 0 0 3
The molecule strikes the wall along AO and rebound Diatomic 3 2 0 5
along OB such that
Triatomic / 3 2 1 6
AON = NOB = 45º Triangular
The change in component momentum of each H2 Triatomic Linear 3 2 2 7
molecule in a perpendicular direction the wall =P = 2
mv cos, where mv = momentum of molecule Example : 06
–27 3
P = (3.32 ×10 ) ×10 cos 45º The atomic weight of iodine is 127. A standing wave
P = 4.692 ×10–24 kg m/sec in a tube filled with iodine gas at 400 K has nodes
Force exerted by N molecules on the wall that are 6.77cm apart when the frequency is 1000
= P × N vib/sec. iodine is
it A is the area of the wall on which the molecule strike, (A) Monoatomic (B) Diatomic
then pressure (C) Triatomic (D) None of these
N  P 10 23  4.692 10 24 Solution : [b]
P = F/A = =
A 2 10  4  = 2 × 6.77 cm = 13. 54cm
3 2
= 2.347 × 10 N/m = n = 1000 × 13.54 = 1.354 × 104cm/sec.
we know that
11. CONCEPT OF ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE VR
= where molecular weight
1. For a given gas, vrms  T T/M
1 nM 2 M = Ax with x = 1 if iodine is monoatomic x = 2 it

3PV
P= v rms or v2rms = diatomic and A is atomic weight
3 V nM
(n = no. of moles) Ax 2
  = = 0.7x
 PV = nRT RT
Where x = 2 as iodine is diatomic
2 3PV
 v rms =   = 1.4 (right value of diatomic gas)
M
3PV 13. MAXWELL'S LAW OF EQUIPARTITION OF
or vrms =
M
ENERGY
2. It is clear that, at T = 0 K, vrms = 0 i.e. the RMS
speed of molecules of a gas is zero at 0 K.A 1. According to this law, for a system in thermal
temperature less than 0 K is not possible because at equilibrium all its energy is divided equally
this temperature velocity becomes an imaginary
among it's all possible degrees of freedom.
quantity. So, the temperature at which rms speed of
gas molecule is zero is called absolute zero or zero 2. At temperature T K, each degree of freedom
Kelvin. contributes on an average 1/2 KT of energy per
molecule and 1/2 RT of energy per mole.
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3. If 'f' is the number of degrees of freedom, mean Solution : [d]
energy of a molecule at temperature T is
3
fKT fRT Total energy of molecules of first gas = n1 K T 1
E= and Total energy per mole = 2
2 2
4. Total internal energy 3
Total energy of molecules of second gas = n2 LT2
U = Potential energy + Kinetic energy 2
( For an ideal gas, potential energy = 0) Total energy of molecules of mixture
 U = Kinetic energy 3
= K (n1T1 + n2T2)
fRT 2
= (per mole)
2 3 3
5. For translatory motion of any gas, f = 3  (n1 + n2) KT = K(n1T1 + n2T2)
2 2
  Mean translatory KE per molecule = (3/2) KT
  Mean translatory KE per mole = (3/2) RT n1T1  n 2 T2
T =
  Mean translatory KE per gram = (3/2) (RT/M) (n1  n 2 )
6. As we already have
P = (2/3) E 15. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IDEAL GAS & REAL
  Where E Energy per unit volume = (3/2) P
  Mean translatory KE in unit volume of a gas is GAS
(3/2)P, where 'P' is the pressure of the gas.
Ideal Gas Real Gas
7. Total energy
E0 = (3/2) PV ......... (for volume V) (i) These gases obey the These gases do not obey
ideal gas equation the ideal gas equation
(ii) These gases obey the These gases do not these
14. DIFFERENT KINETIC ENERGIES OF A GAS Boyle's, Charle's and laws.
1. Mean molar kinetic energy : (E) : Translatory pressure laws in
kinetic energy of one mole of a gas every state of
(6.023 × 1023 molecules) pressure and
E = (1/2) Mv2rms = (3/2) RT temperature
2. Mean translatory KE of one molecule = (3/2) KT (iii) For these the For these the equation of
3. If 'M' is the molecular wt in kg, i.e. mass of one equation of state is state is
mole of gas, then mean KE of one gram of gas PV = RT  a 
 P  2  (V – b) = RT
3 RT 3 KT  V 
= =
2 M 2 m (iv) Their specific heat is Their specific heat is
Where m = mass of each molecule in kg. independent of directly proportional to
temperature temperature (Cv  T)
Example : 07 (v) Their internal energy Their internal energy
Two ideal gases at temperature T1 and T2 are mixed. depends upon only depends upon
There is no loss of energy. If the masses of molecules temperature dU = temperature as well as
of the two gases are m1 and m2 and number of their CvdT volume
molecules are n1 and n2 respectively, the a
dU = CvdT + 2 dV
temperature of the mixture will be V
T T T T (vi) At high temperature At low temperature and
(A) 1 2 (B) 1  2
n1  n 2 n1 n 2 and low pressure high pressure these gases
n 2 T1  n1T2 n1T1  n 2 T2 these gases behave behave like real gases.
(C) (D) like ideal gases
n1  n 2 n1  n 2
8
16. GAS LAWS

1. Boyle's Law : At a given temperature, the pressure P
of a given mass of gas is inversely proportional to P/T
P
it's volume.
1 T 1/T P or 1/P
i.e. P  (T = Constant)
V 4. Ideal Gas Equation :
or PV = Constant. Using all the laws above, an equation for n moles of
Graphically, an ideal gas can be written in the form.
 PV = nRT also PV = NKT
P V PV Where, n = No. of moles
N = No. of molecules = N0n
1/V 1/P V N0 = Avogadro's constant
K = Botzmann's constant = (R/N0)
m
PV PV No. of moles =
M
m = Total mass of the gas
V P
M = Molecular wt.
2. Charle's Law : At a given pressure, the volume of
R
a given mass of a gas is proportional to it's absolute  PV = m   T = mrT
M
temperature. R
Where r = specific gas constant =
i.e. V  T (P = Constant) Temperature is in M
Note: If mass of gas is also changed, then Boyle's,
Kelvin.
Charle's and Gay-Lussac's laws cannot be
Graphically applied. However we can use the relation,
P1V1 PV
= 2 2
V 1/V V n1T1 n 2 T2
5. Dalton's Law of partial pressure :

T T 1/T
" The pressure exerted by a mixture of several gases
V
equals the sum of pressures exerted by each gas
V/T V/T
occupying the same volume as that of the mixture"
for n gases
T or 1/T V or 1/V t(ºC)
i.e. P = P1 + P2 + P3+ ... Pn.
Where P = pressure exerted by mixture
3. Gay-Lussac's Law : At a given volume, the P1, P2, P3, ... Pn = partial pressure of the component
pressure of a given mass of a gas is proportional to gases
it's absolute temperature.
i.e P  T(V = Constant)
P1 P2 6. Avogadro's Law:
or  At the same temperature and pressure, equal
T1 T2
Graphically volumes of all gases contain equal number of
P molecules or moles
 Imp. Facts:
P/T
1/P (a) At = T = 273 K and P = 1atm, (STP), 22.4 litre of
each gas has N0 = 6.023 × 1023 molecules or in
T T or 1/T t(ºC) other words. "One mole of gas at STP occupy 22.4
liter of volume"
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9
(b) This means, that at STP mass of 22.4 litre of a gas Example : 10
is equal to it's mol. wt. An air bubble of volume V0 is released by a fish at a
(c) This implies that 32 gm oxygen (O2), 28 gm depth h in a lake. The bubble rises to the surface.
Nitrogen (N2), 2 gm Hydrogen (H2) etc. occupy the Assume constant temperature and standard
same volume = 22.4 litres at STP. atmospheric pressure above the lake. The volume of
7. Grahm's Law of diffusion : the bubble just before touching the surface will be
When two gases at the same pressure and (density) of water is 
temperature are allowed to diffuse into each other, (A) V0 (B) V0(gh/P)
V0 gh 
the rate of diffusion of each gas is inversely (C) (D) V0  1  
proportional to the square root of the density of the  gh   P 
1  
gas  P 
1 Solution [d]
i.e. D  Where, D = Rate of diffusion, d = As the bubble rises the pressure gets reduced for
d constant temperature, if P is the standard atmospheric
density of gas. pressure, then
gh 

D1 d
= 1 (P + gh) V0 = PV or V = V0  1  
D2 d2  P 
17. MEAN FREE PATH
Example : 08 (i) The path traversed in a straight line by a molecule
3/2
Certain perfect gas is found obey PV = const. of a gas before it collides with another molecules is
during adiabatic process. If such a gas at initial called free path.
temperature T is adiabatically compressed to half (ii) The average distance travelled in between two
the initial volume, in final temperature will be – successive collisions by a molecule is called mean
free path. It is represented by  .
(A) 2 T (B) 2T (C) 2 2 T (D) 4T
Solution: [a] total distance travelled
(iii) Mean free path =
nRT total number of collisions
 PV3/2 = constant (given) Put P=
V
 nRT  3/2
   (V ) = constant
 V 
When V changes to V/2 the temperature becomes 2 T.
Example : 09
In a certain process the pressure of one mole ideal
gas varies with volume according to the relation (iv) If a molecule travels distance 1, 2, 3 ...... 4 in N
a different collision during time t. Mean free path will
P= , where a, b are constants, when the be -
  V 2 
1        2   3  ...   N
  b    1
N
volume of gas V = b, the temperature of the gas will (v) If the average velocity of a molecule is v , then
be - vt
ab 
(A) (B) ab/R (C) ab (D) zero N
2R
(vi) From kinetic theory the mean free path
Solution : [a]
1
PV a a  =
 T= at V = b, P = = 2  2 n
R (1  1) 2
where  is diameter of a molecule and n is the number
ab
 T= of molecules in a unit volume of the gas.
2R
10
(vii) If m is the mass of a molecule, then a
1
pressure is assumed to be equal , where 'a' is a
m V2
=
2  2 mn constant.
But mn =  = density of the gas Therefore pressure of a real gas will be
1 m RT a
 = P= – 2 , where P is observed pressure.
2  2  (V  b) V
(viii) Mean free path is related to the temperature and (iii) The equation obtained by using above mentioned
modifications in ideal gas equation is called Vander
the pressure as
wall's equation or real gas equation. It is as follows:
kT
=  a 
2  2 P  P  2  (V – b) = RT
 V 
Where T = temperature, k = Boltzman constant, P = (iv) Real gases at low pressure and high temperatures
pressure. behave like ideal gases.
1 (v) a and b are constants and value are different for
(ix) Therefore   i.e. the mean free path is
 different gases.
inversely proportional to the density of a gas. (vi) a is a constant for a gas.
(x) For constant volume and hence constant number Unit of a = (pressure × volume2)
P = (N × m4)
density n of gas molecules, is constant so that  Dimensions of a = M1 L5 T–2
T
will not depend on P and T. But if volume of given (vii)b is a constant for a gas. The value of b is four
mass of a gas is allowed to change with P or T then times the volume occupied by the molecules.
Unit of b is unit of volume = m3
1
i.e.  T at constant pressure and   at Dimensions of b = M0 L3 T0
P (viii)Pressure exerted by real gases is less then the
constant temperature. pressure exerted by ideal gases.
On increasing the temperature at constant pressure (ix) Specific heat of real gas increases with increases of
the mean free path increases and on increasing the temperature.
pressure at constant temperature the mean free path
decreases. 19. CRITICAL POINT OR CRITICAL CONSTANT
(i) Critical temperature (TC): Temperature below
18. REAL GAS - VANDER WALL GAS EQUATION which a gas can be liquefied only by increase in
(i) Real gases do not obey ideal gas equation. pressure and above which no liquification is
(ii) In order to explain the behaviour of real gases possible whatever the pressure P be:
following two modification are considered in
(ii) Critical pressure (PC): The minimum pressure
ideal gas equation : required to liquefy a gas when it is at critical
temperature (TC)
(a) Non- zero size of molecules : A certain portion of
volume of a gas is covered by the molecules (iii) Critical (specific) volume (VC): The volume of
themselves. Therefore the space available for the unit mass of a gas at critical pressure and
freely motion of molecules of a gas will be slightly temperature.
less than the volume V of a gas. This decreases in (iv) Triple point: The temperature at which all the
volume of a gas will be (V – b). b is about four three states of matter coexist in equilibrium
times the actual volume occupied by the molecules.
8a
TC =
(b) Intermolecular force : Attractive force acts 27Rb
between molecules of real gases. Due to this 8a 2
molecules do not exert that force on the wall which PC = b and VC = 3b
27
they would have exerted in absence of
(Where a and b are constant)
intermolecular force. Therefore the observed
pressure P of the gas will be less than the pressure
in absence of intermolecular force. This decrease in
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11
EXERCISE # 1
Based On Thermal capacity and specific heat 8. The accompanying graph shows the variation of
temperature (T) of one kilogram material with
1. When a hot liquid is mixed with a cold liquid, the
Heat (Q) supplied to it. At O, the substance is in
temperature of the mixture –
(A) First decrease then becomes constant. solid state. Which of the following interpretation
(B) First increases then become constant. from the graph is correct –
(C) Continuously increases.
(D) Is undefined for some time and then (Q3,T2)
Temperature (T)
becomes nearly constant. 
C
(Q1,T1) D
A  (Q ,T )
4 2
2. Utensils used for efficient cooking should have- B (Q2,T1)

(A) Large heat capacity
O Heat added 
(B) Small heat capacity
(C) Medium heat capacity (A) T2 is the melting point of the solid
(D) Any heat capacity (B) BC represents the change of state from solid
to liquid.
3. An electric heater of power 1000W raises the
(C) (Q2 – Q1) represent the latent heat of fusion
temperature of 5 kg of a liquid from 25ºC to 31ºC
of the substance.
in 2 minutes. Heat capacity of the liquid
is – (D) (Q3 – Q1) represents the latent heat of
(A) 2 × 104 J/ºC (B) 1 × 104 J/ºC vaporisation of the liquid.
4
(C) 3 × 10 J/ºC (D) 4 × 104 J/ºC 9. The temperature () versus heat transfer (Q) plot
for two substances A and B is
4. The water equivalent of a 400 g copper
given in the figure. If some quantity of substance
calorimeter (specific heat = 0.1 cal/g°C)
(A) 40 gm (B) 4000 gm A in liquid phase at temperature 30°C is mixed
(C) 200 gm (D) 4 gm with substance B at 20°C then the temperature of
the mixture will be. (Given that boiling point for
5. If specific heat of a substance is infinite, it substance A is more than 30°C)
means–
(A) Heat is given out A
(B) Heat is taken in  B
60° 30°
(C) No change in temperature takes place
whether heat is taken in or given out 60°
(D) All of the above
30°
6. The ratio of specific heat capacity to molar heat Q
capacity of a body – (A) 22.5°C (B) 27.5°C
(A) Is a universal constant
(C) 25°C (D) 20°C
(B) Depends on the mass of the body
(C) Depends on the molecular weight of the
10. A body of mass 25 kg is dragged on a rough
body
(D) Is dimensionless horizontal floor for one hour with a speed of
2 kmh–1. The coefficient of friction for the
7. The specific heat of a substance is given by surface in contact is 0.5 and half the heat
C = a + bT, where a = 1.12 kJ kg–1c–1 and produced is absorbed by the body. If specific heat
b = 0.016 kJ – kg c–1k–1. The amount of heat
of body is 0.1 cal g–1(0C–1) and g= 9.8 ms2, then
required to raise the temperature of 1.2 kg of the
material from 280 K to 312 K is – the rise in temperature of body is
(A) 205 kJ (B) 215 kJ (A) 39 K (B) 59.5 K
(C) 225 kJ (D) 235 kJ (C) 84.5 K (D) 11.6 K
12
11. A refrigerator converts 100 g of water at 25°C 17. Three different materials of identical masses are
into ice at – 10°C in one hour and 50 minutes. placed, in turn in a special freezer that can extract
The quantity of heat removed per minute is energy from a material at a certain constant rate.
(specific heat of ice = 0.5 cal/g°C, latent heat of
During the cooling process, each material begins
fusion = 80 cal/g)
(A) 50 cal (B) 100 cal in the liquid state and ends in the solid state.
(C) 200 cal (D) 75 cal Figure shows graphs of the temperature T versus
time t for the three materials.
12. Surface of the lake is at 2°C. The temperature of T
the bottom of the lake will be
(A) 2°C (B) 3°C
(C) 4°C (D) 1°C 1
13. 0.93 watt–hour of energy is supplied to a block of
ice weighing 10g. It is found that 2
(J = 4.18 Joule/cal) 3
(A) Half of the block melts
(B) The entire block melts and the water attains
t
a temperature of 4°C
(C) The entire block just melts (A) Specific heat of liquid state is highest in
(D) The block remains unchanged material 2
(B) Specific heat of solid state is highest in
14. The graph AB shown in figure is a plot of
material 1.
temperature of a body in
degree Celsius and degree Fahrenheit. Then (C) Heat of transformation of state is highest in
material 1
100°C B (D) Specific heat of solid state is equal for
material 1 and 2.
Centigrade
18. A given mass m of a hypothetical solid is

supplied with heat continuously at a constant rate
and the graph shown in the adjacent figure is
32°F 212°F Fahrenheit
A plotted. If Lf and Lv are latent heats of fusion and
latent heats of vaporization and S and Ss are
(A) slope of line AB is 9/5
(B) slope of line AB is 5/9 specific heats of liquid and solid respectively. It
(C) slope of line AB is 1/9 can be concluded that
(D) slope of line AB is 3/9
temperature
15. How much heat energy is gained when 5 kg of Boiling
200
water at 20°C is brought to its boiling point
(specific heat of water = 4.2 kJ kg–1 c–1) melting
30
(A) 1680 kJ (B) 1700 kJ
10
(C) 1720 kJ (D) 1740 kJ
10 90 100 120 t(sec)
16. Three liquids A, B and C are at temperatures of
60 °C, 55 °C and 50 °C respectively. 4 g of A
mixed with 3 g of C gives 55 °C and 2 g of A (A) Lf  Lv ,S  SS
mixed with 3 g of B gives 57 °C. The
temperature of the mixture when equal masses of (B) Lf  L v ,S  SS
B and C are mixed is (C) Lf  Lv ,S  SS
(A) 52.1°C (B) 55°C
(C) 52.5°C (D) 53°C (D) Lf  Lv ,S  SS
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13
19. Which of the substances A, B or C has the 24. Ten gm of ice at – 20ºC is dropped into a
highest specific heat if heat is given to A, B & C calorimeter containing 10 gm of water at 10ºC;
at same rate ? The temperature vs time graph is the specific heat of water is twice that of ice.
shown When equilibrium is reached the calorimeter will
contain –
A
(A) 20 gm of water
Temperature(t)
B (B) 20 gm of ice
(C) 10 gm of ice and 10 gm of water
C
(D) 5 gm ice and 15 gm water
25. 5 g of steam at 100ºC is passed into 6 g of ice at

0ºC. If the latent heats of steam and ice are 540
Time(t) cal/g and 80 cal/g, then the final temperature is–
(A) A (A) 0ºC (B) 50ºC
(B) B (C) 30ºC (D) 100ºC
(C) C
(D) All have equal specific heat 26. If there are no heat losses, the heat released by
the condensation of x g of steam at 100ºC into
Based On Latent heat
water at 100ºC can be used to convert y g of ice
20. A copper block of mass 2.5 kg is heated in a at 0ºC into water at 100ºC. Then the ratio y : x is
furnace to a temperature of 500ºC and then nearly–
placed on large ice block. The maximum amount (A) 1 : 1 (B) 2 : 1
of ice that can melt is (Specific heat of copper = (C) 3 : 1 (D) 2.5 : 1
0.39 Jg–1 º C–1, latent heat of fusion of water =
335 Jg–1) 27. 2 kg of ice at –20ºC is mixed with 5 kg of water
(A) 1.2 kg (B) 1.455 kg at 20ºC in an insulating vessel having a negligible
(C) 1 kg (D) 2.5 kg heat capacity. Calculate the final mass of water
remaining in the container.
21. When vapour condenses into liquid - It is given that the specific heats of water and ice
(A) It absorbs heat are 1 kcal/kg/ºC and 0.5 kcal/kg/ºC while the
(B) It liberates heat
latent heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg.
(C) Its temperature increases
(A) 7 kg (B) 6 kg
(D) Its temperature decreases
(C) 4 kg (D) 2 kg
22. Heat required to convert one gram of ice at 0ºC into
28. Heat is being supplied at a constant rate to a
steam at 100ºC is (given Lsteam = 536 cal/gm, Lice =
80 cal/g) - sphere of ice which is melting at the rate of
(A) 100 calorie (B) 0.01 kilocalorie 0.1 gm/sec. It melts completely in 100 sec. The
(C) 716 calorie (D) 1 kilocalorie rate of rise of temperature thereafter will be
(Assume no loss of heat)
23. A calorimeter (of water equivalent 50g) contains (A) 0.8 °C/sec (B) 5.4 °C/sec
250g of water and 50g of ice at 0ºC. (C) 3.6 °C/sec (D) 0.6°C/sec
30 g of water at 80ºC is added to it. The final
condition of the system will be – 29. A metal ball of specific gravity 4.5 and specific
(A) The temperature of the system will be 4.2ºC heat 0.1 cal/gm°C is placed on a large slab of ice
(B) The temperature of the system will still be at 0°C. Half of the ball sinks in the ice. The initial
0ºC and the entire ice will melt. temperature of the ball is :–
(C) The temperature will be 0ºC and half of the (Latent heat capacity of ice = 80 cal/g, Specific
ice will melt. gravity of ice = 0.9)
(D) The temperature will be 0ºC and 30g of ice (A) 100°C (B) 90°C
will melt (C) 80°C (D) 70°C
14
30. 540 g of ice at 0°C is mixed with 540 g of water 35. A well insulated box contains water (specific heat
at 80°C. The final temperature of the mixture is = C and very large conductivity) of mass m0 and
(Given latent heat of fusion of ice = 80 cal/g and temperature T0 at time t = 0. If heat is being
specific heat capacity of water = 1 cal/g0C) added to it uniformly at a constant rate dQ/dt = R
(A) 0°C (B) 40°C and water is leaking from it at a constant rate
(C) 80°C (D) less than 0°C dm
  then the temperature of the water at time
dt
31. In an industrial process 10 kg of water per hour is
 m 
to be heated from 20°C to 80°C . To do this t  t  0  will be:-
steam at 150°C is passed from a boiler into a   
copper coil immersed in water. The steam
condenses in the coil and is returned to the boiler
as water at 90°C. How many kg of steam is
required per hour.
(Specific heat of steam = 1 cal/g°C, Latent heat
of vaporisation = 540 cal/g)
(A) 1g (B) 1 kg dm
=
(C) 10 g (D) 10 kg dt
R  m0 
(A) T = n    T0
32. Work done in converting one gram of ice at - 2C  m0  t 
10°C into steam at 100°C is (1 cal = 4.2 J)
(Specific heat of ice = 0.5 cal/g°C, specific heat R  m0 
(B) T = n    T0
of water = 1 cal/g0C, Latent heat of fusion = 80  C  m 0  t 
ca/g; Latent heat of vaporisation = 540 cal/g)
R  m0 t 
(A) 3045 J (B) 6056 J (C) T = e
(C) 721 J (D) 616 J C
R  m0 t 
(D) T = e
33. If 10 gram of ice at 00C is mixed with 10 gram of 2C
water at 40°C. The final mass of water in
Based On Mechanical equivalent of heat
mixture is
(Latent heat of fusion of ice = 80 cal/gm; specific 36. Work done in converting one gram of ice at
heat of water = 1 cal/gm °C) –10ºC into steam at 100ºC is –
(A) 10 gram (B) 15 gram (A) 3045 J (B) 6056 J
(C) 18 gram (D) 20 gram (C) 721 J (D) 616 J
34. There are three liquids A, B and C. The mass, 37. A bullet moving with a uniform velocity v, stops
heat capacity and temperature for liquid A is suddenly after hitting the target and the whole
(mA, CA & TA), for liquid B is (mB, CB & TB) and mass melts be m, specific heat S, initial
for liquid C is (mC, CC & TC) respectively. If all temperature 25ºC, melting point 475ºC and the
the three liquids are mixed, then final temperature latent heat L. Then v is given by –
would be :-
C T  C B TB  C C TC 1 mv 2
(A) A A
C A  CB  CC (A) mL = mS (475 – 25) + .
2 J
m A C A TA  m B C B TB  m C CC TC
(B) mv 2
m A C A  m B C B  m C CC (B) mS (475 – 25) + mL =
2J
m A TA  m B TB  m C TC
(C) mv 2
m A  m B  mC (C) mS (475 – 25) + mL =
J
T T T  mv 2
(D)  A  B  C   m A  m B  mC  (D) mS (475 – 25) – mL =
 m A m B mC  2J
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15
38. In a heating experiment, it was noted that the 42. The water equivalent of copper calorimeter is 4.5
temperature of liquid in a beaker rose at 4.0 K per g. The specific heat of copper is
minute just before it began to boil, and that 40 0.09 cal g–1 ºC–1. Which of the following is
incorrect ?
minute later, all the liquid had boiled away.
(A) Mass of calorimeter is 0.5 kg
For this liquid, what is the numerical ratio : (B) Thermal capacity of calorimeter is 4.5
specific heat capacity calºC–1
specific latent heat of vaporisation (C) Heat required to raise the temperature of the
1 1 calorimeter by 8ºC will be 36 cal
(A) (B) (D) Heat required to melt 15 g of ice placed in
10 40 the calorimeter will be 1200 cal (consider
1 1 only ice)
(C) (D)
160 640
43. The weight of sphere in air is 50g. Its weight
39. Cooling water enters the heat exchanger in the 40 g in a liquid, at temperature 20°C. When
turbine hall of a nuclear power station at 6ºC and temperature increases to 70°C, it weight becomes
leaves at 14ºC. The specific heat capacity of 45 g, then the ratio of densities of liquid at given
water is 4200 J kg–1 K–1. If the rate of heat two temperature is :-
removal by the water is 6.72 × 109 J per minute, (A) 2 : 1 (B) 3 : 1 (C) 4 : 1 (D) 1 : 1
what is the rate of water flow ?
Based On Gas laws
6.72  109
(A) kgs–1 44. The number of molecules in 1 cm3 of an ideal gas
4200  8
at 0ºC and at a pressure of 10–5 mm of mercury
6.72  10 9  60 is–
(B) kgs–1
4200  8 (A) 2.7 × 1011 (B) 3.5 × 1011
23
6.72  10 9 (C) 6.0 × 10 (D) 6 × 1012
(C) kgs–1
4200  8  60
45. An ideal gas at 17ºC has a pressure of 760 mm of
4200  8 Hg. The gas is compressed at constant
(D) kgs–1
6.72  10 9  60 temperature until its volume becomes halved. The
final pressure of the gas will be –
40. Which of the following would raise the (A) 2010 mm of Hg (B) 1890 mm of Hg
temperature of 20 g of water at 30ºC most, when (C) 1520 mm of Hg (D) 1650 mm of Hg
added to water ? (Specific heat of copper is 0.1 46. A perfect gas at 27ºC is heated at constant
calg–1ºC–1) pressure so as to double its volume. The
(A) 20 g of water at 40ºC temperature of the gas will be –
(B) 10 g of water at 27ºC (A) 300ºC (B) 327ºC (C) 600ºC (D) 54ºC
(C) 1 kg of copper at 25ºC 47. If a gas obey Boyle's law, then the shape of graph
(D) 4 g of water at 80ºC between PV and V will be –
41. Hailstone at 0ºC falls from a height of 1 km on an

insulating surface converting whole of its kinetic (A) PV (B) PV
energy into heat. What part of it will melt ?
V V
(Given : g = 10 m/s2, Lf = 3.3 × 105)
1 1
(A) (B)
33 8 (C) PV (D) PV
1
(C) ×10–4 (D) All of it will melt V V
33
16
48. The correct curve between V/T and 1/V for a gas 52. We have a jar A filled with gas characterized by
at constant pressure is – parameters P, V and T and another jar B filled
V
with gas with parameters 2P, and 2T, where
4
(A) V/T (B) V/T the symbols have their usual meanings. The ratio
of the number of molecules of jar A to those of
1/V 1/V jar B is –
(A) 1 : 1 (B) 1 : 2
(C) 2 : 1 (D) 4 : 1
(C) V/T (D) V/T
53. The density of an unknown gas at 97ºC and
1/V 1/V 0.95 atmosphere is 2.5 gm/lit. Assuming the gas
to be an ideal one, the molecular weight of this
PV gas should be nearly (in g/mol) –
49. The gas equation = constant is true for a (A) 20 (B) 40 (C) 60 (D) 80
T
constant mass of an ideal gas undergoing –
(A) Isothermal change 54. Hydrogen gas is filled in a vessel at 20ºC at a
certain pressure. Some gas is allowed to escape
(B) Adiabatic change
from the vessel and the temperature of the vessel
(C) Isobaric change
is then raised to 40ºC to obtain the same pressure.
(D) Any type of change
Then the fraction of the gas allowed to escape is–
50. Two containers of equal volume contain the same (A) 0.068 (B) 0.500
gas at pressures P1 and P2 and absolute (C) 0.193 (D) 0.936
temperatures T1 and T2 respectively. On joining
the vessels, the gas reaches a common pressure P 55. Two containers are of equal volume. One
and a common temperature T. Then P/T is equal contains O2 while the other has H2. Both are kept
to at same temperature. The ratio of their pressure
will be (rms velocity of these gases have ratio as
P1 P2 1  P1 P2  1 : 4) for 1 mole of each gas -
(A)  (B)   
T1 T2 2  T1 T2  (A) 1 : 1 (B) 1 : 4 (C) 1 : 8 (D) 1 : 2
P1T2  P2 T1 P T  P2 T1
(C) (D) 1 2
T1  T2 T1  T2 56. If the molecules in 1 g water are distributed
uniformly on the earth's surface (R= 6400 km),
how many molecules will be there per cm2 area?
51. Figure shows graphs of pressure versus density
(A) 6.6 × 1010 (B) 6 × 1022
for an ideal gas at two temperatures T1 and T2.
(C) 6.6 × 107 (D) 6600
T1
57. 1 mole of H2 gas is contained in a box of volume
V = 1.00 m3 at T = 300K. The gas is heated to a
P T2 temperature of T = 3000K and the gas gets
converted to a gas of hydrogen atoms. The final
pressure would be (considering all gases to be
 ideal)
(A) T1 > T2 (A) same as the pressure initially.
(B) T1 = T2 (B) 2 times the pressure initially.
(C) T1 < T2 (C) 10 times the pressure initially.
(D) None of the above (D) 20 times the pressure initially.
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17
 7 63. n molecules of an ideal gas are enclosed in

58. Two moles of O2     at temperature T0 and cubical box at temperature T and pressure P. If
 5
the number of molecules in the box is tripled then
 4 new temperature and pressure become T´ and P´
3 mole of CO2     at temperature 2T0 are
 3 respectively, but the total energy of gas system
allowed to mix together in a closed adiabatic remains unchanged, then -
vessel. The resulting mixture finally comes in (A) P = P´ and T = T´
thermal equilibrium. Then 1
(B) P = 3P´ and T´ = T
23T0 3
(i) Final temperature of the mixture is
14 (C) P´ = 3P and T´ = T
31T0 T
(ii) Final temperature of the mixture is (D) P´ = P and T´ =
19 3
(iii)Adiabatic exponent of the mixture formed
64. A gas molecule of mass m is incident normally on
14
is the wall of the containing vessel with velocity u.
5 After the collision, magnitude of the change in
(iv) Adiabatic exponent of the mixture formed is momentum of the molecule will be –
19 1
14 (A) Zero (B) ( )mu
2
(A) i, ii (B) ii, iv (C) ii, iii (D) i, iv (C) 2 mu (D) mu
Based On Kinetic theory of gases 65. Gas at pressure P0 is contained in a vessel. If the
masses of all the molecules are halved and their
59. The average translational kinetic energy per
speed doubled, the resulting pressure P will be
molecule of an ideal gas at 0ºC (k =1.38 × 10–23
equal to –
J/K) is – (A) 4P0 (B) 2P0
(A) 5.65 × 10–21 J (B) 9.5 × 10–23 J (C) P0 (D) P0/2
–21
(C) 6.5 × 10 J (D) 11.3 × 10–22 J
66. If the total translational kinetic energy of H2
60. Which of the statement is correct with reference molecules is 7.5 × 103 J for the gas filled in a
to kinetic theory of gases ? container of 10 litre capacity, then the pressure
(A) There is no loss of total kinetic energy of the will be in Nm–2 -
molecules of the gas due to elastic collision. (A) 5 × 102 (B) 3 × 102
2
(C) 2 × 10 (D) 5 × 105
(B) There is no potential energy associated with
any molecule of the gas.
67. The kinetic energy of rotation of diatomic gas at
(C) The molecules are moving randomly and
27º C will be (k = 1.38 × 10–23Joule/k)
obeys the Newton's laws of motion. (A) 2.07 × 10–21 Joule/molecule
(D) All of the above (B) 4.14 × 10–21 Joule/molecule
61. The pressure exerted on the walls of container by (C) 6.14 × 10–23 Joule/molecule
a gas is due to the fact that gas molecules (D) 3.07 × 10–23 Joule/molecule
are –
(A) Losing their kinetic energy. 68. One mole of a diatomic gas undergoes a process
(B) Sticking to the walls. P0
P , where P0 , V0 are constants. The
(C) Changing their momenta due to collision with V
3
the walls. 1  
(D) Getting accelerated towards the wall.  V0 
translational kinetic energy of the gas when V =
62. Which of the following quantities is zero on an V0 is given by
average for the molecules of an ideal gas in 5P V 3P V
(A) 0 0 (B) 0 0
equilibrium? 4 4
(A) Kinetic energy (B) Momentum 3P0 V0 5 P0 V0
(C) (D)
(C) Density (D) Speed 2 2
18
69. A container has an ideal gas at pressure P. 75. Two vessels having equal volume contain
Assuming the mass of a molecule is m and all the molecular hydrogen at one atmosphere and
molecules are moving with same speed v in helium at two atmosphere respectively. If both
random directions. The expression for number of samples are at the same temperature, the mean
collisions per second which the molecules make speed of hydrogen molecules is –
with unit area of container wall is (A) Equal to that of helium
P 3P (B) Twice that of helium
(A) (B)
mv 2mv (C) Half that of helium
3P 3P (D) 2 times that of helium
(C) (D)
2mv 2mv
76. At what temperature, pressure remaining
RMS speed, Average speed and most unchanged will the r.m.s. velocity of hydrogen
Based On molecule be twice its value at S.T.P.?
probable speed
(A) 1000K (B) 1050 K
70. The absolute temperature of a gas is increased 3
(C) 1092 K (D) 2010K
times. The root mean square velocity of the
molecule will become –
(A) 3 times (B) 9 times 77. The molecules of a given mass of a gas have
r.m.s. velocity of 200m/sec. at 27ºC and 1 × 105
1
(C) ( ) times (D) 3 times N/m2 pressure. When the temperature is 127ºC
3
and pressure 1.5 x 105 n/m2. The r.m.s. velocity
in m/sec is -
71. The rms speed of oxygen molecule in a gas is v.
If the absolute temperature is doubled and the (100 2 )
(A) (B) 100 2
oxygen molecule dissociate into oxygen atoms, 3
the rms speed will become –
(C) 400/ 3 (D) None of these
(A) v (B) v2 (C) 2v (D) 4v
78. In the following table the number of molecules Ni
72. In a cubical box of volume V, there are N moving with definite velocity vi m/s are given –
molecules of a gas moving randomly. If m is
mass of each molecule and v2 is the mean square vi 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
of x component of the velocity of molecules, then Ni 2 4 5 8 2
the pressure of the gas is – The mean speed of particle is -
1 mNv 2 mNv 2 (A) 3.2 m/s (B) 4.4 m/s
(A) P = (B) P =
3 V V (C) 5.2 m/s (D) 6.1 m/s
1
(C) P = mNv2 (D) P = mNv2 79. In the above question, the root mean square speed
3
of particle is -
73. The rms velocity of molecules of a gas at (A) 2.8 m/s (B) 3.4 m/s
temperature T is vrms. Then the root mean square (C) 4.2 m/s (D) 5.4 m/s
of the component of velocity in any one
particular direction will be – 80. Temperature of a diatomic gas is 300 K. If
(A) vrms/3 (B) 3 vrms moment of inertia of its molecules is
(C) vrms/3 (D) 3vrms 8.28 × 10–38 gm-cm2, root mean square angular
velocity is –
74. At 0ºC temperature root mean square speed of (A) 1012 rad/s. (B) 10 × 108 rad/s.
which of the following gases will be maximum
(A) H2 (B) N2 (C) O2 (D) SO2 (C) 1.5 × 1012 rad/s. (D) 15 × 108 rad/s.
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19
81. A vessel contains a mixture of different types of 84. Figure shows a parabolic graph between T and
gases. Which of the following statement is 1
for a mixture of a gas undergoing an
correct – V
(A) On the average the heavier molecules have adiabatic process. What is the ratio of vrms and
higher speed. speed of sound in the mixture ?
(B) The average speed of different molecules is T
the same. 2T0
(C) The average translation energy of different

types of molecules is the same. T0
(D) On the average the heavier molecules have
higher translational energy. (1/V0) (4/V0) (1/V)
3 2
(A) (B) 2 (C) (D) 3
82. The respective speeds of five molecules are 2 3
2,1.5,1.6,1.6 and 1.2 km/s. The most probable
speed in km/s will be–
(A) 2 (B) 1.58
(C) 1.6 (D) 1.31
83. At a pressure of 24 × 105 dyne/cm2, the volume

of O2 is 10 litre and mass is 20g. The r.m.s
velocity will be–
(A) 800 m/s
(B) 400 m/s
(C) 600 m/s
(D) Data is incomplete
20
EXERCISE # 2
One or More Than One Correct Answer (D) Mean kinetic energy per molecule is 9.8 erg
Question 7. The mean kinetic energy of the molecules of a
Type Questions
1
1. The heat capacity of a body depends on– gas is th of its value at 127ºC. The temperature
4
(A) The heat given
of the gas is–
(B) The temperature raised
(A) 100 K (B) –173ºC (C) 8ºF (D) 9ºR
(C) The mass of the body
(D) The material of the body
8. Which of the following quantities is the same for
2. If heat is supplied to a solid, its temperature– all ideal gases at the same temperature?
(A) the translational kinetic energy of 1 mole
(A) Must increase
(B) the translational kinetic energy of 1 g
(B) May increase
(C) the number of molecules in 1 mole
(C) May remain constant
(D) the number of molecules in 1 g
(D) May decrease
3. The temperature of a solid object is observed to 9. A vessel contains 6 × 1026 molecules m–3. Mass
be constant during a period. In this period– of each molecule is 6 × 10–27 kg. Assume that,
on an average, one-sixth of the molecules move
(A) Heat may have been supplied to the body
with a velocity 103 m/s perpendicularly towards
(B) Heat may have been extracted from the body
each wall. If the collisions with the walls are
(C) No heat is supplied to the body
perfectly elastic, then which of the following is
(D) No heat is extracted from the body
correct?
4. The temperature of an object is observed to rise (A) Change in momentum of each molecule is
12 × 10–24 kg m/s in each collision
in a period. In this period–
(B) The number of molecules hitting normally
(A) Heat is certainly supplied to it
to1 m2 of the wall per second is 1029
(B) Heat is certainly not supplied to it
(C) Total change in momentum of all molecules
(C) Heat may have been supplied to it
per second is 1031 SI units
(D) Work may have been done on it
(D) The number of molecules hitting one square
metre of the surface is 6 × 1029
5. According to kinetic theory of gases, 0 K is that
temperature at which– 10. Which of the following statement(s) is /are
(A) Pressure of ideal gas is zero TRUE for a fixed amount of ideal gas?
(B) Volume of ideal gas is zero (A) If we double pressure, T may be double
(C) Internal energy of ideal gas is zero (B) If we double volume, T will be double
(D) Ideal gas liquefies (C) If we double volume, T may be halved
(D) If the double pressure, T may be halved
6. One gram molecule of nitrogen occupies
2 × 104 cm3 at a pressure of 106 dyne cm–2. 11. 2 moles of He are mixed with 2 moles of H2 in a
Given: NA = 6 × 1023. Which of the following is closed adiabatic container. Initially the mixture
correct? occupies 3 liters at 27°C. The volume is suddenly
decreased to (3/2) liters. Choose the correct
1
(A) The value of kT is × 10–13 erg option(s) (H2 & He can be treated as ideal gases):
3
(A)  for mixture is 3/2
1
(B) The value of kT is × 10–13 erg (B) Final temperature = 300 2 K
4
(C) CP for mixture is 2R
(C) Mean kinetic energy per molecule is
(D) Work done in compression is totally
5 × 10–14 erg
converted into internal energy
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21
12. 5g of steam at 100°C is mixed with 10 g of ice at 15. If animal skin pocket is not perfectly non-
0°C. Choose correct alternative/s conducting then the time calculated in Q.14 will
(Given swater = 1 cal/g°C, LF = 80 cal/g, be –
LV = 540 cal/g) (A) increase
(A) Equilibrium temperature of mixture is (B) decrease
160°C (C) does not depend on pocket nature
(B) Equilibrium temperature of mixture is 100°C (D) may be increase or decrease it depends on
1 time period
(C) At equilibrium, mixture contains 13 g of
3
water Passage # 2 (Q.16 to Q.18)
2 All the gas obey's ideal gas law P = nRT. Where n is the
(D) At equilibrium, mixture contains 1 g of
3 number of mole per unit volume of the gas.
steam An experiment is performed on O2 gas kept in a
cylinder fitted with piston of cross-section area 10 cm2.
Question Passage Based Type Questions The gas is allowed to leak to the surrounding if pressure
of the gas increases to 1.5 atm, and air (N2 + O2) comes
Passage # 1 (Q.13 to Q.15)
in the cylinder if pressure decreases to 0.5 atm. It
Long long ago, In the northern part of Russia where
indicate in any case pressure of gas cannot be more than
water is available in the form of ice. To drink water
1.5 atm and less than 0.5 atm. Initially volume of gas is
people devise some mechanical kind of instrument to
1m3.
prepare water from ice.
First they put ice into a pocket which is made by skin of 16. What is the maximum mass that can be put over
animal whose heat capacity is negligible and put the the piston –
system on the ground. With some mechanical (A) 10 kg (B) 1kg
arrangement they lift a heavy stone of mass 50 kg upto (C) 5kg (D) 1/2kg
a height of 2.1 m and released so that it falls free under 17. How much external force should be applied to
gravity and strikes to ice which is kept in animal skin piston to get minimum pressure –
pocket. The loss in potential energy in this process goes (A) 10 N  (B) 50 N
into the ice in the form of heat. This process is repeated (C) 5 N (D) 20 N
till the whole ice is melted and raised to required 18. If the process is repeated very large number of
temperature. Time taken in one complete cycle of times and it is found that O2 and N2 both has
lifting the stone for 2.1 m and falling it on the ice is equal no. of mole then find the mass of gas if
termed as time period for the process. Under the given temperature is 300 K and pressure is 1 atm and
observation answer the following questions. volume 10 litre –
(g = 10 m/s2, Lf = 3.36 × 105) (A) 32 gm (B) 60 gm
13. If time period is 2 sec then amount of ice at 0ºC melted (C) 12 gm (D) 28 gm
in 1 minute is (All loss in energy goes to ice) Passage # 3 (Q.19 to Q.21)
(A) 90 gm (B) 93.75 gm In our daily life we generally find mixture of gases e.g.
(C) 95 gm (D) 98 gm air contains N2, O2, H2, etc.
To find the composition of mixture of two gases, we
14. In what time 1 kg of ice at –10ºC will be should know the mass of the gas and effective
converted to water at 10ºC If time period is molecular weight of the gas, where effective molecular
2 sec. (Assume 50% loss in energy goes to ice) weight is defined as
(A) 25.33 minute (B) 30.33 minute n (M )  n 2 (M 0 ) 2  n 3 (M 0 )3  ...
(Mo)effective = 1 0 1
(C) 33.33 minute (D) 40 minutes n1  n 2  n 3  ...
22
Where n1, n2, n3 are the no. of mole of gas  Required data for unknown gas:
1, 2, 3, etc. and (Mo)1, (Mo)2, (Mo)3 are the molecular
Mono He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rd
weight of gas 1,2 , 3 etc. (molar mass) 4g 20g 40g 84g 131g 222g
We take a sample of gas off course more than one mole Dia H2 F2 N2 O2 Cl2
of the gas and then by some special instrument we (molar mass) 2g 19g 28g 32g 71g
measure the mass of the gas, which is indicated by M.
Then we place some gas in a container of volume 22.4 
22. Identify the type of gas filled in container A and
and we maintain the pressure at 1 atm and temperature
0°C, so that container contain exactly one mole of gas B respectively
and then by same special instrument we measure the (A) Mono, Mono (B) Dia, Dia
mass of gas which is molecular weight of mixture and is (C) Mono, Dia (D) Dia, Mono
M
indicated by M0. The division of quantity gives no.
M0
23. Identify the gas filled in the container A and B
of mole of the gas in the sample.
(A) N2, Ne (B) He, H2
19. If for air (N2 + O2) the mass is 50 gm and the (C) O2, Ar (D) Ar, O2
molecular weight is 30 gm. Then the no. of mole
of N2 in the sample is 24. Total number of molecules in 'A' (Here
5 5 1
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D) NA = Avogadro number)
6 3 2
125
(A) NA (B) 3.125 NA
20. If total no. of mole of mixture of H2, O2, CO2 & 64
N2 is 10 and the total mass of the gas is 150 gm 125
then the molecular weight of mixture is – (C) NA (D) 31.25 NA
28
(A) 15 gm (B) 30 gm
(C) 10 gm (D) 150 gm
21. If temperature of the gas at the time of finding In the cylinder shown in the figure, air is enclosed under
molecular weight is not 0°C but it is 300 K. Then the piston. Piston mass M = 60kg, cross sectional area
(A) Measured M0 is greater than actual M0
of the cylinder S0 = 20 cm2 atmospheric pressure P0 =
(B) Measured M0 is less than actual M0
(C) Measured M0 is same as actual M0 105 Pa,  = 37°. The air temperature is constant, the
(D) Measured M0 does not depend on pressure friction is negligible.
and temperature
S0
Two closed identical conducting containers are found 
in the laboratory of an old scientist. For the verification
of the gas some experiments are performed on the two
boxes and the results are noted.
25. What is the pressure of the enclosed gas ?

Gas A Gas B (A) 3.4 × 105 Pa (B) 4 × 105 Pa
5
(C) 4.75 × 10 Pa (D) 2.8 × 105 Pa
Experiment 1. When the two containers are weighed
WA = 225 g, WB = 160 g and mass of evacuated 26. What is the mass of the goods that must be put on
container WC=100g. the piston slowly so that the volume of the gas
Experiment 2. When the two containers are given
same amount of heat same temperature rise is recorded. becomes halved ?
The pressure change found are PA = 2.5 atm. PB = (A) 56 kg (B) 80 kg
1.5 atm (C) 110 kg (D) 92 kg
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23
Passage # 6 (Q.27 to Q.29) 31. The power of laser beam when it strikes missile
There is a isolated container of zero heat capacity and it surface is (Take (0.97)10 = 0.738)
contains 10 gms of ice at – 20°C. It is provided with 10 (A) 50W (B) 24.8 W
(C) 36.9 W (D) None of these
cal/heat per scond. Sice = 0.5 cal/gm°C, Swater = 1
cal/gm°C, latent heat of ice = 80 cal /gm, latent heat of 32. How long will it take the laser to burn through
vaporization = 540 cal/gm. the outer skin of the missile, thus destroying it?
Assume that all of the laser power that reaches
27. Find the temperature of the mixture after 1 the missile goes into heating the 1 mm diameter
minute spot.
(A) 3.5 s (B) 3.2 s (C) 2.4 s (D) 7.1 s
(A) – 10°C (B) 0°C
(C) 20°C (D) None of these Passage # 8 (Q.33 to Q.35)
28. Find the time after which the temperature of A substance is in the solid form at 0°C. The amount of
heat added to this substance and its temperature are
mixture is 30°C
plotted in the following graph. If the relative specific
(A) 1.5 minute (B) 1 minute heat capacity of the solid substance is 0.05, find from
(C) 2 minute (D) None of these the graph
29. Determine composition of mixture after 50

seconds
(A) 5 gm ice + 5 gm water
(B) 3 gm ice + 7 gm water
(C) 7 gm ice + 3 gm water
(D) None of these
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200

33. The mass of the substance
You are program director in ISRO (Indian Space (A) 0.002kg (B) 0.02kg
Research Organisation) to conduct a feasibility study (C) 0.2kg (D) 2.0 kg
into the SDI (Strategic Defence Initiative) missile
defence system. You are to consider the viability of a 34. The specific latent heat of the melting process
ground based laser defence against ICBM's, which will (A) 40000 calkg–1 (B) 4000 calkg–1
(C) 400000 calkg–1 (D) 400 calkg–1
use powerful CO2 lasers to bore holes in the incoming
missiles, thus destroying them. The lasers have an 35. The specific heat of the substance in the liquid
output power of 50W in a beam diameter of 1 mm. The state
laser beam is fired at the missile when it is 10 km away (A) 750 calkg–1K–1 (B)75 calkg–1K–1
–1 –1
and the beam loses 3% of its intensity for every (C) 7.5 calkg K (D) 7500 calkg–1K–1
kilometre travelled. The outer skin of the missile is
aluminium that is 3 cm thick. When the laser fires the
A 700 g teapot and an insulated thermos are in a 30°C
skin temperatures of the missile is room. The teapot is filled with 1000 g of the boiling tea.
– 50°C and must be heated to its boiling point at The brewed tea is allowed to cool to 80°C, then 360 g
2500°C. The density of aluminium is of the tea is poured from the teapot into the thermos.
3 The teapot is then kept on an insulated warmer that
2.4 g/cm and heat capacity is 0.9 J/g°C.
transfers 300 cal/min to the tea. Assume that the
specific heat of brewed tea is the same as that of pure
30. The amount of heat required to reach the outer
water. The specific heat of teapot is 0.17 J/g K and that
skin of aluminium to its boiling point is of water is 4.18 J/g K. The entire procedure is done
(A) 129.7 J (B) 140.7 J under atmospheric pressure. There are 4.18 J in one
(C) 196.4 J (D) 554.7 J calorie.
24
36. After the tea is added to the thermos, the 40. At the final temperature, mass of the total water
temperature of the liquid quickly falls from 80°C present in the system, is
to 75°C as it reaches thermal equilibrium with the (A) 472.6 gm (B) 483.3 gm
thermos flask. What is the heat capacity of the (C) 493.6 gm (D) 500 gm
thermos?
(A) 95 J/K (B) 160 J/K 41. Amount of the steam left in the system, is equal to
(C) 167.2 J/K (D) 170.2 J/K (A) 16.7 gm
(B) 12.0 gm
37. An alternative method for keeping the tea hot (C) 8.4 gm
would be to place the teapot on a block that has (D) 0gm, as there is no steam left
been heated in an oven to 300°C. Which of the
following substances would be best able to keep Passage # 11 (Q.42 to Q.44)
the tea hot? In a thermally insulated tube of cross section area 4
(A) Copper block (specific heat = 0.39 J/g K, cm2, a liquid of volumetric thermal expansion
mass 10 kg) coefficient of 10–3 K–1 is flowing. Its velocity at the
(B) Granite (specific heat = 0.79 J/g K, mass 5 kg) entrance is 0.1 m/s. At the middle of the tube a heater of
(C) Iron (specific heat = 0.45 J/g K, mass 20 kg) a power of 10 kW is heating the liquid. The specific
(D) Pewter (specific heat = 0.17 J/ g K, mass heat capacity of the liquid is 1.5 kJ/(kg K), and its
30 kg) density is 1500 kg/m3 at the entrance .
38. If, after some of the tea has been transferred to 42. What is the mass flow rate at the entrance of the
the thermos (as described in the passage), the tube ?
teapot with its contents (at a temperature of 80°C) (A) 0.06 kg/s (B) 0.6 kg/s
was placed on the insulated warmer for 10 (C) 600 kg/s (D) 6 kg/s
minutes, what would be the temperature at the
end of this 10 minute period? 43. Find rise in temperature of the liquid as it pass
(Assume that no significant heat transfer occurs through the tube :-
with the surroundings) 1000 1
(A) C (B) C
(A) 84.5 °C (B) 87.5°C 9 9
(C) 83.2°C (D) 81.07°C 500 100
(C) C (D) C
9 9
In a container of negligible heat capacity, 44. What is the density of liquid at the exit ?
200 gm ice at 0°C and 100 gm steam at 100°C are added (A) 1450 kg/m3 (B) 1400 kg/m3
to 200 gm of water that has temperature 55°C. Assume no (C) 1350 kg/m3 (D) 1500 kg/m3
heat is lost to the surroundings and the pressure in the
container is constant at 1 atm.(Lf = 80 cal/gm, Lv = 540
cal/gm, sw = 1 cal/gm °C)
39. What is the final temperature of the system ?

(A) 48°C (B) 72°C
(C) 94°C (D) 100°C
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25
EXERCISE # 3
Question Column Match Type Questions Column I
(A) In fig. (i)
1. Column-I (B) In fig. (ii)
(A) Final mixture contain only water (C) In fig. (iii)
(B) Final mixture contain only ice (D) In fig. (iv)
(C) Final mixture contain only steam
(D) Final temperature is 100ºC Column II
(p) Temperature must increase
Column-II
(q) Pressure must increase
(p) 1 kg of ice at –50ºC is mixed with 1×10–2kg
(r) Volume must increase
of water at 0ºC
(s) Temperature may increase
1
(q) 1 kg of ice at 0º with kg of steam at 4. For a monoatomic gas at temp T, match the
3 following.
100ºC Column I Column II
1
(r) kg of water at 100ºC with 1.8 kg of 2 RT
3 (A) Mean square speed (p)
steam of 200ºC M0
(s) 1 kg of ice at 0ºC with 1 kg of water at 8RT
100ºC (B) RMS speed of gas (q)
M 0
2. Three liquids A, B and C are in three separate molecule
containers. Temperature at A, B and C are 10ºC,
15ºC and 20ºC. Mass of each liquid is same.
3RT
(C) Average speed of (r)
Relation among specific heat capacity of A, B M0
and C are SA = 2SB = 4SC gas molecule
Column-I 2 2 2
(A) Thermal energy of A changes (D) Most probable (s) v1  v 2  ......  v N

N
(B) Thermal energy of B changes speed of gas
35 molecule
(C) Final temperature is ºC
3 5. Column I (Questions)
90 (A) The temperature of an iron piece is increased
(D) Final temperature is ºC
7 from 20° to 70°. What is change in its
Column-II temperature on the Fahrenheit scale (in °F)?
(p) When liquid A and B are mixed (B) At what temperature (in °C) do the Celsius
(q) When liquid A and C are mixed and Fahrenheit readings have the same
(r) When liquid B and C are mixed numerical value?
(s) When all three liquids are mixed (C) 100 g ice at 0°C is converted into steam at
3. The diagrams below shows different processes 100 °C. Find total heat required (in kcal)
for a given amount of an ideal gas. Match (Lf = 80 cal/g, sw = 1 cal/g°C,Lv = 540 cal/g)
columns I & II – (D) A ball is dropped on a floor from a height of
5 m. After the collision it rises upto a height
V P
of 3m. Assume that 50% of the mechanical
f f energy lost goes as thermal energy into the
(i) (ii) ball. Calculate the rise in temperature (in milli
i i
centigrade) of the ball in the collision.
P T (sball = 500 J/K, g = 10 m/s2)
Column II (Answers)
V P (p) 20
f f (q) 40
(iii) (iv) (r) – 40
i i (s) 72
T V (t) 90
26
6. Figure shows the temperature variation when heat 12. An ideal gas is enclosed in a cylinder fitted with a
is added continuously to a specimen of ice (10 g) frictionless piston. The piston is connected with a
at –40 °C at constant rate. (Specific heat of ice is light rod to one plate of capacitor whose other
0.53 cal/g °C and Lice = 80 cal/g, Lwater= 540 plate is fixed as shown. Initially the volume of
cal/g) the gas inside the cylinder is V0, pressure is P0,
atmospheric pressure is P0, separation between
100 the plates of capacitor is L, area of the piston as
well as of the capacitor plates is A and emf of
Temp. (°C)
battery is . A heater supplies necessary heat to

the gas such that equilibrium is achieved when
0
pressure of the gas is given as
2
 40 n 0
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q(cal) P = P0 – and piston is displaced towards
L2
Column–I Column–II L
right by a distance . Find the value on n.
(A) Value of Q1 in cal (p) 800 2
(B) Value of Q2 in cal (q) 1000
(C) Value of Q3 in cal (r) 5400 P0
(D) Value of Q4 in cal (s) 212 v0
(t) 900
Question Numerical Type Questions

L
7. The ratio of average translational kinetic energy

to rotational kinetic energy of a diatomic
molecule at temperature T is k/2. Find the value 13. A cubical box of side of 1 meter contains helium
of k. gas (atomic weight 4) at a pressure of
100 N/m2. During an observation time of 1
8. A vessel contains 1 mole of O2 gas (molar mass second, an atom traveling with the root-mean-
32) at a temperature T. The pressure of the gas is square speed parallel to one of the edges of the
P. An identical vessel containing one mole of He cube, was found to make 500 hits with a
gas (molar mass 4) at a temperature 2T has a particular wall, without any collision with other
pressure of xP. Find the value of x. atoms. Take R = 25/3 J/mol-K and
k = 1.38 × 10–23 J/K.
9. A diatomic gas of molecular weight Evaluate the temperature (in …. × 40 K) of the gas
30 gm/mole is filled in a container at 300 K. It is
moving at a velocity 100 m/s. If it is suddenly 14. In a container of negligible heat capacity,
stopped, the rise in temperature of gas is = 262
200 gm ice at 0°C and gm steam at 100°C
 10x  3
  K , where R is universal gas constant. are added to 200 gm of water that has
 R 
temperature 55°C. Assume no heat is lost to the
Find the value of x in Joule/mole. surroundings and the pressure in the container is
10. The temperature of an ideal gas is increased from constant 1.0 atm.(Lf = 80 cal/gm, Lv = 540
120 K to 480 K. If at 120 K, the root mean square cal/gm, sw = 1 cal/gm °C). Find the amount (in
velocity of the gas molecules is v1 and at 480 K is gm) of the steam left in the system.
v2. Find the ratio. 15. In an industrial process 10 kg of water per hour is
to be heated from 20°C to 80°C . To do this
11. Three moles of an ideal diatomic gas are in a closed steam at 150°C is passed from a boiler into a
rigid container at temperature T (in K). copper coil immersed in water. The steam
1 mole of diatomic gas gets dissociated into atoms condenses in the coil and is returned to the boiler
without apreciable change in tempertaure.Now heat as water at 90°C. How many kg of steam is
is supplied to the gas and temperature becomes 2T. required per hour?
If the heat supplied to the gas is x (RT), find the (Specific heat of steam = 1 cal/g°C, Latent heat
value of x. of vaporisation = 540 cal/g)
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27
16. Two taps A and B supply water at temperatures 22. A heating curve has been plotted for a solid
10º and 50° C respectively. Tap A alone fills the object as shown in the figure. If the mass of the
tank in 1 hour and tap B alone fills the tank in 3 object is 200 g, then latent heat of vaporization
hour. If we open both the taps together in the
n
empty tank, if the final temperature of the water for the material of the object, is  106 J / kg .
2
in the completely filled tank is found to be 5 (in
°C). Find the value of . Neglect loss of heat to [Power supplied to the object is constant and
surrounding and heat capacity of the tank. equal to 1kW]. Find the value of n.
17. A 10 gm ice cube is dropped into 45 gm of water Temp. (K)

kept in a glass. If the water was initially at a
temperature of 28°C and the temperature of ice – 800
15°C, find the final temperature (in °C) of water.
(Specific heat of ice = 0.5 cal /gm/°C and 300
L = 80 cal/gm)
500 12001600 2500
3 Heat input in KJ
18. We want to cool down kg of water from 80°C
4
to 40°C by putting 0°C ice into it. What 23. The specific heat of a metal at low temperatures
minimum volume (in litre) should the vessel have
varies according to S = (4/5)T3 where T is the
to prevent the water from overflow?
absolute temperature. Find the heat energy (in SI
19. A 50gm lead bullet (sp. heat 0.020 cal/g) is unit) needed to raise unit mass of the metal from
initially at 30C. It is fired vertically upward T = 1 K to T = 2 K.
with a speed 84 m/s. On returning to the starting
level, it strikes a slab of ice at 0C. 24. Consider three metallic spheres P, Q and R
(A × 100) mg of ice is melted. Find the value of
having masses m, m and 2m, specific heat C, 2C,
‘A’. [Assume no loss of heat, latent heat of ice 80
and C, with initial temperature 10ºC, 5ºC and 5ºC
cal/gm. and mechanical equivalent of heat = 4.2 J/cal]
respectively. Now, the 3 spheres are connected by
20. A calorimeter of negligible heat capacity contains 3 identical highly conducting rods having
50 ml of water at 40°C. The water cools to 35°C in negligible heat capacity as shown. Find the final
50 minutes. The water is now replaced by another temperature of sphere P on Celsius Scale.
liquid of equal volume at 40°C. The time taken (in
(Neglect any heat loss due to radiation)
…..× 10 minute) for the temperature to become
35°C under similar condition is [density of liquid =
0.8 (density of water), specific heat of liquid = 0.5
P
(specific heat of water)
21. A calorimeter contains 50 g of water at 50°C. The

temperature falls to 45°C in 10 minutes. When
the calorimeter contain 100 g of water at 50°C. It
takes 15 minute for the temperature to become
45°C. Find the water equivalent (in ….. × 10 Q R
gram) of the calorimeter (Assume Newton’s law
of cooling).
28
25. A heating coil is heated by burning LPG having 26 In an experiment of measuring specific heat of a
calorific value of 12000 kcal/kg. Fifty percent of liquid, a stream of a liquid flows at a steady rate
the heat generated by burning LPG is used to heat of 5 g/s over an electrical heater dissipating 135
the coil. Water is flowing through the coil at a W and a temperature rise of 5K is observed. On
constant rate of 6 lt/min. Heat transfer from the increasing the rate of flow to 10 g/s the same
coil to water has efficiency 80%. If water enters temperature rise is produced with a dissipation of
the coil at 20°C and exits at 60°C, find the 235 W. Find the specific heat (J/g K) of a liquid.
consumption (in kg) of LPG in an hour. (Assume Assume heat loss to the surrounding in both cases
density of water 1g/ml during given temperature is the same.
range)
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29
EXERCISE # 4
Question Previous Year (JEE Mains) 5. A diatomic ideal gas is used in a Carnot engine as
1. Two rigid boxes containing different ideal gases the working substance. If during the adiabatic
are placed on a table. Box A contains one mole of expansion part of the cycle the volume of the gas
nitrogen at temperature To, while box B contains increases from V to 32 V, the efficiency of the
one mole of helium at temperature (7/3)To. The engine is : [AIEEE-2010]
boxes are then put into thermal contact with each (A) 0.5 (B) 0.75 (C) 0.99 (D) 0.25
other, and heat flows between them until the
gases reach a common final temperature. (Ignore 6. Three perfect gases at absolute temperature T1,T2
the heat capacity of boxes). Then, the final and T3 are mixed. The masses of molecules are
temperature of the gases, Tf in terms of T0 is : m1,m2 and m3 and the number of molecules are
[AIEEE-2006] n1,n2 and n3 respectively. Assuming no loss of
3 7 energy, the final temperature of the mixture is :
(A) Tf  T0 (B) Tf  T0 [AIEEE-2011]
7 3
(T1  T2  T3 )
3 5 (A)
(C) Tf  T0 (D) Tf  T0 3
2 2
n T  n 2 T2  n 3 T3
(B) 1 1
2. If Cp and C V denote the specific heats of n1  n 2  n 3
nitrogen per unit mass at constant pressure and n1T12  n 2 T22  n 3T32
(C)
constant volume respectively, then n1T1  n 2 T2  n 3T3
[AIEEE - 2007]
n12 T12  n 22 T22  n 32 T32
(A) Cp – Cv = R/28 (B) Cp – Cv = R/14 (D)
n1T1  n 2 T2  n3T3
(C) Cp – Cv = R (D) Cp – Cv = 28R
7. A thermally insulated vessel contains an ideal gas
3. An insulated container of gas has two chambers
separated by an insulating partition. One of the of molecular mass M and ratio of specific heats .
chambers has volume V1 and contains ideal gas at It is moving with speed v and is suddenly brought
pressure p1 and temperature T1. The other to rest. Assuming no heat is lost to the
chamber has volume V2 and contains ideal gas at surroundings, its temperature increases by :
pressure p2 and temperature T2. If the partition is [AIEEE-2011]
removed without doing any work on the gas, the (   1) (   1)
(A) Mv2 K (B) Mv 2 K
final equilibrium temperature of the gas in the 2(   1)R 2 R
container will be - [AIEEE-2008] Mv 2 (   1)
(C) K (D) Mv 2 K
T T (p V  p2 V2 ) p V T  p2 V2T2 2R 2R
(A) 1 2 1 1 (B) 1 1 1
p1V1T2  p2 V2T1 p1V1  p2 V2
8. A container with insulating walls is divided into
p V T  p2 V2 T1 T T (p V  p2 V2 ) equal parts by a partition fitted with a valve. One
(C) 1 1 2 (D) 1 2 1 1
p1V1  p2 V2 p1V1T1  p2 V2 T2 part is filled with an ideal gas at a pressure P and
4. One kg of a diatomic gas is at a pressure of temperature T, whereas the other part is
8 × 104 N/m2. The density of the gas is 4 kg/m3. completely evacuated. If the valve is suddenly
What is the energy of the gas due to its thermal opened, the pressure and temperature of the gas
motion? [AIEEE-2009] will be : [AIEEE 2011]
(A) 5 × 104J (B) 6 × 104J P T T P
(A) , (B) P, T (C) P, (D) , T
(C) 7 × 104J (D) 3 × 104J 2 2 2 2
30
9. Consider an ideal gas confined in an isolated 13. A copper ball of mass 100 gm is at a temperature
closed chamber. As the gas undergoes an T. If is deopped in a copper calorimeter of mass
adiabatic expansion the average time of collision 100 gm, filled with 170 gm of water at room
between molecules increases as Vq, where V is temperature. Subsequently, the temperature of the
the volume of the gas. The value of q is : system is found to be 75°C. T is given by :
[JEE-Mains 2017]
 Cp 
   [JEE-Mains 2015] (Given : room temperature = 30°C, specific heat
 Cv  of copper = 0.1 cal/gm°C)
3  5  1 (A) 800°C (B) 885°C
(A) (B)
6 2 (C) 1250°C (D) 825°C
 1 3  5
(C) (D) 14. The mass of a hydrogen molecule is 3.32×10–27 kg. If
2 6
1023 hydrogen molecules strike, per second, a
fixed wall of area 2 cm2 at an angle of 45° to the
10. An ideal gas undergoes a quasi static, reversible
normal, and rebound elastically with a speed of
process in which its molar heat capacity C 103 m/s, then the pressure on the wall is nearly:
remains constant. If during this process the [JEE Main 2018]
relation of pressure P and volume V is given by (A) 2.35 × 102 N /m2 (B) 4.70 × 102 N /m2
PVn = constant, then n is given by (Here CP and (C) 2.35 × 103 N /m2 (D) 4.70 × 103 N /m2
Cv are molar specific heat at constant pressure
and constant volume, respectively): 15. An unknown metal of mass 192 g heated to a
[JEE-Mains 2016] temperature of 100ºC was immersed into a brass
C  CP CP  C calorimeter of mass 128 g containing
(A) n = (B) 240 g of water a temperature of 8.4ºC Calculate
(C  CV ) (C  CV )
the specific heat of the unknown metal if water
C  CV CP
(C) (D) n = temperature stabilizes at 21.5ºC (Specific heat of
(C CP ) CV brass is 394 J kg–1 K–1) [JEE Main-2019]
(A) 458 Jkg–1K–1 (B) 916 J kg–1K–1
11. CP and Cv are specific heats at constant pressure (C) 654 J kg–1K–1 (D) 1232 Jkg–1K–1
and constant volume respectively. It is observed
16. Ice at –20° C is added to 50 g of water at 40°C.
that When the temperature of the mixture reaches
Cp – Cv = a for hydrogen gas 0°C, it is found that 20 g of ice is still unmelted.
Cp– Cv = b for nitrogen gas The amount of ice added to the water was close
The correct relation between a and b is: to (Specific heat of water = 4.2 J/g/°C) Specific
[JEE-Mains 2017] heat of Ice = 2.1 J/g/°C. Heat of fusion of water
1 at 0°C = 334 J/g) [JEE Main-2019]
(A) a = b (B) a = b
14 (A) 40 g (B) 50 g (C) 100 g (D) 60 g
(C) a = 14b (D) a = 28b 17. A metal ball of mass 0.1 kg is heated upto 500°C
and dropped into a vessel of heat capacity 800
12. The temperature of an open room of volume JK–1 and containing 0.5 kg water. The initial
30 m3 increases from 17ºC to 27ºC due to the temperature of water and vessel is 30°C. What is
sunshine. The atmospheric pressure in the room the approximate percentage increment in the
remains 1 × 105Pa. If ni and nf are the number of temperature of the water ? [Specific Heat
molecules in the room before and after heating, Capacities of water and metal are, respectively,
then nf– ni will be : [JEE-Mains 2017] 4200 Jkg–1K–1 and 400 JKg–1K–1]
(A) –1.61 × 1023 (B) 1.38 × 1023 [JEE Main-2019]
(C) 2.5 × 1025 (D) –2.5 × 1025 (A) 15% (B) 30% (C) 20% (D) 25%]
aaa \
31
18. When 100 g of a liquid A at 100°C is added to 50 g 23. One kg of water, at 20°C, is heated in an electric
of a liquid B at temperature 75°C, the temperature kettle whose heating element has a mean
of the mixture becomes 90°C. The temperature of (temperature averaged) resistance of
the mixture, if 100 g of liquid A at 100°C is added 20 . The rms voltage in the mains is 200 V.
to 50 g of liquid B at 50°C, will be : Ignoring heat loss from the kettle, time taken for
[JEE Main-2019] water to evaporate fully, is close to : [Specific
(A) 60°C (B) 70°C (C) 80°C (D) 85°C
heat of water = 4200 J/(kg °C), Latent heat of
19. A thermometer graduated according to a linear water = 2260 kJ/kg] [JEE Main-2019]
scale reads a value x0 when in contact with (A) 3 minutes (B) 16 minutes
boiling water, and x0/3 when in contact with ice. (C) 10 minutes (D) 22 minutes
What is the temperature of an object in 0ºC, if
this thermometer in the contact with the object Cp 4
reads x0/2 ? [JEE Main-2019] 24. Three moles of ideal gas A with  is
Cv 3
(A) 35 (B) 25 (C) 60 (D) 40
mixed with two moles of another ideal gas B with
20. A thermally insulated vessel contains 150 g water
Cp 5
at 0°C. Then the air from the vessel is pumped  . The (Cp/Cv) of mixture is
out adiabatically. A fraction of water turns into Cv 3
ice and the rest evaporated at 0°C itself. The mass (Assuming temperature is constant)
of evaporated water will be closest to: [January 2020]
(Latent heat of vaporization of water = 2.10 × 106 (A) 1.5 (B) 1.42
Jkg–1 and Latent heat of Fusion of water = 3.36 × (C) 1.7 (D) 1.3
105 J kg–1) [JEE Main-2019]
(A) 35 g (B) 150 g (C) 130 g (D) 20 g 25. Consider a mixture of n moles of helium gas and
21. A massless spring (k = 800 N/m), attached with a 2n moles of oxygen gas (molecules taken to be
mass (500 g) is completely immersed in 1 kg of rigid) as an ideal gas. Its Cp / Cv value will be :
water. The spring is stretched by 2 cm and
[January 2020]
released so that it starts vibrating. What would be
(A) 67/45 (B) 19/13
the order of magnitude of the change in the
(C) 23/15 (D) 40/27
temperature of water when the vibrations stop
completely ? (Assume that the water container
26. The dimension of stopping potential V0 in
and spring receive negligible heat and specific
photoelectric effect in units of Planck's constant
heat of mass =400 J/kg K, specific heat of water
=4184 J/kg K) [JEE Main-2019] 'h', speed of light 'c' and Gravitational constant 'G'
(A) 10–5 K (B) 10–3 K (C) 10–1 K (D) 10–4 K and ampere A is : [January 2020]
2 3/2 1/3 –1 –2/3 –1/3 4/3 –1
(A) h G c A (B) h c G A
22. When M1 gram of ice at –10°C (specific heat = 1/3 2/3 1/3 –1
(C) h G c A (D) h0c5G–1A–1
0.5 cal g–1°C–1) is added to M2 gram of water at
50°C, finally no ice is left and the water is at 0°C. 27. Starling at temperature 300 K, one mole of an
The value of latent heat of ice, in cal g–1 is ideal diatomic gas (= 1.4) is first compressed
[JEE Main-2019] adiabatically from volume V1 to V2 = V1 / 16. It
5M1 50M 2 is then allowed to expand isobarically to volume
(A)  50 (B)
M2 M1 2V2. If all the processes are the quasi-static then
50M 2 5M2 the final temperature of the gas (in °K) is (to the
(C) 5 (D) 5
M1 M1 nearest integer) ________. [January 2020]
32
28. Consider a sphere of radius R which carries a 32. Match the CP/CV ratio for ideal gases with
uniform charge density . If a sphere of radius different type of molecules : [2020]
 Molecular type CP/CV
EA
R/2 is carved out of it, as shown, the ratio  (A) Monoatomic (I) 7/5
EB
(B) Diatomic rigid molecules (II) 9/7
 
of magnitude of electric field E A and E B , (C) Diatomic non-rigid (III) 4/3
respectively, at points A molecules
and B due to the remaining portion is : (D) Triatomic rigid (IV) 5/3
[January 2020] molecules
(A) A - IV, B - I, C - II, D - III
(B) A - IV, B - II, C - I, D - III
R
2 (C) A - III, B - IV,C - II, D - I
A (D) A - II, B - III, C - I, D - IV
R
B
33. A closed vessel contains 0.1 mole of a
(A) 18 / 54 (B) 21 / 34 monoatomic ideal gas at 200 K. If 0.05 mole of
(C) 17 / 54 (D) 18 / 34 the same gas at 400 K is added to it, the final
equilibrium temperature (in K) of the gas in the
29. A gas mixture consists of 3 moles of oxygen and
vessel will be closed to ______. [2020]
5 moles of argon at temperature T. Assuming the
gases to be ideal and the oxygen bond to be rigid,
the total internal energy (in units of RT) of the 34. Three different processes that can occur in an ideal
mixture is : [September 2020] monoatomic gas are shown in the P vs V diagram.
(A) 11 (B) 15 The paths are labelled as A  B, AC and A 
(C) 20 (D) 13 D. The change in internal energies during these
process are taken as EAB, EAC and EAD and the
30. An ideal gas in a closed container is slowly workdone as WAB, WAC and WAD. The correct
heated. As its temperature increases, which of the relation between these parameters are : [2020]
following statements are true ? [2020] P D
(A) the mean free path of the molecules C T1 > T2
decreases. B
T1
A
(B) the mean collision time between the T2
molecules decreases. V
(C) the mean free path remains unchanged. (A) EAB = EAC = EAD, W AB > 0, WAC = 0,
(D) the mean collision time remains WAD > 0
unchanged. (B) EAB < EAC < EAD, WAB > 0, WAC >
(A) (C) and (D) (B) (A) and (B) WAD
(C) (A) and (D) (D) (B) and (C) (C) EAB = EAC < EAD, W AB > 0, WAC = 0,
WAD < 0
31. Consider a gas of triatomic molecules. The (D) EAB > EAC > EAD, W AB < WAC < WAD
molecules are assumed to the triangular and made
of massless rigid rods whose vertices are 35. Number of molecules in a volume of 4 cm3 of a
occupied by atoms. The internal energy of a mole perfect monoatomic gas at some temperature T
of the gas at temperature T is : [2020] and at a pressure of 2 cm of mercury is close to?
(Given, mean kinetic energy of a molecule (at T)
is 4 × 10–14 erg, g = 980 cm/s2, density of
mercury = 13.6 g/cm3) [2020]
18 16
(A) (9/2) RT (B) (3/2) RT (A) 5.8 × 10 (B) 5.8 × 10
(C) (5/2) RT (D) 3RT (C) 4.0 × 1018 (D) 4.0 × 1016
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33
36. Nitrogen gas is at 300°C temperature. The 42. A balloon carries a total load of 185 kg at normal
temperature (in K) at which the rms speed of a H2 pressure and temperature of 27°C. What load will
molecule would be equal to the rms speed of a the balloon carry on rising to a height at which the
nitrogen molecule, is _____. [2020] barometric pressure is 45cm of Hg and the
(Molar mass of N2 gas 28 g) temperature is –7°C. Assuming the volume
constant? [JEE MAINS 2021]
37. Molecules of an ideal gas are known to have (A) 214.15 kg (B) 181.46 kg
three translational degrees of freedom and two (C) 219.07 kg (D) 123.54 kg
rotational degrees of freedom. The gas is
maintained at a temperature of T. The total 43. An ideal gas is expanding such that PT3 = constant.
internal energy, U of a mole of this gas, and the The coefficient of volume expansion of the gas is:
value of  (= Cp/Cv) given, respectively, by: [JEE MAINS 2021]
[2020] (A) 4 / T (B) 3 / T
(A) U = (5/2) RT and  = 6/5 (C) 1 / T (D) 2 / T
(B) U = 5RT and  = 7/5
(C) U = 5RT and  = 6/5 44. The height of victoria falls is 63 m. What is the
(D) U = (5/2) RT and  = 7/5 difference in temperature of water at the top and at
the bottom of fall? [JEE MAINS 2021]
38. In a dilute gas at pressure P and temperature T, [Given 1 cal = 4.2 J and specific heat of water = 1
the mean time between successive collisions of a cal g–1° C–1]
molecule varies with T as : [2020] (A) 0.147°C (B) 1.476°C
(A) T (B) 1/T (C) 14.76°C (D) 0.014°C
(C) 1/ T (D) T
45. If the rms speed of oxygen molecules at 0°C is 160
39. The temperature of equal masses of three different
m/s, find the rms speed of the hydrogen molecules
liquids x, y and z are 10°C, 20°C and 30°C
respectively. The temperature of mixture when x is
at 0°C. [JEE MAINS 2021]
(A) 40 m/s (B) 80 m/s
mixed with y is 16°C and that when y is mixed with
(C) 640 m/s (D) 332 m/s
z is 26°C. The temperature of mixture when x and z
are mixed will be: [JEE MAINS 2021]
46. A mixture of hydrogen and oxygen has volume 500
(A) 25.62°C (B) 28.32°C
cm3, temperature 300 K, pressure 400 kPa and mass
(C) 23.84°C (D) 20.28°C
0.76 g. The ratio of masses of oxygen to hydrogen
40. A cylindrical container of volume 4.0 × 10–3 m3 will be: [JEE MAINS 2021]
contains one mole of hydrogen and two moles of (A) 3 : 16 (B) 16 : 3
carbon dioxide. Assume the temperature of the (C) 3 : 8 (D) 8 : 3
mixture is 400 K. The pressure of the mixture of
gases is: [JEE MAINS 2021] 47. For an ideal gas the instantaneous change in
[Take gas constant as 8.3 J mol–1 K–1] pressure ‘p’ with volume ‘v’ is given by the
(A) 24.9 × 103 Pa (B) 24.9 × 105 Pa equation . If p = p0 at v = 0 is the given boundary
(C) 24.9 Pa (D) 249 × 101 Pa condition, then the maximum temperature one mole
41. The rms speeds of the molecules of hydrogen, of gas can attain is: [JEE MAINS 2021]
Oxygen and Carbondioxide at the same temperature (Here R is the gas constant)
are VH, VO and VC respectively then: 2p 0
(A) Infinity (B)
eR
[JEE MAINS 2021]
(A) VH = VO > VC (B) VH = VO = VC p0
(C) 0°C (D)
aeR
(C) VC > VO > VH (D) VH > VO > VC
34
48. The average translational kinetic energy of N2 gas
53. A vessel contains a mixture of one mole of
molecules at ___ °C becomes equal to the K.E. of
an electron accelerated from rest through a potential oxygen and two moles of nitrogen at 300 K. The
ratio of the average rotational kinetic energy per
difference of 0.1 volt. (Given kB = 1.38 × 10–23
O2 molecule to that per N2 molecule is –
J/K) (Fill the nearest integer). [IIT –1998]
[JEE MAINS 2021] (A) 1 : 1
Question Previous Year (JEE Advanced) (B) 1 : 2
49. Three closed vessels A, B and C are at the same (C) 2 : 1
temperature and contain gases which obey the (D) Depends on the moments of inertia of the
Maxwellian distribution of velocities. Vessel A two molecules
contain only O2, B only N2 and C a mixture of
54. An ideal gas is initially at temperature T and
equal quantities of O2 and N2. If the average
speed of O2 molecules in vessel A is v1, that of volume V. Its volume is increased by V due to
the N2 molecules in vessel B is v2, the average
speed of the O2 molecules in vessel C is – an increase in temperature T, pressure
[IIT - 1992] remaining constant. The quantity
(A) (v1 + v2)/2 (B) v1
 = V/(VT) varies with temperature as –
(C) (v1v2)1/2 (D) (3kT / M)
[IIT Sc – 2000]
50. The average translational energy and the rms
speed of molecules in a sample of oxygen gas at
300 K are 6.21 × 10–21 J and 484 m/s respectively.
The corresponding values at 600 K are nearly  
(assuming ideal gas behavior) – (A) (B)
[IIT – 1997] T T + T T T + T
(A) 12.42 × 10–21J, 968 m/s Temp (K) Temp (K)
(B) 8.78 × 10–21J, 684 m/s
(C) 6.21 × 10–21 J, 968 m/s
(D) 12.42 × 10–21J, 684 m/s  
51. Two identical containers A and B with (C) (D)
frictionless pistons contain the same ideal gas at T T + T T T + T
Temp (K) Temp (K)
the same temperature and the same volume V.
55. Which of the following graphs correctly
The mass of the gas in A is mA and that in B is
mB. The gas in each cylinder is now allowed to represents of variation of  = – (dV/dP)/V with P
expand isothermally to the same final volume 2V. for an ideal gas at constant temperature –
The changes in the pressure in A and B are found [IIT – 2001]
to be P and 1.5 P respectively. Then–
[IIT –1998]
(A) 4mA = 9mB (B)2mA = 3mB (A) (B)
(C)3mA = 2mB (D) 9mA = 4mB  
52. Let v , vrms and vp respectively denote the mean
speed, root mean square speed and most probable P P
speed of the molecules in an ideal monoatomic
gas at absolute temperature T. The mass of a (C) (D)
molecule is m. Then – [IIT –1998]  
(A) No molecule can have a speed greater than 2
vrms P P
(B) No molecule can have speed less than 56. An insulated container containing monoatomic
vp/ 2
gas of molar mass m is moving with a velocity
(C) vp < v < vrms
(D) The average kinetic energy of a molecule is v0. If the container is suddenly stopped, find the
(3/4) mvp2 change in temperature. [IIT JEE- 2003]
aaa \
35
57. The piston cylinder arrangement shown contains 60. Cv and Cp denote the molar specific heat
a diatomic gas at temperature 300 K. The cross- capacities of a gas at constant volume and
sectional area of the cylinder is1 m2. Initially the constant pressure, respectively. Then
[IIT - 2009]
height of the piston above the base of the cylinder
(A) Cp – Cv is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than
is 1 m. The temperature is now raised to 400 K at for a monoatomic ideal gas
constant pressure. Find the new height of the (B) Cp + Cv is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than
piston above the base of the cylinder. If the for a monoatomic ideal gas
piston is now brought back to its original height (C) Cp / Cv is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than
for a monoatomic ideal gas
without any heat loss, find the new equilibrium
(D) Cp . Cv is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than
temperature of the gas. You can leave the answer for a monoatomic ideal gas
in fraction. [IIT JEE- 2004]
61. A real gas behaves like an ideal gas if its –
[IIT - 2010]
(A) pressure and temperature are both high
(B) pressure and temperature are both low
(C) pressure is high and temperature is low
1m (D) pressure is low and temperature is high
62. A diatomic ideal gas is compressed adiabatically
to 1/32 of its initial volume. In the initial
temperature of the gas is Ti (in Kelvin) and the
58. An ideal gas is taken in a process at constant final temperature is aTi, the value of a is
temperature 20ºC from initial pressure [IIT JEE -2010]
63. 5.6 litre of helium gas at STP is adiabatically
=1.015×105 Pa to final pressure=1.165×105Pa in
compressed to 0.7 litre. Taking the initial
which volume decreases by 10% then Bulk temperature to be T1, the work done in the
modulus is - [IIT - 2005] process is : [IIT JEE-2011]
–5
(A) 1.5 × 10 Pa (B) 1.5 × 106 Pa 9 3 15 9
5
(A) RT1 (B) RT1 (C) RT1 (D) RT1
(C) 1.5 × 10 Pa (D) 1.6 × 10–6 Pa 8 2 8 2
64. The figure below shows the variation of specific
heat capacity (C) of a solid as a function of
59. STATEMENT – 1 temperature (T). The temperature is increased
The total translational kinetic energy of all the continuously from 0 to 500 K at a constant rate.
molecules of a given mass of an ideal gas is Ignoring any volume change, the following
1.5 times the product of its pressure and its statement(s) is (are) correct to a reasonable
volume. [IIT - 2007] approximation. [IIT JEE-2013]
because
STATEMENT – 2
The molecules of a gas collide with each other C
and the velocities of then molecules change due
to the collision.
(A) Statement–1 is True, Statement–2 is True;
100 200 300 400 500
Statement–2 is a correct explanation for T(K)
Statement–1 (A) the rate at which heat is absorbed in the range
(B) Statement–1 is True, Statement–2 is True; 0–100 K varies linearly with temperature T.
Statement–2 is NOT a correct explanation for (B) heat absorbed in increasing the temperature
Statement–1 from 0–100 K is less than the heat required
(C) Statement–1 is True, Statement–2 is False for increasing the temperature from
(D) Statement–1 is False, Statement–2 is True. 400–500 K.
36
(C) there is no change in the rate of heat
absorption in the range 400–500 K.
(D) the rate of heat absorption increases in the
range 200–300 K.
65. A mixture of 2 moles of helium gas (atomic mass

68. Consider the partition to be rigidly fixed so that it
= 4 amu) and 1 mole of argon gas (atomic mass =
does not move. When equilibrium is achieved, the
40 amu) is kept at 300 K in a container. The ratio
final temperature of the gases will be
 v (helium) 
of the r.m.s speeds  rms  is (A) 550 K (B) 525 K (C) 513K (D) 490 K
 vrms (arg on) 
69. Now consider the partition to be free to move
[IIT- 2012]
without friction so that the pressure of gases in
(A) 0.32 (B) 0.45 (C) 2.24 (D) 3.16
both compartments is the same. Then total work
66. Two moles of ideal helium gas are in a rubber done by the gases till the time they achieve
balloon at 30° C .The balloon is fully expandable equilibrium will be
and can be assumed to require no energy in its (A) 250 R (B) 200 R (C) 100 R (D) –100 R
expansion. The temperature of the gas in the 70. A container of fixed volume has a mixture of one
balloon is slowly changed to 35°C.The amount of mole of hydrogen and one mole of helium in
heat required in raising the temperature is nearly equilibrium at temperature T. Assuming the gases
(take R = 8.31 J/mol.K)
are ideal, the correct statement(s) is(are)
[IIT-JEE-2012]
[IIT JEE -2015]
(A) 62J (B) 104 J (C) 124 J (D) 208 J
(A) The average energy per mole of the gas
67. Two non-reactive monoatomic ideal gases have mixture is 2RT.
their atomic masses in the ratio 2 : 3. The ratio of (B) The ratio of speed of sound in the gas mixture
their partial pressures, when enclosed in a vessel to that in helium gas is 6 / 5 .
kept at a constant temperature, is 4 : 3. The ratio (C) The ratio of the rms speed of helium atoms to
of their densities is: [JEE-2013]
that of hydrogen molecules is 1/2.
(A) 1 : 4 (B) 1 : 2 (C) 6 : 9 (D) 8 : 9
(D) The ratio of the rms speed of helium atoms to
Paragraph for Questions 68 & 69 that of hydrogen molecules is 1/ 2 .
In the figure a container is shown to have a movable
(without friction) piston on top. The container and the 71. A current carrying wire heats a metal rod. The
piston are all made of perfectly insulating material wire provides a constant power (P) to the rod.
allowing no heat transfer between outside and inside the The metal rod is enclosed in an insulated
container. The container is divided into two container. It is observed that the temperature (T)
compartments by a rigid partition made of a thermally in the metal rod changes with time (t) as :
conducting material that allows slow transfer of heat. T(t) = T0 (1 + t1/4)
The lower compartment of the container is filled with 2 where  is a constant with appropriate dimension
moles of an ideal monatomic gas at 700 K and the upper while T0 is a constant with dimension of
compartment is filled with 2 moles of an ideal diatomic temperature. The heat capacity of the metal is :
gas at 400 K. The heat capacities per mole of an ideal [JEE Adv. 2019]
3 5 4P (T (t)  T0 )3 4P (T (t)  T0 )
monatomic gas are C v  R , CP  R , and those for (A) (B)
2 2  4 T04  4 T02
5 7
an ideal diatomic gas are CV  R , CP  R . 4P (T (t)  T0 )4 4P (T (t)  T0 )2
2 2 (C) (D)
 4 T05  4 T03
[IIT JEE -2014]
aaa \
37
72. A liquid at 30°C is poured very slowly into a 73. A mixture of ideal gas containing 5 moles of
Calorimeter that is at temperature of 110°C. The monatomic gas and 1 mole of rigid diatomic gas
boiling temperature of the liquid is 80°C. It is is initially at pressure P0, volume V0 and
found that the first 5 gm of the liquid completely temperature T0. If the gas mixture is adiabatically
evaporates. After pouring another 80 gm of the compressed to a volume V0/4, then the correct
liquid the equilibrium temperature is found to be statement(s) is/are,
50°C. The ratio of the Latent heat of the liquid to (Given 21.2 = 2.3; 23.2 = 9.2; R is gas constant)
its specific heat will be ______ °C.[Neglect the [JEE Adv. 2019]
heat exchange with surrounding] (A) The final pressure of the gas mixture after
[JEE Adv. 2019] compression is in between 9P0 and 10P0.
(B) The average kinetic energy of the gas mixture
after compression is in between 18RT0 and
19RT0.
(C) The work | W | done during the process is 13
RT0.
(D) Adiabatic constant of the gas mixture is 1.6
38
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE-1
Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. D B A A C C C C A D B C C B A A B C C B
Qus. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. B C D C D C B A C A B A B A B A B C C D
Qus. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. A D A B C B D D D B A D D A A D D D A D
Qus. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Ans. C B D C B D B B C D C B A A D C C A B A
Qus. 81 82 83 84
Ans. C C C B
EXERCISE-2
Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. C,D B,C A,B C,D A,B,C A,C A,B A,C A,B A,C,D A,B,D B,C,D B A A
Qus. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. C B C A A B C D B B B B C A A
Qus. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
Ans. C A C B B C C A D B A A A C
EXERCISE-3
1. A (q,s) B (p) C (r), D (q,r) 2. A (p,q,s) B (p,r,s) C (p), D (s)
3. A (r,s) B (p,q) C (p,r), D (q,r,s) 4. A (s) B (r) C (q), D (p)
5. A (t) B (r) C (s), D (p) 6. A (s) B (p) C (q), D (r)
7. [3] 8. [2] 9. [6] 10. [2] 11. [8] 12. [2] 13. [4]
14. [4] 15. [1] 16. [4] 17. [7] 18. [1] 19. [9] 20. [2]
21. [5] 22. [9] 23. [3] 24. [6] 25. [3] 26. [4]
EXERCISE-4
1. [C] 2. [A] 3. [A] 4. [A] 5. [B] 6. [B] 7. [D]
8. [D] 9. [B] 10. [A] 11. [C] 12. [D] 13. [B] 14. [C]
15. [B] 16. [A] 17. [C] 18. [C] 19. [B] 20. [D] 21. [A]
22. [C] 23. [D] 24. [B] 25. [B] 26. [D] 27. [1818.0] 28. [D]
29. [B] 30. [D] 31. [D] 32. [A] 33. [266.67] 34. [A]
35. [C] 36. [41.00] 37. [D] 38. [C] 39. [C] 40. [B] 41. [D]
42. [D] 43. [A] 44. [A] 45. [C] 46. [B] 47. [D] 48. [500]
mv02
49. [B] 50. [D] 51. [C] 52. [C,D] 53. [A] 54. [C] 55. [A] 56. T 
3R
0.4
4
57. [A] 4/3 m, [B] T3 = 400   K 58. [C] 59. [B] 60. [B,D] 61. (D)
3
62. [4] 63. [A] 64. [A,B,C,D or B,C,D] 65. [D] 66. [D] 67. [D]
68. [D] 69. [D] 70. [A,B,D] 71. [A] 72. 270 73. [A,C,D]
aaa \
39
THERMODYNAMICS PHYSICS-X I-IIT-JEE
CHAPTER
18
THERMODYNAMICS
1. Introduction 3. Zeroth law of thermodynamics
(i) The branch of science in which the According to it if two systems A and B are,
macroscopic properties such as Pressure,
volume temperature lof a system are studied is separately in thermal equilibrium with a third
defined as thermodynamics. system C, then the systems A and B when brought
(ii) The branch of science in which the conversion into thermal contact will also be in thermal
of heat into mechanical work and vice versa is equilibrium.
studied is known as thermodynamics.
2. Thermodynamic system C
Piston
A B
Thermal contact
Thermal Insulator
1mole gas This law indicates that for systems in thermal

equilibrium there must exist a common property
which remains the same. This property is the
(i) The system which can be represented in of
pressure (P), volume (V) and temperature (T), "temperature". Thus Zeroth law, defines
is known as thermodynamic system. temperature.
(ii) 1 mol of gas contained in a cylinder with For two bodies or systems in contact, heat flows
frictionless piston as shown in fig. is known as
from higher temperature to lower temperature.
thermodynamic system.
(iii) Thermodynamic systems are of three types on Temperature gives a measure of the hotness or
the basis of mass and energy transfer - coldness of a body.
(a) Open system (b) Closed system
(c) Isolated system.
(a) Open system - The system in which both heat 4. Relation between different temperature
and matter can be exchanged, is defined as scale
open system,
(b) Closed system -The system in which only heat B.P. 100ºC 212ºF 373K Y
is exchanged is defined as closed system.
(c) Isolated system -The system in which neither
heat can be exchanged nor work can be done, is
M.P. 0ºC 32ºF 273K X
defined as isolated systems,
(i) The change in internal energy in this system
is zero i.e. dU = 0 Celsius Fahrenheit Kelvin or Unknown (P)
absolute
(ii) Any thermodynamic process happening in
this system can not change its internal C F  32 K  273 20(P  X)
energy. = = =
5 9 5 (Y  X)
40
PHYSICS-X I-IIT-JEE THERMODYNAMICS
5. State of thermal equilibrium (ii) Indirect Method :– In this case work done by gas
and other force acting on the system is equal to the
(i) The state of two bodies or systems, in which change in kinetic energy of the system.
their temperatures become equal and
consequently no net heat flows between them,
P0
is known as state of thermal equilibrium, x
(ii) In this state all parts of the system are at the Work done by the gas + Work done by the spring +
same temperature. Work done by atmospheric pressure = 0
 Work done by the gas = – Work done by
6. Work atmospheric pressure – Work done by the spring
(i) In thermodynamics work is actually done due = – (–P0Ax) – [– (½ Kx2 – 0)] = P0Ax + ½ Kx2
to pressure of the gas. Example : 01
A body of mass 2kg is dragged on a horizontal
surface with a constant speed of 2 m/s. If the
coefficient of friction between the body and the
surface is 0.2, then the heat generated in 5sec will be-
(a) 7.65 cal (b) 9.33 cal
dx
(c) 10.25 cal (d) 12.32 cal
Sol.(b)
PA The work done against the force of friction
=R × displacement = 0.2 × 2 × 9.8 × 2 (in one second)
(ii) If a gas is allowed to expand from the state A to
= (0.2 × 2 × 9.8 × 2) × 5 (in 5 second) = 39. 2J
the state B when pressure and volume are P and 39.2
V. During expansion, piston moves by small Heat generated = = 9.33 cal
4.2
distance dx so that work done is –
dW = PA (dx) = PdV 7. Internal energy
V2
The energy associated with configuration and
W =  PdV
random motion of the atoms and molecules with in
V1
a body is called internal energy. It is the property of
(iii) If V increases then work done by the gas is the system which depends on the equilibrium state
positive. If V decreases then work done by the of a system. The internal energy of gas is defined as
gas is negative. the sum of kinetic energy and intermolecular
potential energy of the molecules of gas.
For an ideal gas the intermolecular forces acting
between the molecules is negligible. So internal
P energy of an ideal gas is wholly kinetic in nature. If
f is degrees of freedom of a gas molecule than
V fKT
Total kinetic energy of each molecule =
(iv) The shaded area represents work done which is 2
positive. So we can say that, fRT
Total kinetic energy of one mole =
Work done = Area bounded by PV curve and V 2
axis Therefore internal energy of n moles of a gas at
nfRT
6.1 Calculation of work done by gas temperature TK is, U=
2
(i) Direct method:– Calculate the pressure in terms of Internal energy depends only on the temperature.
volume and use the relation Therefore it is a point property.
V2 If temperature of a gas changes from T1 to T2.
W=  P.dV
V1
Change in its internal energy is
aaa
41
8. Joule's Law 9. Specific heat capacity of gas

(i) Whenever heat is converted into mechanical (1) There are many processes possible to give heat to a
work or mechanical work is converted into gas. A specific heat can be associated to each such
heat, then the ratio of work done to heat
process which depends on the nature of process.
produced always remains constant. i.e. W  Q
(2) The number of possible specific heats for a gas is
W
or =J This is Joule's law infinite and the value of specific heats can very
Q
from zero (0) to infinity ().
Here J = Joule's constant
(ii) Mechanical equivalent of heat - (3) Generally two types of specific heat are mentioned
(a) The amount of work done necessary to for a gas -
produce unit amount of heat is defined as (a) specific heat at constant volume (Cv)
the mechanical equivalent of heat. i.e, if Q
= 1, then J = W. (b) specific heat at constant pressure (Cp)
(b) J is neither a constant nor a physical (4) These specific heats can be molar or gram,
quantity, rather it is a conversion factor depending on the amount of gas considered to
which used to convert Joule or erg into
calorie or Kilocalorie and vice versa. define it
(c) Values of J = 4.2 joule/calorie (5) The molar heat capacities of a gas are defined as the
= 4.2 × 107 erg/calorie heat given per mole of the gas per unit rise in the
= 4.2 × 103 Joule/Kilocalorie temperature
(d) The units of J are Joule/calorie or erg (6) The molar heat capacity at constant volume,
calorie.
 Q 
denoted by Cv is Cv =  
 nT 
Example : 02
(7) If , at absolute temperature T , total energy of a gas
A bullet, moving with velocity v, is stopped by the
E , degree of freedom of gas = f
target and then completely melts if the mass of bullet
is m. its specific heat is 's', initially temperature is fRT E Rf
  E= and Cv =  CV =
25ºC, melting point is 475ºC and latent heat is L, 2 T 2
then the velocity V is given by the relation - (8) Amount of heat needed to increase the temperature
mv 2 of n moles of gas by dT at constant volume is
(a) mL = m (475 – 25) +
2J
dQ = ncv dT.
mv 2
(b) ms (475 – 25)+ mL = (9) Amount of heat needed to increase the temperature
2J
2J of 1gm of gas by 1ºC at constant volume is called
(c) ms (475 – 25) + mL = gram specific heat at constant volume.
mv 2
2J (C v ) molar
(d) ms (475 – 25) = mL + (10) (Cv)gram =
mv 2 M
Sol. (b)
or (Cv) molar = M(Cv)gram
 W = JQ
Where M = molecules wt . of gas
mv 2
and W = and Q = mL + ms (2 – 1) (11) Amount of heat needed to increases
2
mv 2 temperature of 'm' gm of gas by dT at constant
 = [mL + ms (2 - 1)] 
2 volume is
mv 2 m
 = mL + ms (475 - 25) dQ = m (Cv) gram dT = (Cv)molar dT
2 M
42
(12) Amount of heat needed to increase temperature of Note :
1mole of gas by 1ºC at constant pressure is called (i) Q, W and dU must be in the same units.
molar specific heat at constant pressure.
(ii) Sign conventions
(13) Cp = Cv + R, for one mole.
Heat supplied to the system = (+)ve
where R = universal gas constant
Heat rejected to the system = (–)ve
(14) Amount of heat needed to increase temperature of
Work done by the system = (+)ve
n moles of gas by dT is at constant pressure
Work done on the system = (–)ve
dQ = nCp dT
If temperature increases dU = (+)ve
Note: If temperature decreases dU= (–)ve
If gas is heated at constant pressure, then Cv can be
replaced by Cp in above discussion. Hence
(3) Heat is the energy which is transferred between a
C
(a) (Cp)gram = P system and its environment because of the
M
or Cp = M (Cp) gram temperature difference between them. It is given by,
(15) Specific heat for other processes
Q = nCdT
 Q 
S   where C is molar specific heat
 mT 
(a) Adiabatic s = 0, as Q = 0 but T has some (4) Work is defined as the energy that is transferred
value from one body to the other owing to the force that
(b) Isothermal s =  , as T = 0 but Q has some acts between them.
value
It is given by,
Example : 03 W = PdV
R
From the relation Cp-Cv = it is inferred that
J 11. Application of first law of thermodynamics
(a) The gas is monatomic
11.1 Isochoric process
(b) Gas is diatomic
(c) Gas obeys ideal gas equation irrespective of (i) Volume of a gas remains constant.
whether it is mono or diatomic (ii) It is valid for a given mass of a gas.
(d) Gas is monatomic and it can be ideal or real P
(iii) Process equation is, = Constant
Solution: (c) T
Gas obeys ideal gas equation irrespective of whether it
(iv) If a system undergoes change from A to B such
is mono or diatomic
that volume remains constant i.e. under the
isochoric process then,
10. First Law of Thermodynamics
Isochoric
1. This law is based on law of conservation of energy. A  B
Pr ocess
2. If Q = Heat supplied to a thermodynamical system (P1,V,T1) (P2,V,T2)

W = Work done by thermodynamical system P1 P
 = 2
dU = Change in internal energy T1 T2
Then if there is no energy loss, the first law of (v) In an isochoric process, work done by a gas is
thermodynamics gives. zero
Q = W + dU i.e. W = 0 [V = constant]
aaa
43
(vi) The change in internal energy is given by, (i) In this process, temperature remains constant.
dU = nCV.(T2 – T1) (ii) Process equation is,
(vii)Heat supplied to a gas by first law of PV = Constant
thermodynamics becomes, (iii) If a system undergoes change from A to B,
dQ = dU = nCV (T2 – T1) such that temperature remains constant i.e. in
Hence for an isochoric process, heat supplied to isothermal surface then,
Isothermal
the system is completely utilized to increase the A  B
Pr ocess
internal energy.
(P1,V1,T) (P2,V2,T)
(viii)A graph is plotted between pressure versus
P1V1 = P2V2 = nRT
volume and pressure versus temperature which
is, (iv) Work done by the gas is given by,
V2
  W =  PdV
V1
P P
 But, PV = K (constant)
P V T K
P=
V
V2
11.2 Isobaric process K
(i) Pressure of a gas remains constant.
 W =  V dV
V1
(ii) Process equation is, V2 V

V = K ln = nRT ln 2
= Constant V1 V1
T
(v) The change in internal energy of a gas is zero i.e.
(iii) If a system undergoes change from A to B such
that pressure remains constant i.e. under the dU = 0
isobaric process then, (vi) By first law of thermodynamics,
Isobaric
A  B Q = W + dU
Pr ocess
(P,V1,T1) (P,V2,T2) Q = W
V1 V Hence heat supplied in an isothermal process is
 = 2
T1 T2 used to do work against external surroundings.
(iv) In an isobaric process, work done by a gas is, (vii) Specific heat of isothermal process is infinity
W = P(V2 – V1) = nR (T2 – T1) (viii) Bulk modulus of isothermal process,
(v) The change in internal energy is given by Since PV = K
dU = nCV (T2 – T1) On differentiating
PdV + VdP = 0
(vi) Heat supplied to a gas,
PdV = – VdP
dQ = nCP (T2 – T1)
dP
(vii)From first law of thermodynamics P=
dV / V
Q = W + U
dP
nCP (T2 – T1) = nR (T2 – T1) + nCV (T2 – T1)  Bulk modulus B =
dV / V
CP – CV = R (ix) Compressibility is given by,
1 1
= =
11.3 Isothermal process B P
44
11.4 Adiabatic process dT dV

nCV + nR =0
(i) Heat supplied or taken by the system is zero i.e. T V
the system is well insulated so that no heat R
enters or leaves the system. But CV =
 1
(ii) Process equation is,
nR dT dV
PV = Constant  .  nR =0
 1 T V
nRT
Using PV = nRT and P = we have, dT dV
M nR  (   1)nR =0
T V
(a) TV –1 = Constant (b)P1–T= Constant
dT dV
(c) d1–T = Constant (d) Pd– = Constant nR = (1 –)nR
T V
(iii) If a system undergoes change from A to B in an
On integrating the above expression
adiabatic process, then
dT dV
Adiabatic
A 
Pr ocess
B  nR T = (1 – ) nR V
(P1,V1,T1) (P2,V2,T2) n T = (1 – ) n V + C
P1 V1 P2 V2 = n V1– + C
= = nR
T1 T2
T
n =C
and P1V1= P2V2 V1
(iv) Heat supplied to a gas is zero i.e. n TV–1 = C
Q = 0 V–1T = Constant or PV = Constant
(v) The change in internal energy v2
dU = nCV(T2 – T1) =
nR(T2  T1 ) (x) Work done is given by W =  PdV
v1
 1
But, PV= K
(vi) Work done by the gas is
K
dW = –dU P=
V
(from Ist law of thermodynamics) v2
K
 nR(T2  T1 ) 
 W= V 
dV
= –  v1
  1  v2
 V1 
(vii)Specific heat for an adiabatic process is zero. =K  
 1    v1
(viii)Bulk modulus of adiabatic process = P
K
(ix) The equation of first law of thermodynamics is, = [V21– – V11–]
1 
nCdT = nCVdT + PdV
As P1V1= P2V2 = K
for adiabatic process dQ = nCdT = 0
P V PV P V  P2 V2
 nCVdT + PdV = 0 ...(1)  W= 2 2 1 1 = 1 1
1   1
Now PV = nRT (gives)
11.5 Cyclic process
nRT
P= (i) In cyclic process,
V
Substitute the value of P in eqn. (1) Final state of gas = Initial state of gas
nRT (ii) For one complete cycle in cyclic process.
nCVdT + dV = 0
V dU = 0
aaa
45
(iii) Work done by the gas is equal to the area 12
A B
enclosed by the curve on P–V chart
P(105 Newton/m 2)
10
8
6
P W =(+)ve P W =(–)ve 4
D
(iv) 2 C

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
 V(litre)
V V
(a) 6000 J, 0, 1000J, 0
(v) Here net heat in the process is given by, (b) 5000 J, 0, 0, 1000 J
Net heat = Total heat supply + total heat (c) 0, 0, 6000J, 1000J
rejected (with sign) (d) 6000J, 0, 1000J, 1000J
Sol.(a)
(vi) Efficiency of cyclic process The work done in a thermodynamic process is equal to
Total work done in cycle the area enclosed between the P-V curve and the
= × 100% volume axis.
Total heat supplied
Work done by the gas in the process A  B is
Example : 04 W1 = area ABB'A' = AB × A' × A
One mole of an ideal monatomic gas is caused to go W1 = (6.0 – 1.0) litre × (12 × 105) Nm2
through the cycle shown in fig. then the change in W1 = 5.0 × 10-3 m3 × 12 × 105 N/m2
 W1 = 6000 N-m = 6000J
the internal energy in expanding the gas from a to c
work done in the process B  C is zero since volume
along path abc is remains constant
(a) 3P0V0 (b) 6RT0 work done on the gas in the process C  D is
(c) 4.5 RT0 (d) 10.5 RT0 W2 = area DCB'A'
Sol.(d) W2 = DC × AD' = (5 × 10–3) × (2 × 105) = 1000J
Work done in the process D  A is also zero
TC
2P0 C Hence the correct answer is (a)
Pressure
T0 Example: 06
P0 a b
The figure shows the change in a thermodynamic
system is going from an initial state A to the state
V0 4V0
B and C and returning to the state A. if UA = 0,
Volume
UB = 30J an the heat given to the system in the
Pv process B  C, 50J, then determine:
 = nR = constant
T
For any state of an ideal gas. Therefore (i) Internal energy in the state C
Pa Va PV P V 2P 4V (ii) Heat given to the system in the process
= c c or 0 0 = 0 0
Ta Tc T0 Tc AB
Tc = 8T0
Pressure P(N/m2)
90 C
Thus change in internal energy
 U = nCvT 60
3 21 30
=1× × R × 7T0 = RT0 = 10.5 RT0 A B
2 2 D E

Example : 05 0 1 2 3
The diagram shows a P-V graph of the Volume V(m3)
thermodynamic behavior of an ideal gas. Find to this
graph (i) work done in processes (a) 80J, 90J (b) 120J, 60J
A  B, B  C, C  D and D  A (c) 90J, 80J (d) 50J, 60J
46
Solution: (a) Example : 08

(i) Work done in the process B  C, W = 0 An ideal gas expands from state (P1, V1) to state (P2,
 volume is constant and heat given to the V2) where P2 = 2P1 and V2 = 2V1. The path of the gas
is expressed by the following relation P = P1
system   V  V 2 
1
Q = 50J (given) 1     work done is
  V1  
Hence, by the first law of thermodynamics, the
(a) P1V1 (b) 4/3 P1V1
change in the internal energy is
(c) 2P1V1 (d) 4 P1V1
 U = (UC – UB) = Q – W = 50J   Sol.(b)
 = UC = UB + U = 30 + 50 = 80J 2V1 2v1  VV  2

1
W=  PdV   P1 1     dV
(ii) For the process A  B, U = UB – UA= 30 Joule V1 v1   V1  
and W = area ABCD = DE × DA = 2 × 30 = 2V1
 V 2  V12  2VV1 
60J W = P1 
V1
1 
 V12
 dV

 Q = U + W = 30 + 60 = 90J 2V1
 V3 2V 2 
 W = P1  2V  2    W = 4/3 P1V1
Example : 07  3V1 2V1  V
1
In the above question find out heat given to the

12. General Results for different process
system or taken out from the system in the process C
(i) For same volume expansion, work done by the gas
 A and network done in complete cycle.
is maximum in isobaric process and least in
(a) – 200J, 50J (b) – 200J, 60J adiabatic process i.e. isothermal process is in
(c) 60J, – 200J (d) +200J , – 69J between both of them,
Sol.(b) P Isobaric
For the process C  A, U = UA– UC= 0 – 80 Isothermal
 U = – 80J Adiabatic
and W = area ACED = area ACB + area ABED V
1 (ii) For same compression in volume, work done by the
 W=( × AB × BC) + (DE × DA)
2 gas is maximum in adiabatic
1
 W=( × 2 × 60) + ( 2 × 30) = 120 J Adiabatic
2 P
Isothermal
Since in this process the volume decreases, the work
will be negative (W=120Joule). that is, the work will be Isobaric
done on the system. Now, by the first law of
V
thermodynamics, will have
(iii) Two isothermal curve for given mass never
Q = U + W = – 80 – 120 = – 200J
intersect each other.
Since it is negative, this heat is given out by the system
and work done in the whole cycle
1 T2 T2 > T1
= area ABC = × 2 × 60 = 60J P
2 T1
Since the cyclic process is traced anticlowise, the net V
work will be done on the system
aaa
47
(iv) For a given mass, isothermal curve and adiabatic Example : 09
curve intersect each other. A Carnot engine takes 103 kilocalories of heat from
a reservoir at 627ºC and exhausts it to a sink at
P A 27ºC. The efficiency of the engine will be
Isothermal
(a) 22.2% (b) 33.3% (c) 44.4% (d) 66.6%
Adiabatic
Sol. (d)
V
Efficiency of Carnot engine
At A, Slope of isothermal curve = (slope of
T2 300
adiabatic curve) =1– =1– = 2/3
T1 900
P
 Slope of isothermal curve = –   = 66.6 %
V
P
Slope of adiabatic curve = – Example : 10
V
Note: Adiabatic process is the fastest process Hydrogen gas is filled in a vessel at 20ºC at a certain
pressure. some gas is allowed to escape from the
13. Heat Engine vessel and the temperature of the vessel is then
It is a device which continuously converts heat raised to 40ºC to obtain the same pressure, then the
energy into the mechanical energy in a cyclic fraction of the gas allowed to escape is
process. (a) 0.064 (b) 0.500 (c) 0.193 (d) 0.936
 Sol. (a)
 Efficiency of heat engine: Let initial n mole of gas was present in the vessel. then
work output W Q1  Q 2 Q PV
= =  1 2 n= ....(1)
heat input Q1 Q1 Q1 RT1
Where Q1 is the heat supplied by the source and Q2 Now let a fraction x escapes from the vessel. The
is the heat rejected to the sink. remaining gas is let n' mole, then
 n  n
=x .... (2)
 Carnot Engine: n
It is an ideal heat engine which is based on Carnot's PV
and n' = ....(3)
reversible cycle. It works in four steps viz. RT2
Isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion, Thus using (1) and (3) in (2)
isothermal compression and adiabatic compression. n T T  T1 20
The efficiency of a Carnot engine is given by x=1– =1– 1 x= 2 = 
n T2 T2 (273  40)
Q2 T
=1 =1 2  x = 0.064
Q1 T1
where T1 and T2 are the temperatures of source and
sink respectively.
48
EXERCISE # 1
Specific heat of gases 5. One mole of an ideal gas with heat capacity at
Based On
constant pressure CP undergoes the process
1. For an ideal gas, the heat capacity at constant
pressure is larger than that at constant volume T = T0 + V where T0 and  are constants and
because– the volume increases from V1 to V2, the amount
(A) Work is done during expansion of the gas by of heat transferred to the gas is –
the external pressure
(A) Cp R T0 n (V2/V1)
(B) Work is done during expansion by the gas
against external pressure (B) Cp (V2 – V1) /R T0 n (V2/V1)
(C) Work is done during expansion by the gas
against intermolecular forces of attraction (C) Cp(V2 – V1) + RT0 n (V2/V1)
(D) More collisions occur per unit time when (D) R T0 n (V2/V1) – Cp(V2 – V1)
volume is kept constant
2. The temperature at the bottom of a high waterfall 6. One mole of an ideal gas requires 207 J heat to
is higher than that at the top because raise the temperature by 10 K when heated at
(A) by itself heat flows from higher to lower constant pressure. If the same gas is heated at
temperature constant volume to raise the temperature by the
(B) the difference in height causes a difference in
same 10 K, then the heat required is–
pressure
(A) 198.7 J (B) 215.3 J
(C) thermal energy is transformed into mechanical
(C) 124 J (D) 24 J
energy
(D) mechanical energy is transformed into thermal 7. Three bodies A, B and C of masses m, m and
energy 3m respectively are supplied heat at a constant
rate. The change in temperature  versus time t
3. A closed container of volume 0.02m3 contains a
graph for A, B and C are shown by I, II and III
mixture of neon and argon gases, at a temperature
respectively. If their specific heat capacities are
of 27ºC and pressure of 1×105Nm–2. The total
SA, SB and SC respectively then which of the
mass of the mixture is 28g. If the molar masses of
following relation is correct ? (Initial temperature
neon and argon are 20 and 40g per mole,
of body is 0°C) :-
respectively, then the mass of the neon in the
container, assuming them to be ideal is –
(A) 4g (B) 14g (C) 24g (D) 7g  I
II
4. An enclosed one mole of a monoatomic gas is III
taken through a process A to B as shown in the
figure. The specific heat of the gas for this
process is –
/6
/3 /4
2P0 B t
P (A) SA > SB > SC
A
P (B) SB = SC < SA
V0 V 2V0 (C) SA = SB = SC
(A) R (B) 2R (C) 3R (D) 4R (D) SB = SC > SA
aaa
49
8. Figure shows the adiabatic curve for 2 moles of 13. A sample of gas is heated by three different
an ideal gas. methods from same initial state as shown. In each
 dP  methods heat supplied is the same. In (I) piston
The Bulk modulus  i.e. B   at the
 dV / V  moves up by some amount. In (II) piston moves
point P will be :– down and in (III) piston does not move. Specific
V heat of the gas is calculate in each of the methods
to be CI , CII and CIII.
m
(T0,V)
0
P m m
(I) Gas (II) Gas

45°
T
 T   T  Heater Heater
(A) R  1  0  (B) 2R  1  0 
 V0   V0 
2RT0
(C) (D) None of these fixed
V0
9. An ideal CO2 gas obey the law PVx = constant. (III) Gas
The value of x for which it has non positive
molar specific heat at normal temperature, is :– Heater
(A) –0.5 (B) 1.45
(C) 1.4 (D) –1.4
(A) CI > CII > CIII (B) CII > CI > CIII
10. n moles of an ideal triatomic linear gas undergoes (C) CIII > CII > CI (D) CI > CIII > CII
a process in which the temperature changes with
volume as T = k1V2 where k1 is a constant. 14. One mole of an ideal monatomic gas is taken
Choose incorrect alternative. along the process in which PVx = K. The graph
(A) At normal temperature Cv= –R shown represents the variation of molar heat
(B) At any temperature Cp–Cv=R capacity of such a gas with respect to x. The
(C) At normal temperature molar heat capacity values of c' and x' respectively are given by :-
C=3R
(D) At any temperature molar heat capacity C=3R c
11. A certain amount of ideal monoatomic gas c'

undergoes process given by TV1/2 = C where T is (3/2)R
the temperature of the gas. The molar specific x' x
heat of the gas for the process will be given by.
(A) R / 2 (B) 3R
(C) 5R / 2 (D) – R / 2
12. The molar heat capacity of a monoatomic ideal 5 5 5 5

(A) R, (B) R,
gas undergoing the process PV1/2 = constant is 2 2 2 3
15 23 7 7 7 5 7
(A) R (B) R (C) R (D) Zero (C) R, (D) R,
2 2 2 2 2 2 5
50
Based On Work 18. A gas expands in a piston-cylinder device from

a
15. An ideal gas goes from the state i to the state f as V1 to V2, the process being described by P = +
V
shown in figure. The work done by the gas during
b. Where P: Pressure and V: Volume The work
the process.
done in process is –
P V
f (A) a n 1 + b ( V2 – V1 )
V2
V2
(B) – a n – b ( V2 –V1)
V1
i V
(C) – a n 1 – b ( V2 – V1 )
T V2
V2
(D) a n + b ( V2 – V1 )
(A) Is positive V1
(B) Is negative
(C) Is zero 19. A cyclic process for 1 mole of an ideal gas is
(D) Cannot be obtained from this information shown in figure in the V-T diagram. The work
done in AB, BC and CA respectively by gas are-
16. In the figure shown here, the work done in the C
process ACBA is – V2
V
A V1 A B
3P0
Pressure
T1 T2
T
P0 B V 
C (A) 0, RT2 n  1  , R ( T1 – T2 )
V0 Volume 3V 0  V2 
V 
(B) R ( T1 – T2), 0, RT1 n  1 
(A) 4P0V0 (B) 6P0V0  V2 
(C) – 2P0V0 (D) – 4P0V0 V 
(C) 0 , RT2 n  2  , R ( T1 – T2)
 V1 
17. Consider the cyclic process ABCA on a sample
of 2.0 mol of an ideal gas as shown in fig. The V 
(D) 0, RT2 n  2  , R ( T2 – T1)
temperature of the gas at (A) and (B are 300K  V1 
and 500K respectively. A total of 1200 J heat is
with drawn from the sample in the process. Find 20. Calculate the work done on the gas when one
mole of a perfect gas is compressed adiabatically.
the work done by the gas in part BC. Take
The initial pressure and volume of the gas are 105
R = 8.3 J/mol –K
N/.m2 and 6 litres respectively. The final volume
P C of the gas is 2 litres. Molar specific heat of the
gas at constant volume is 3R/2 –
(A) 759 J (B) 974 J (C) 579 J (D) 597 J
21. One mole of an ideal gas at an initial temperature of
A B T K does 6R joule of work adiabatically. If the ratio
of specific heats of this gas at constant pressure and
V at constant volume is 5/3, the final temperature of
gas will be–
(A) –3000 J (B) + 3000 J (A) (T – 2.4) K (B) (T + 4) K
(C) – 4520 J (D) +4500 J (C) (T – 4) K (D) (T + 2.4) K
aaa
51
22. N moles of an ideal diatomic gas are in a cylinder 26. Diagram shows T–P curve for three processes.
at temperature T. Suppose on supplying heat to Work done in process 1, 2 and 3 (if initial and
the gas, its temperature remain constant but n final pressure are same for all processes) is W1,
moles get dissociated into atoms. Heat supplied
to the gas is – W2 & W3 respectively. Choose the CORRECT
1 order of arrangement:
(A) Zero (B) nRT 1
2 2
3 3 3
(C) nRT (D) (N – n)RT
2 2
T
23. One mole of a monoatomic gas is taken from a
point A to B along path ACB. The initial
temperature at A is T0. The heat absorbed by the
P
gas in the process A  C  B is -
(A) W1 > W2 > W3 (B) W1 < W2 > W3

2P0 B
(C) W1 < W2 < W3 (D) W1 = W2 = W3
P A
C
P0 Based On First Law of thermodynamics
V0 2V0 27. 110 J of heat are added to a gaseous system by

V which internal energy increases by 40 J, the
amount of work done is –
9 5
(A) RT0 (B) RT0 (A) 150 J (B) 70 J
2 2
(C) 110 J (D) 40 J
11 15
(C) RT0 (D) RT0
2 2
28. A gas is compressed at a constant pressure of
24. Three moles of an ideal monatomic gas performs 50N/m2 from a volume of 10m3 to a volume of 4
a cyclic process as shown in the m3. Energy of 100J is then added to the gas by
figure. The temperatures in different states are T1
heating. Its internal energy is –
= 400 K, T2 = 800 K, T3 = 2400 K & T4 = 1200
K. Determine the work done by the gas during (A) Increased by 400J
the cycle. [Given R = 8.31 J-mole–1K–1) (B) Increased by 200J
P (C) Increased by 100J
2 3
(D) Decreased by 200J
1
4 29. A piston shown in figure can move freely inside a
non-conducting cylinder. One mole of an ideal
T
gas ( = 1.5) is in left chamber and right chamber
(A) 19.94 kJ (B) 22.65 kJ is evacuated. Initially the piston is held at middle
(C) 15.81 kJ (D) 10.37 kJ of cylinder and temperature of gas is 300K. If the
25. 5.6 liter of helium gas at STP is adiabatically piston is released suddenly, temperature of gas
compressed to 0.7 liter. Taking the initial will become–
temperature to be T1, the work done in the
process is
9 3
(A) RT1 (B) RT1
8 2
15 9 (A) 150K (B) 150 2K
(C) RT1 (D) RT1 (C) 300K (D) 300 2K
8 2
52
30. When a system is taken from state i to state f 34. The internal energy of a gas is given by
along the path i a f, it is found that Q = 50 cal and U = 5 + 2PV. It expands from V0 to 2V0 against a
W=20cal. Along the path i b f, Q = 36 cal. W constant pressure P0. The heat absorbed by the
along path i b f is –
P
gas in the process is-
a
f (A) –3P0V0 (B) 3P0V0
i b (C) 2P0V0 (D) P0V0
O V
(A) 30 cal (B) 16 cal (C) 6 cal (D) 14 cal 35. Two equal quantities of the same gas at the same
temperature are contained within identical
31. A sample of an ideal gas initially having internal containers A and B. The gas in A expands
energy U1 is allowed to expand adiabatically isothermally to twice its volume and that in B
performing external work W. Heat Q is then
expands adiabatically to twice its volume.
supplied to it, keeping the volume constant at its
new value, until the pressure rises to its original Compared to the pressure of the gas in A, the
value. The internal energy is then U2. The pressure of the gas in B is
increase in internal energy, U2 – U1 is equal to– (A) greater (B) the same
(C) less (D) data insufficient
pressure
36. In an H2 gas process, PV2 = constant. The ratio of

Volume work done by gas to change in its internal energy
(A) zero (B) W is
(C) W – Q (D) Q – W (A) 2/3 (B) 0.4 (C) – 0.4 (D) 1.5
32. The figure given below shows the variation in the 37. Suppose 0.5 mole of an ideal gas undergoes an
internal energy U with volume V of 2.0 mole of an isothermal expansion as energy is added to it as
ideal gas in a cyclic process a b c d a. The heat Q. Graph shows the final volume Vf versus
temperatures of the gas during the processes a b and c
d are 500K and 300K respectively, the heat absorbed Q. The temperature of the gas is (use n 9 = 2 and R=
by the gas during the complete process is :- 25
(Take R = 8.3 J/mol–K and n 2 = 0.69) J/mol-K)
3
U
a b
0.3
)
3
V(m
0.2
f
d c
0.1
V0 2Vu V 0 500 1000 1500

(A) 3200 J (B) Zero Q(J)
(C) 2100 J (D) 2291 J (A) 293 K (B) 360 K (C) 386 K (D) 412 K
5
33. CP for an ideal gas is R. 2 moles of this gas is
2 38. 2 moles of an ideal monoatomic gas occupying
taken in a thermodynamically insulated system volume V is adiabatically expanded from
and 300 joules is supplied to the gas. The
temperature 300K to a volume of 2 2 V. Then
increase in temperature, is :-
100 50
the final temperature & change in internal energy
(A) K (B) K are respectively (R = 8.3)
R R
150 200 (A) 150 K, – 3735 J (B) 140 K, – 3735 J
(C) K (D) K (C) 150 K, – 3537 J (D) 140 K, – 3537 J
R R
aaa
53
Isochoric, Isobaric, Isothermal, 44. In the figure shown, one of the curves is for
Based On Adiabatic process adiabatic process and one the curves is for
isothermal process. The most probable curve for
39. According to the first law of thermodynamics Q
adiabatic process is given by the curve –
= dU + W, in an isochoric process –
(A) Q = dU (B) Q = W
(C) W = –dU (D) W = U
40. In an isobaric process, the change in temperature

for 0.1 mole of N2 is 300K. The work done by the (A) AB (B) CD
gas is (C) EF (D) All of them
(Given CP – CV = 8.3 J/mole – K)
(A) 2490 J (B) 249 J (C) 24.90J (D) 2.490J 45. During an adiabatic expansion of 2 moles of a
gas, the change in internal energy was found to
41. The heat energy given to a system in isothermal be equal to –100J. The work done during the
process is used in – process by the gas will be equal to –
(A) Increasing the internal energy (A) –100 J
(B) Increasing temperature and doing external (B) 100 J
work (C) 200 J
(C) Doing external work only (D) Cannot be determined
(D) Increasing internal energy, increasing 46. A system changes from the state (P1, V1) to
temperature and doing external work (P2, V2) as shown in the figure below. What is the
work done by the system –
42. For a given mass of a gas, the P-V graph for
6×105
isothermal variations at temperatures T1 and T2 5×105 (P2 ,V2)
Pressure in N/m2
(kelvin) are shown in figure. Then, 4×105

3×105
2×105
1×105
Pressure P
(P1 ,V1)
1 2 3 4 5
T2 Volume in metre 3
T1 (A) 7.5 × 105 joule (B) 7.5 × 104 erg
Volume V (C) 12 × 105 joule (D) 6 × 105 joule
(A) T2 = T1
(B) T1 > T2 47. An ideal gas is taken through series of changes
(C) T1 < T2 ABCA. The amount of work involved in the
(D) Information is incomplete to decide about cycle is –
temperatures P
A
4P1
43. During an adiabatic change for monatomic gas

C
the relation between pressure of a gas and P1 B
x 3V1 V
temperature T is P  T where x is – V1
3 5 2 5 (A) 12P1V1 (B) 6P1V1

(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 5 3 (C) 3P1V1 (D) P1V1
54
48. In the figure shown here thermodynamic system 53. A fixed mass of an ideal gas undergoes the
goes from initial state i to three possible final change represented by XYZX below (shown in
states, A to B or C. Then the final state achieved figure) which one of the following sets could
by an isochoric process is– describe this of changes?
C
 i Y
Pressure
Pressure
 A
B
X Z
Temperature
O Volume
(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) None
Which one of the following sets could describe
49. During isothermal, isobaric and adiabatic process this set of changes?
work done for same change in volume will be XY YZ ZX
maximum for – (A) Isothermal adiabatic compression at
expansion compression const. pressure
(B) Adiabatic isothermal pressure reduction at
expansion compression constant volume
(C) Isothermal adiabatic compression at
compression expansion const. pressure
(A) Isothermal (B) Isobaric (D) Adiabatic isothermal compression at
(C) Adiabatic (D) None of these compression expansion const. pressure
50. The pressure and density of a diatomic gas 54. Logarithms of readings of pressure and
of constant mass ( = 7/5) changes adiabatically volume for an ideal gas were plotted on a graph
from (P, ) to (P´, ´if ´/ = 32 then P’/P as shown in figure. By measuring the gradient, it
should be can be shown that the gas may be–
(A) 1/28 (B) 32 log (P)
(C) 128 (D) None of the above
2.38
51. One mole of a perfect gas, initially at a pressure 2.30
and temperature of 105 N/m2 and 300 K 2.20
respectively expands isothermally until its 2.10
volume is doubled and then adiabatically until its log(V)
1.10 1.20 1.30
volume is again doubled. Find the total work done
(A) Monoatomic and undergoing an adiabatic
during the isothermal and adiabatic processes.
change
(Given  = 1.4, n2 = 0.693, 20.4 = 1.319) (B) Monoatomic and undergoing an isothermal
(A) 3332 J (B) 2333 J change
(C) 3233 J (D) 2233 J (C) Diatomic and undergoing an adiabatic
change
52. An ideal gas having initial pressure P, volume V (D) Triatomic and undergoing an adiabatic
and temperature T is allowed to expand change
adiabatically until its volume becomes 5.66V while
its temperature fall to T/2. Obtain the work done by 55. In an isothermal and reversible expansion of
the gas during the expansion as a function of the 96 g of oxygen at 27ºC temperature, the work
initial pressure P and volume V. done is 900 R log102. The ratio of final to initial
(n 5.66 = 1.733) volume is–
(A) 12.5 PV (B) 1.25 PV (A) 1.35 (B) 1.25
(C) 125 PV (D) 0.125 PV (C) 0.74 (D) 0.8
aaa
55
56. Figure shows the variation of internal energy U y y
with the volume V of 1mole of an ideal gas in a
cyclic process abcda. The temperature of the gas (A) x (B) x
at b and c are 400 K and 200 K respectively.
Heat absorbed by the gas during the complete
cycle is y
y
U (C) x (D) x
a b
d c
V
3
59. One mole of a gas is subjected to two process AB
3 2m
1m
and BC, one after the other as shown in the
figure. BC is represented by PVn = constant. We
(A) 200 R ln2 can conclude that (where T= temperature, W =
(B) 600 R ln2 work done by gas, V = volume and U = internal
(C) 400 R ln2 energy)
(D) Data is not sufficient. P
A B
57. Figure shows the variation of the internal energy
U with density  of one mole of an ideal
monatomic gas for thermodynamic cycle ABCA.
Here process AB is a part of rectangular C
hyperbola:- V
V0 2V0 3V0
U(J)
A C (A) TA = TB = TC
(B) VA < VB, PB < PC
(C) WAB < WBC
B
(D) UA < UB
 kg3
m
60. An ideal gas system whose initial pressure is P0 is
(A) Process AB is isothermal & net work in cycle subjected to changes in volume by isothermal,
is done by gas. isobaric & adiabatic process respectively and on
(B) Process AB is isobaric & net work in cycle is reducing its volume to half, the pressure are
done by gas. respectively P1, P2, P3 then :-
(C) Process AB is isobaric & net work in cycle is
(A) P1 > P2 > P3
done on the gas.
(B) P2 > P3 > P1
(D) Process AB is adiabatic & net work in cycle
(C) P3 > P1 > P2
is done by gas.
(D) P3 > P2 > P1
58. If the pressure P and volume V of a gas are
related by the equation PV  = constant where  is
 dP / dV 
a positive constant. Then the graph of
P
versus V will be
56
EXERCISE # 2
One or More Than One Correct Answer 4. Two moles of helium gas is taken through the
Question cycle ABCDA as shown in the figure. If
Type Questions
TA = 1000 K, 2PA = 3PB = 6PC.
1. A certain amount of perfect gas undergoes
changes in pressure and volume as shown in P A
figure. During this change– adiabatic
P
B
20 isochoric
15
D isochoric
10
5
adiabatic C
V
0 2 4 6 8 10 V
(A) No heat is absorbed by the gas from outside (A) work done by the gas in the process A to B is
(B) External work is done by the gas
3741 J.
(C) The temperature of the gas is constant
(D) The internal energy of the gas remains (B) heat lost by the gas in the process B to C is
constant 10600 J.
(C) temperature TD is 2000 K.
2. Three identical adiabatic containers A, B and C (D) none of these
contain helium, neon and oxygen respectively at
equal pressure and equal number of moles. The
gases are pushed to half their original volumes. 5. One mole of monoatomic gas is taken through
(A) The final temperatures in the three containers cyclic process shown below. TA = 300 K. Process
will be the same AB is defined as PT = constant.
(B) The final pressures of helium and oxygen will
P
be the same but that of neon will be different
(C) The final pressure of helium and neon will be B
the same but that of oxygen will be different 3P0 C
(D) The final temperatures of helium and neon
will be the same but that of oxygen will be P0 A
different
3. A gas undergoes change in its state from state A T
to state B, via three different paths as shown in
the figure. Select the correct alternative(s) :– (A) Work done in process AB is –400 R.
P
(B) Change in internal energy in process CA is
900 R.
1
2 (C) Heat transferred in the process BC is 2000 R.
A B
(D) Change in internal energy in process CA is
3
–900 R.
V
(A) Change in internal energy in all the three 6. Which of the following processes must violate
paths is equal.
(B) In all the three paths heat is absorbed by the the first law of thermodynamics (Q= W+Eint)?
gas. (A) W > 0, Q < 0 and Eint > 0
(C) Heat absorbed / released by the gas is (B) W > 0, Q < 0 and Eint < 0
maximum in path (1).
(D) Temperature of the gas first increases and (C) W < 0, Q > 0 and Eint < 0
then decreases continuously in path (1). (D) W > 0, Q > 0 and Eint < 0
aaa
57
7. Consider a cylinder filled with an ideal gas closed 9. The graph below shows V-P curve for three
by a frictionless and massless movable piston. processes.
V
The gas undergoes different processes.fQ 3 2 1
represents heat supplied to system, W work
done by gas on surroundings and U is change in
internal energy of the gas then choose the
P
CORRECT statement(s)
Choose the correct statement(s)
(A) For an isothermal expansion and compression (A) Work done is maximum in process 1.
Q is always greater than zero and U = 0 (B) Temperature must increase in process 2 & 3.
(C) Heat must be supplied in process 1.
(B) For an isothermal expansion and compression
(D) If final volume of gas in process 1, 2 and 3
Q > 0 and Q < 0 respectively and U = 0 are same then temperature must be same.
in both cases 10. A fixed quantity of an ideal gas can be expanded
(C) In adiabatic expansion W> 0 and U<0. from an initial state to a certain volume through
(D) In free expansion U = W = Q = 0
two different processes:
(i) PV2 = constant and
(ii) P = KV2 where K is a constant. Then
8. A rectangular narrow U-tube has equal arm
(A) Final temperature in (i) will be greater than
lengths and base length, each equal to . The that in (ii)
(B) Final temperature in (ii) will be greater than
vertical arms are filled with mercury up to /2 that in (i)
(C) Heat is given to the gas in (i) & rejected by
and then one end is sealed. By heating the the gas in (ii)
enclosed gas all the mercury is expelled. If (D) Heat is given to the gas in (ii) & rejected by
atmospheric pressure is P0, the density of the gas in (i)
mercury is  and cross-sectional area is S, then 11. A gas may expand either adiabatically or
isothermally. A number of P–V curves are drawn
[Neglect thermal expansion of glass and mercury]
for the two processes over different ranges of
pressure and volume. It will be found that:
(A) Two adiabatic curves do not intersect.
(B) Two isothermal curves do not intersect.
 (C) An adiabatic curve and an isothermal curve
/ 2
 may intersect.
(D) The magnitude of the slope of an adiabatic
(A) Work done by the gas against the atmospheric curve is greater than the magnitude of the
slope of an isothermal curve for the same
5
pressure is P0S values of pressure and volume.
2
7 12. Suppose that the volume of a certain ideal gas is
(B) Work done by the gas against the gravity is to be doubled by one of the following processes:
4
(1) Isothermal expansion
Sg2 (2) Adiabatic expansion
(3) Free expansion in insulated condition
(C) Work done by the gas against the atmospheric (4) Expansion at constant pressure.
pressure is P0S If E1,E2,E3 and E4 respectively are the changes in
average kinetic energy of the molecules for the
(D) Word done by the gas against the gravity is above four processes, then-
(A) E2 = E3 (B) E1 = E3
Sg2
(C) E1 > E4 (D) E4 > E3
58
13. An ideal gas expands according to the law Question Passage Based Type Questions
PV3/2 = constant. We than conclude that:-
(A) The ratio of the specific heats,  for the gas =
A fresher student of Career Point found that his last year
1.5
Heat & thermodynamic note book is destroyed by
(B) The molar heat capacity is C = Cv – 2R
(C) Temperature increases during the process cockroach. He tries to prepare fresh note book for the
(D) Temperature decreases during the process same topic while copying the available information and
applying his own logical thinking on the part which is
14. One mole of an ideal gas is carried through a deformed by cockroach. But he feels helpless in one
thermodynamic cycle as shown in the figure. The part where he is not able to identify missing
cycle consists of an isochoric, an isothermal and
information. He copied the information regarding a
an adiabatic processes. The adiabatic exponent of
cyclic process in which incomplete graphs are shown.
the gas is . Choose the correct option(s).
Pressure (P) A B
1 atm
3P0 C
P0 B (i) P
P0/2 A
100 cm3 200 cm3
Volume(V) V
VC V0
ln 6 ln 5 A
(A)   (B)  
ln 3 ln 3
P
(C) BC is adiabatic (D) AC is adiabatic (ii) 1 D
atm
2
15. A ideal gas performs a process as shown in V/T 200 K 400 K

diagram. Choose the correct option(s) T
V
(iii) V
T
400 K 800 K
(A) The process cannot be represented as Pa Vb T
Tc = constant, where a, b, c are real numbers.
(B) Specific heat capacity of process depends on Graph (i) does not contain the information
temperature regarding process, BC, CD & DA and Graph (ii)
(C) Pressure of the gas continuously decreases does not contain information about process AB,
(D) Pressure of the gas continuously increases BC & CD. Graph (iii) contains a process but
does not indicate which process it is from AB,
16. Choose the CORRECT statement(s):- BC, CD or DA. Student has gathered the
(A) Bulk modulus of isothermal process is P and information that process CD is a isobaric
for isobaric process is zero. compression.
(B) Bulk modulus of adiabatic process is P and In light of above discussion answer the following
for isochoric process is not define. question.
T2
(C) Bulk modulus process = constant is 2P.
P 17. Which process does the graph (iii) represent
(D) Bulk modulus is defined only for ideal gases. (A) AB (B) BC (C) CD (D) DA
aaa
59
18. What is the net work done in the cyclic process? 23. Change in temperature in 2 3 if sample
(A) 5 J (B) 10 J consists of one mole of monoatomic gas is
5 15 (A) 10/3R (B) 20/3R
(C) J (D) J (C) 30/3R (D) 40/3R
2 2
24. Average molar specific heat for process 1  2  3 is
19. Graph (iii) represents
(A) R/4 (B) R/2
(A) Heating of gas (B) cooling of gas
(C) 3R/4 (D) R
(C) Isobaric process (D) Isothermal process
20. What is the change in internal energy of gas in Refrigerator is an apparatus which takes heat from a
BC if gas was one mole He. cold body, work is done on it and the work done
(A) 5000 J (B) 10000 J together with the heat absorbed is rejected to the source.
(C) 2500 J (D) 4000 J An ideal refrigerator can be regarded as Carnot's ideal
heat engine working in the reverse direction.
21. Which graph is correct for process CD. The coefficient of performance of refrigerator is defined as

P P
(A) (B)
T V
 
V V
(C) (D) 
Heat extracted from cold reservoir Q 2
T T = 
work done on working subs tan ce W
Q2 T2
Passage # 2 (Q.22 to Q.24) = 
Q1  Q 2 T1  T2
Three processes compose a thermodynamics cycle
shown in the PV diagram. Process 12 takes place at
A Carnot's refrigerator takes heat from water at 0°C and
constant temperature. Process 23 takes place at
discards it to a room temperature at 27°C. 1kg of water
constant volume, and process 31 is adiabatic. During
at 0°C is to be changed into ice at 0°C. (Lice = 80
the complete cycle, the total amount of work done is
kcal/kg)
10 J. During process 23, the internal energy decrease
by 20J and during process 31, 20 J of work is done on 25. How many calories of heat are discarded to the
the system. room?
(A) 72.8 kcal (B) 87.9 kcal
(C) 80 kcal (D) 7.9 kcal
26. What is the work done by the refrigerator in this

process (1 cal = 4.2 joule)
(A) 7.9 kJ (B) 33.18 kJ
(C) 43.18 kJ (D) 23.18 kJ
22. How much heat is added to the system during 27. What is the coefficient of performance of the
process 12 is machine ?
(A) 0 (B) 10 J (A) 11.1 (B) 10.1
(C) 20 J (D) 30 J (C) 9.1 (D) 8.1
60
Passage # 4 (Q.28 to Q.30) Passage # 6 (Q.34 to Q.36)
In the following P-V diagram, two adiabatics cut two Diagram shows P-V graph for 1 mole of a monatomic
isothermals at T1 and T2 . 2 moles of an ideal diatomic ideal gas consisting of two isobar [1 and 3] and two
isotherms [2 and 4]. The temperature of isotherms are
gas is taken through the cyclic process ABCDA.
300 K and 600 K. The minimum volume of gas is
P
given V1 and maximum volume is 4V1.
PA A P1V 1 1 P2V2
BT A B
PB 1
P
PD 2
D C 4
PC T2
VA VD VB VC
V D P4V4 3 C P3V 3
28. In which process heat is absorbed by the gas.

(A) DA (B) BC V
(C) AB (D) CD 34. Change in internal energy of gas in process (3) is :-
29. The volumes at different points A,B,C & D are (A) – 450 R (B) 200 R
satisfy the following relation (C) – 200R (D) 750R
(A) VAVB = VCVD (B) VAVC= VBVD 35. Heat absorbed by the gas in process (1) is :-
(C) VAVD = VBVC (D) VAVC2 = VBVD2 (A) 450 R (B) 750 R
(C) 200 R (D) zero
30. If Q1 is heat absorbed and Q2 is heat rejected in
one cycle then- 36. Efficiency of cycle ABCD is
(A) Q1T1 = Q2T2 (B) Q1T12 = Q2T22 n2 1  2n2
(A) (B)
2
(C) Q1T2 = Q2T1
2
(D) Q1T2 = Q2T1 5  2n2 5  4n2
2n2 2n2
(C) (D)
Passage # 5 (Q.31 to Q.33) 5  4n2 4  5n2
One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas undergoes a Passage # 7 (Q.37 to Q.39)
cyclic process as shown in figure. Temperature at point A piston enclose some gas in the cylindrical vessel with
1 = 300 K and process 2-3 is isothermal.
horizontal longitudinal axis as shown in the drawing.
P
2 The initial pressure of the air is equal to the external
3P0
atmospheric pressure of 105 Pa. The cross-sectional area
P0 3 of the piston is 0.03 m2. An originally unstretched
1 spring with spring constant 2000 N/m is attached to the
piston. The walls of the vessel and the piston are
v perfectly insulated. The initial volume of the enclosed
V0 3V0
air is 0.024 m3 and its initial temperature is 300 K. The
air is heated to 360 K with a heating filament built into
31. Net work done by gas in complete cycle is
the vessel.
(A)  9n3  12  P0 V0 (B)  9n3  4  P0 V0
(C)  9n3  4  P0 V0 (D)  9n3  8  P0 V0
32. Heat capacity of process 1  2 is 37. Find the displacement of the piston caused by the
R 3R 5R heating.
(A) (B) (C) (D)2R (A) 0.1 m (B) 0.2 m
2 2 2
(C) 0.5 m (D) 0.3 m
33. The efficiency of cycle is 38. Work done by gases is :
 9n3  4   9n3  4  (A) 310 J (B) 280 J
(A)   (B)  
 9n3  12   9n3  12  (C) 160 J (D) 240 J
 9n3  4   9n3  12 
39. Find the energy delivered by the heating filament.
(C)   (D)   (A) 1000 J (B) 1200 J
 9n3  16   9n3  16 
(C) 1400 J (D) 1510 J
aaa
61
Passage # 8 (Q.40 to Q.42) 44. The work done on the gas in the right chamber is
2 moles of an ideal, diatomic gas, initially at pressure P0 9 9
and volume V0, undergoes an adiabatic compression till (A) P0 V0 (B) – P0 V0
2 2
V 13 17
its volume becomes 0 . The gas is then given a heat Q (C) P0 V0 (D) P0 V0
4 2 2
at constant volume.
45. The change in internal energy of the gas in the
40. Total work done by the gas is :– left chamber is
5 3 186 177
(A) P0 V0 1  41.4 
2 2

(B) P0 V0 1  40.4  (A)
4
RT0 (B)
4
RT0
5 59 131
(C) P0 V0 1  40.4  (D) None of these (C) RT0 (D) RT0
2 2 4
46. The heat absorbed by the left chamber is
41. Final pressure of the gas is :–
9 177
1.4 1.6Q 1.4 1.6Q (A) RT0 (B) RT0
(A) P0  4   (B) P0  4   4 4
V0 V0
186 168
1.4 1.6Q (C) RT0 (D) RT0
(C) P0  4   (D) None of these 4 4
5V0
42. The total change in internal energy of the gas is:– An ideal gas with the ratio of its specific heats = ,
5 undergoes a process in which its internal energy U is
(A) P0 V0  42/5  1  Q
2 given by U = aV where a and  are constants.
5
(B) P0 V0  42/5  1  Q 47. If the internal energy of the gas is to increases by
2
U, find the amount of heat Q, needed to be
3
(C) P0 V0  42/5  1  Q given:-
2 (A) Q = U
(D) None of these
 U
(B) Q 

One mole of a monoatomic ideal gas occupies two  
(C) Q = = U 1  
chambers of a cylinder partitioned by means of a   
movable piston. The walls of the cylinder as well as the    1 
(D) Q = U 1 
piston are thermal insulators. Initially equal amounts of   
gas fill both the chambers at (P0, V0, T0). A coil is burnt
in the left chamber which absorbs heat and expands, 48. The work W performed by the gas when its
pushing the partition to the right. The gas on the right internal energy increases by U :-
chamber is compressed until to pressure becomes 32 P0. (A) W = U
U
(B) W 

P0,V,T P0,V,T (   1)  U
0 0 0 0
(C) W 

(D) W = 0
43. The final volume of left chamber is 49. The molar specific heat C of the gas during the
V
process :-
15
(A) 0 (B) V0 R R
8 8 (A) C  (B) C 
 1 
7 9
(C) V0 (D) V0 C v R R
8 8 (C) C  (D) C  
  1 
62
Passage # 11 (Q.50 to Q.52) 50. The P-V diagram of above process :-
Figure shows the variation of the internal energy U with C P
B
C
P
the density  of one mole of ideal monoatomic gas for a
thermodynamics cycle ABCA. Here process AB is a (A) (B)
A
part of rectangular hyperbola. B A
V V
C
U P
5U0 A C (C) (D) None of these

A B
V
2U0 B
51. The total amount of heat absorbed by the system
20 50  for cyclic process is :-
 10   10 
(A)  ln 2.5  2  U 0 (B)  ln 0.4  2  U 0
 3   5 
(C) 50U0 (D) None of these
52. The work done in process AB is :-

(A) –U0 (B) –2U0
(C) –5U0 (D) None of these
aaa
63
EXERCISE # 3
Question Column Match Type Questions 5. Match the graph for an ideal monoatomic gas in
different process for constant mass of gas ( =
1. W-represents work done by the system and Q density of gas)
represents heat absorbed by the system Column I Column II
(TA < TD) P P
B
A B
D
P
B C (A) A (p) C
C A
V
V T
Column I Column II P 
A
(A) AB (p) W > 0 B
(B) BC (q) W < 0
(C) CD (r) Q > 0 (B) A (q) C
B
C
(D) DA (s) Q < 0 T T
V 
2. For various thermodynamic processes, match the
following - B A B
Column I Column II
(A) Isochoric Heating (p)  Q > O (C) A (r)
C C
(B) Isobaric Expansion (q) W > O T T
(C) Isothermal Expansion (r)  U > O  
(D) Adiabatic Expansion (s)  W < O B
A C
3. Column I
(A) Temperature (D) A (s)
C B
(B) Equipartition law translational K.E. T T
(C) Translational K.E. for all one mole ideal gas
(D) Internal energy of an ideal gas 6. One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas is taken
Column II round the cyclic process ABCA as shown in
f figure.
(p) nRT P
2 3P0 B
(q) Measure of average per molecule
(r) same for all degrees of freedom
3 P0 A C
(s) RT V
2 V0 2V0
4. A sample of gas undergoes a transition from an Column - I

initial state ‘a’ to a final state ‘b’ by three (A) The work done by the gas during complete
different paths (processes), as shown in the p-V cycle
diagram in Figure. Based on diagram match the (B) Heat absorbed by the gas in the path AB
following- (C) The minimum temperature attained by the gas
during the cycle.
3pi/2 c
Pressure
(D) The maximum temperature attained by the

pi a gas during the cycle.
b
pi/2 Column - II
d
v1 5v1 25P0 V0
(p)
Volume 8R
Column I Column II P0 V0
(A) Varying Pressure (p) in process ‘ac’ (q)
R
(B) Varying Volume (q) in process ‘cb’
(r) P0V0
(C) Varying Temp. (r) in process ‘ab’
(s) 3P0V0
(D) Decrease in (s) in process ‘db’
(t) 2P0V0
internal Energy
64
7. Column I Column II 9. In column I, statement about heat given to the

(Pressure volume graph) (W is work done by gas, system, work and internal energy are given.
Q heat supply to gas) Symbols have their usual meaning use first law of
the thermodynamics in form Q = U + W.
P
Match the situations in column II with statements
in column I.
(A) (p) W > 0 Column I
V
v0
P
(A)
m Rough ground
(B) (q) W < 0 Block is the system. Assume no heat is lost to

surrounding till the block comes to rest.
1/ V
(B)
(C) (r) Q > 0
V
P A block is released from rest from massless
elastic string at natural length. After a few
(D) (s) Q < 0 oscillations, block comes to rest. The string is
the system. Assume the whole set-up is in
V2
vacuum. All joints insulated.
8. An ideal gas whose adiabatic exponent equals to steam

7 (C)
 is expanded according to the law P=2V. The
5
initial volume of the gas is equal to V0= 1 unit. As a
result of expansion the volume increases 4 times.
Water is boiled in a closed container with a
25 movable light piston. The container with its
(Take R = units)
3 contents is the system.
Column - I (D) A monatomic ideal gas undergoes a process
(A) Work done by the gas PT3 = constant. Gas is the system. Pressure
(B) Increment in internal energy of the gas increases during the process.
(C) Heat supplied to the gas
10. Column I shows certain thermodynamic systems
(D) Molar heat capacity of the gas in the process
and column II represents thermodynamic
Column - II properties.
(p) 25 units Column I
(q) 45 units (A) An ideal gas is filled in a thermally insulated
cylindrical vessel of height h which is
(r) 75 units
enclosed by a massless thermally insulating
(s) 15 units piston. Mercury is filled above the piston as
aaa
65
shown. Now gas is slowly supplied heat. Column II
Mercury does not spill. (p) Internal energy of the gas is increasing.
(q) Pressure of the gas is increasing.
(r) Temperature of the gas is decreasing.
(s) Work done by gas is positive.
(t) The process is neither isobaric, isochoric,
isothermic or adiabatic.
11. The figure given below show different process

for a given amount for an ideal gas. W is work
(B) A thermally insulated cylindrical vessel is
done by the system and Q is heat absorbed by
enclosed by a light piston. The piston is the system.
P P
connected to ceiling by an ideal spring as
shown in figure. Spring is initially relaxed
and then heat is supplied slowly to the ideal
gas in the vessel. The system is kept in open (i) (ii) adiabatic
atmosphere.
1/V V
P P
gas
(iii) (iv)
V V
P
(C) A thermally insulated cylindrical vessel is
enclosed by a light thermally insulated piston.
Some sand is kept on top of piston as shown (v)
in figure. The system is kept in open
atmosphere. Now sand grains are removed V
slowly one by one.
Column-I Column-II
(A) Q > 0 (p) In figure (i)
(B) W < 0 (q) In figure (ii)
(C) Q < 0 (r) In figure (iii)
gas (D) W > 0 (s) In figure (iv)
(t) In figure (v)
12. The straight lines in the figure depict the
(D) A good conducting cylindrical vessel is variations in temperature T as a function of the
enclosed by a light thermally insulated piston. amount of heat supplied Q in different process
Some sand is kept on top of piston as shown involving the change of state of a monoatomic
in figure. The system is kept in open and a diatomic ideal gas. The initial states
atmosphere. Now sand grains are added (P,V,T) of the two gases are the same. Match the
slowly one by one. processes as described, with the straight lines in
the graph as numbered.
T
1
2
3
gas
O Q
66
Column-I Column-I Column-II

(A) Iosbaric process of monoatomic gas. (A) For process B  C (p) Q > 0
(B) Isobaric process of diatomic gas
(C) Isochoric process of monoatomic gas (B) For process A  B (q) W > 0
(D) Isochoric process of diatomic gas (C) For cycle A  B  C  A (r) U > 0
Column-II (D) For process C  A (s) W = 0
(p) 1
(q) 2 (t) Q < 0
(r) 3
(s) x-axis (i.e. 'Q' axis) 15. Respective graphs for adiabatic process for ideal
gas taking first term on the ordinate and second
13. Volume versus pressure curves for one mole of
term on the abscise.
an ideal gas are given for four processes as shown
in figure. Column I
(B  Adiabatic process, C Isothermal process) (A) Pressure-Temperature
V (B) Volume-Temperature
(C) Pressure-Volume
V2
D (D) Pressure-Internal Energy
C
B
Column II
V1
A (p) (q)
P
P2 P1 (r) (s)
Column–I
(A) For process A
(B) For process B (t)
(C) For process C
(D) For process D
Column–II
(p) Work done by the gas is positive. Question Numerical Type Questions
(q) Temperature will increase. 16. When a system is taken from state a to state b
(r) Heat supplied is positive.
(s) Change in internal energy is negative. along the path a-c-b (see figure), 60 J of heat
flows into the system and 30 J of work is done by
14. An ideal gas is taken along the reversible the system. Along the path a-d-b, if the work
processes as represented by the adjoining
done by the system is 10 J, heat flows into the
diagram.
system is 10x J. Find x.
p(N/m2)
p
B C b
15 c
10
5
A
3
V(m ) a d
2 6 V
aaa
67
17. An ideal monoatomic gas is enclosed in a vertical 20. One mole of a gas is taken from state A to state B
cylinder of cross section area A and length , as shown in figure.
under frictionless piston connected to spring of Work done by the gas is  × 10 J. Find the
spring constant K. Atmosphere pressure is such 25
value of . (Given : T1=320 K, R= )
3
that in absence of gas under the piston,
P
equilibrium of piston is achieved when piston just 2P0 B
touches the bottom of the cylinder and spring is
T1
in stretched configuration. Q amount of heat is P0 A
supplied to gas slowly to move piston to the V
V0 2V0
upper edge. Initially volume occupied by gas is
1 K2 21. A container having base area A0. Contains
rd of the volume of cylinder. If Q = 2 ,
3 9
mercury upto a height 0. At its bottom a thin
find , (through the motion of the piston spring is
in stretched configuration) tube of length 40 and cross-section area A
(A<<A0) having lower end closed is attached.
Initially the length of mercury in tube is 30. In
remaining part 2 mole of a gas at temperature T is
closed as shown in figure. Determine the work
done (in joule) by gas if all mercury is displaced
from tube by heating slowly the gas in the rear
18. Heat leads into a vessel containing 1 mole of an end of the tube by means of a heater.
ideal monoatomic gas at a constant rate of (Given : density of mercury = , atmospheric
R –1 pressure P0 = 20g, CV of gas = 3/2 R,
Js where R is the universal gas constant. It is
4
observed that the gas expands at a constant rate A= (3/)m2, 0 = (1/9) m, all units in S.I.)
dV V0 container
 where V0 is the initial volume. P0
dt 400 second A0
Hg
The initial temperature is given T0 = 40 K. The rate
of change in temperature of the gas at
A

t = 0 is K/s, then find the value of .
20
gas
19. In a massive metal cylinder of height h = 1 m,

closed on top by a moving piston is an ideal gas. 22. 0.01 moles of an ideal diatomic gas is enclosed in
On top of the piston we gently put weight. The an adiabatic cylinder of cross-sectional area
piston immediately dropped by x = 2.5 cm, over a A = 10–4m2. In the arrangement shown, a block of
long time it was seen that the piston comes down mass M = 0.8 kg is placed on a horizontal support
another x’ = 1 cm. Determine the degree of and piston of mass m = 1 kg is suspended from a
freedom for the molecules of the gas. Room spring of stiffness constant k = 16 N/m. Initially,
temperature is constant, gas does not leak out. the spring is relaxed and the volume of the gas is
Use binomial approximation. V = 1.4 × 10–4 m3.
68
26. Between two isotherms we have a cycle as
M shown. The work done by the gas during the
cycle is N × 15 J. Find N?
k [Take T1 = 127°C, T2 = 16°C, n = 1 mole]
m
T4
P T1
When the gas in the cylinder is heated up the

piston starts moving up and the spring gets T3
T2
compressed so that the block M is just lifted up.
The heat supplied (in Joule) is 25 x. Find V
the value of x. Take atmospheric pressure
P0 = 105 Nm–2, g = 10 m/s2 27. How far can I move (in …. × 15 cm) the piston of
cross-section A1, in the device shown in figure,
23. The relation between internal energy U, pressure so that 40% of the air enclosed remains. (The
atmospheric pressure p0 = 10 N/cm2, density of
P and volume V of a gas in an adiabatic process
is: U=a+bPV where a = b = 3. Calculate the liquid = 5 g/cm3,  = 20cm, A1 = 4cm2, A2 = 1
greatest integer of the ratio of specific heats []. cm2. The temperature is constant. The piston is
massless and the initial height of gas in cylinder
is 110 cm.
24. A certain quantity of ideal gas takes up 56 J of
heat in the process AB and 360 J in the process
AC. What is the number of degrees of freedom of A1
the gas. A2

4p0 C
p0 A B 28. Consider the adjacent figure, an adiabatic

partition divides a cylindrical container into two
V parts. The left part contains 1 mole of helium gas
V0 3V0 4V0 and the right part contains two moles of oxygen
gas. The initial temperatures and pressures of the
25. A cylinder of cross-section area A has two gases in the left chamber are T0 & P0 and the
T
pistons of negligible mass separated by distances right chamber are 0 & P0 respectively, as
2
 loaded with spring of negligible mass. An ideal
shown in the figure. The piston as well as the
gas at temperature T1 is in the cylinder where the walls of the container are adiabatic. After
springs are relaxed. When the gas is heated by removal of the piston, gases mix homogeneously
some means its temperature becomes T2 and the 4n
and the final pressure becomes P = P0 . Find
 13
springs get compressed by each. If P0 is the value of n.
2
Adiabatic
atmospheric pressure and spring constant k = partition wall
2P0 A
, then find the ratio of T2 & T1.

1 mole He 2 mole O2
P0, T0 P0, T0/2
\\\\\\\\\\\\
\\\\\\\\\\\\
aaa
69
29. A certain amount of a mono-atomic ideal gas 30. One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas is taken
undergoes a process u = C, where  is the from state A to state B through the process P =
density of the gas and u is the internal energy of 3 1/2
T . It is found that its temperature increases
W 2
the gas. It was found that the ratio r = for
Q by 115.2 K in this process. Now it is taken from
the process was r = 2/3. What is the value of ? state B to C through a process for which internal
1
energy is related to volume as U = V1/2. The
2
volume at B is100 m3 and at C it is 1600 m3, then
the total work performed by the gas is
 × 102 J. Fill  ?
25
(Use R = J/mol-K)
3
70
EXERCISE # 4
Question Previous Year (JEE Mains) 5. The work done on the gas in taking it from D to
1. The work of 146 kJ is performed in order to A is
compress one kilo mole of a gas adiabatically and (A) –414 R (B) + 414 R
in this process the temperature of the gas (C) – 690 R (D) + 690 R
increases by 7oC. The gas is [AIEEE–2006]
–1 –1
(R = 8.3 J mol K ) 6. The net work done on the gas in the cycle
(A) Diatomic ABCDA is:
(B) Triatomic (A) Zero (B) 276 R
(C) Mixture of monoatomic and diatomic
(C) 1076 R (D) 1904 R
(D) Monoatomic
7. 100g of water is heated from 30ºC to 50ºC

2. A Carnot engine, having an efficiency of  =
ignoring the slight expansion of the water, the
1/10 as heat engine, is used as a refrigerator. If
the work done on the system is 10 J, the amount change in its internal energy is (specific heat of
of energy absorbed from the reservoir at lower water is 4184 J/Kg/K) : [AIEEE-2011]
temperature is [AIEEE - 2007] (A) 4.2 kJ (B) 8.4 kJ (C) 84 kJ (D) 2.1 kJ
(A) 99 J (B) 90 J (C) 1 J (D) 100 J
8. A Carnot engine operating between temperatures
3. When a system is taken from state i to state f
1
along the path iaf, it is found that Q = 50 cal and T1 and T2 has effeiciency . When T2 is lowered
6
W = 20 cal. Along the path ibf Q = 36 cal. W
along the path ibf is : [AIEEE - 2007] 1
by 62 K, its efficiency increases to . Then T1
3
and T2 are, respectively : [AIEEE-2011]
(A) 372 K and 310 K
(B) 372 K and 330 K
(A) 6 cal (B) 16 cal (C) 330 K and 268 K
(C) 66 cal (D) 14 cal (D) 310 K and 248 K
Directions : Question number 4, 5 and 6 are 9. Helium gas goes through a cycle ABCDA
based on the following paragraph.
(consisting of two isochoric and isobaric lines) as
Two moles of helium gas are taken over the cycle
shown in figure. Efficiency of this cycle is nearly:
ABCDA, as shown in the P-T diagram.
[AIEEE-2009] (Assume the gas to be close to ideal gas)
[AIEEE 2012]
4. Assume the gas to be ideal the work done on the

gas in taking it from A to B is : (A) 15.4% (B) 9.1%
(A) 200 R (B) 300 R (C) 400 R (D) 500 R (C) 10.5% (D) 12.5%
aaa
71
10. The below p-v diagram represents the 13. Consider a spherical shell of radius R at temperature
thermodynamic cycle of an engine, operating with T. The black body radiation inside it can be
an ideal monoatomic gas. The amount of heat, considered as an ideal gas of photons with internal
extracted from the source in a single cycle is :
U
[JEE-Mains 2013] energy per unit volume u =  T4 and pressure
V
1 U 
p=   . If the shell now undergoes an adiabatic
3 V 
expansion the relation between T and R is :
[JEE-Mains 2015]
1
(A) T  e–3R (B) T 
R
1 –R
 13  (C) T = (D) T  e
(A) p0v0 (B)   p0 v0 R3
2
14. 'n' moles of an ideal gas undergoes a process A  B
 11 
(C)   p0 v0 (D) 4p0v0 as shown in the figure. The maximum
2
temperature of the gas during the process will be :
11. One mole of diatomic ideal gas undergoes a [JEE-Mains 2016]
cyclic process ABC as shown in figure. The
process BC is adiabatic. The temperatures at A, B
and C are 400K, 800K and 600 K respectively.
Choose the correct statement :
[JEE-Mains 2014]
3P0 V0 9P0 V0 9P0 V0 9P0 V0

(A) (B) (C) (D)
2nR 2nR nR 4nR
15. The temperature of an open room of volume 30
(A) The change in internal energy in whole cyclic m3 increases from 17ºC to 27ºC due to the
process is 250 R. sunshine. The atmospheric pressure in the room
(B) The change in internal energy in the process
remains 1 × 105Pa. If ni and nf are the number of
CA is 700 R
molecules in the room before and after heating,
(C) The change in internal energy in the process
AB is – 350 R then nf– ni will be : [JEE-Mains 2017]
23
(D) The change in internal energy in the process (A) –1.61 × 10 (B) 1.38 × 1023
25
BC is – 500 R (C) 2.5 × 10 (D) –2.5 × 1025
12. An open glass tube is immersed in mercury in 16. Two moles of an ideal monoatomic gas occupies
such a way that a length of 8 cm extends above a volume V at 27°C. The gas expands
the mercury level. The open end of the tube is adiabatically to a volume 2V. Calculate (i) the
then closed and sealed and the tube is raised
final temperature of the gas and (ii) change in its
vertically up by additional 46 cm. What will be
length of the air column above mercury in the internal energy. [JEE Main 2018]
tube now ? (A) (i) 189 K (ii) – 2.7 kJ
(Atmospheric pressure = 76 cm of Hg) (B) (i) 195 K (ii) 2.7 kJ
[JEE-Mains 2014] (C) (i) 189 K (ii) 2.7 kJ
(A) 16 cm (B) 22 cm (C) 38 cm (D) 6 cm (D) (i) 195 K (ii) –2.7 kJ
72
17. A gas can be taken from A to B via two different 21. For the given cyclic process CAB as shown for a
processes ACB and ADB. gas, the work done is: [JEE Main Online-2019]
C A
P 6.0
C B
5
p(Pa)
4
A D V 3
2
When path ACB is used 60 J of heat flows into
1 B
the system and 30 J of work is done by the
system. If path ADB is used work done by the 1 2 3 4 5 3
V(m )
system is 10J. The heat flow into the system in
path ADB is : [JEE Main Online-2019] (A) 1 J (B) 5 J (C) 10 J (D) 30 J
(A) 80 J (B) 20 J (C) 100 J (D) 40 J 22. The given diagram shows four processes i.e.,
18. Two Carrnot engines A and B are operated in isochoric, isobaric, isothermal and adiabatic. The
series. The first one, A, receives heat at T1 (= 600 correct assignment of the processes, in the same
order is given by : [JEE Mains April-2019]
K) and rejects to a reservoir at temperature T2.
The second engine B receives heat rejected by the a
P
first engine and, in turn, rejects to a heat reservoir
at T3 (= 400 K). Calculate the temperature T2 if b
the work outputs of the two engines are equal : c

d
[JEE Main Online-2019]
(A) 400 K (B) 600 K (C) 500 K (D) 300 K V
19. Three Carnot engines operate in series between a (A) d a c b (B) a d c b (C) a d b c (D) d a b c
heat source at a temperature T1 and a heat sink at
temperature T4 (see figure). There are two other 23. Following figure shows two processes A and B
reservoirs at temperature T2, and T3, as shown, for a gas. If QA and QB are the amount of heat
with T1 > T2 > T3 > T4 . The three engines are absorbed by the system in two cases, and UA
and UB are changes in internal energies,
equally efficient if: [JEE Main Online-2019]
respectively, then : [JEE Mains April-2019]
T1
1
f
P A
T2
2 B
T3
3 V
T4 (A) QA = QB ; UA = UB
(B) QA > QB ; UA = UB
(A) T2 = (T12T4)1/3 ; T3 = (T1T42)1/3 (C) QA > QB ;UA > UB
(B) T2 = (T1T42)1/3 ; T3 = (T12T4)1/3 (D) QA < QB ; UA < UB
(C) T = (T 3T )1/4 ; T = (T T 3)1/4
2 1 4 3 1 4
24. n moles of an ideal gas with constant volume heat
(D) T2 = (T1T4)1/2 ; T3 = (T12T4)1/3 capcity Cv undergo an isobaric expansion by
20. A rigid diatomic ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic certain volume. The ratio of the work done in the
process at room temperature. The relation process, to the heat supplied is :
between temperature and volume of this process [JEE Mains April-2019]
4nR nR
is TVx = constant, then x is : (A) (B)
CV  nR CV  nR
nR 4nR
(A) 5/3 (B) 2/5 (C) (D)
(C) 2/3 (D) 3/5 CV  nR CV  nR
aaa
73
25. One mole of an ideal gas passes through a 30. A balloon filled with helium (32°C and 1.7 atm.)
process where pressure and volume obey the bursts. Immediately afterwards the expansion of
 1  V 2  helium can be considered as: [JEE Main 2020]
relation P  P0 1   0  
(A) Irreversible isothermal
 2  V  
(B) Irreversible adiabatic
. Here P0 and V0 are constants. Calculate the
(C) Reversible adiabatic
change in the temperature of the gas if its volume
(D) Reversible isothermal
changes from V0 to 2V0.
[JEE Mains April-2019]
1 P0 V0 3 P0 V0 5 P0 V0 1 P0 V0 31. If minimum possible work is done by a
(A) (B) (C) (D) refrigerator in converting 100 grams of water at
2 R 4 R 4 R 4 R
0°C to ice, how much heat (in calories) is
26. A sample of an ideal gas is taken through the
cyclic process abca as shown in the figure. The released to the surrounding at temperature 27°C
change in the internal energy of the gas along the (Latent heat of ice = 80 Cal/gram) to the nearest
path ca is –180J. The gas absorbs 250 J of heat integer? [JEE Main 2020]
along the path ab and 60 J along the path bc. The
work done by the gas along the path abc is : 32. Match the thermodynamic processes taking place
[JEE Mains April-2019] in a system with the correct conditions. In the
c table : Q is the heat supplied, W is the work
P done and U is change in internal energy of the
a
system : [JEE Main 2020]
b
Process Condition
V (I) Adiabatic (A) W = 0
(A) 100 J (B) 120 J (II) Isothermal (B) Q = 0
(C) 140 J (D) 130 J (III) Isochoric (C) U  0, W  0, Q  0
27. A Carnot engine has an efficiency of 1/6. When (IV) Isobaric (D) U = 0
the temperature of the sink is reduced by 62ºC, its
efficiency is doubled. The temperatures of the (A) I-B, II-D, III-A, IV-C
source and the sink are, respectively (B) I-B, II-A, III-D, IV-C
[JEE Mains April-2019] (C) I-A, II-A, III-B, IV-C
(A) 124ºC, 62ºC (B) 37ºC, 99ºC (D) I-A, II-B, III-D, IV-D
(C) 62ºC, 124ºC (D) 99ºC, 37ºC 33. The change in the magnitude of the volume of an
28. An engine takes in 5 moles of air at 20°C and 1 ideal gas when a small additional pressure P is
applied at a constant temperature, is the same as
atm, and compresses it adiabaticaly to l/l0th of
the change when the temperature is reduced by a
the original volume. Assuming air to be a small quantity T at constant pressure. The initial
diatomic ideal gas made up of rigid molecules, temperature and pressure of the gas were 300 K
the change in its internal energy during this and 2 atm respectively. If |T | = C |P| then
process comes out to be X kJ. The value of X to value of C in (K/atm) is ______:
the nearest integer is _____. [JEE Main 2020] [JEE Main 2020]
34. In an adiabatic process, the density of a diatomic

29. A heat engine is involved with exchange of heat of 1915 gas becomes 32 times its initial value. The final
J, –40 J, +125 J and QJ, during one cycle achieving an pressure of the gas is found to be n times the
efficiency of 50.0%. The value of Q is: initial pressure. The value of n is:
[JEE Main 2020] [JEE Main 2020]
(A) 326 (B) 1/32
(A) 640 J (B) 400 J (C) 32 (D) 128
(C) 980 J (D) 40 J
74
PHYSICS -X I-IIT-JEE THERMODYNAMICS
35. An engine operates by taking a monatomic ideal 41. A heat engine operates between a cold reservoir at
gas through the cycle shown in the figure. The temperature T2 = 400 K and a hot reservoir at
percentage efficiency of the engine is close to __.
temperature T1. It takes 300 J of heat from the hot
[JEE Main 2020]
reservoir and delivers 240 J of heat to the cold
B C reservoir in a cycle. The minimum temperature of
3P0
the hot reservoir has to be _______ K.
2P0
[JEE Main 2021]
P0 A 42. A sample of gas with  = 1.5 is taken through an
D
adiabatic process in which the volume is
V0 2V0 compressed from 1200 cm3 to 300 cm3. If the initial
36. Under an adiabatic process, the volume of an pressure is 200 kPa. The absolute value of the
ideal gas gets doubled. Consequently the mean workdone by the gas in the process = ____ J.
collision time between the gas molecule changes [JEE Main 2021]
C 43. An reversible engine has an efficiency of 1/4. If the
from 1 to 2 . If p   for this gas then a good
Cv temperature of the sink is reduced by 58°C, its
estimate for 2 / 1 is given by : [JEE Main 2020] efficiency becomes double. Calculate the
(A) 1/2 (B) 2 temperature of the sink: [JEE Main 2021]
1
 1 (A) 382 K (B) 280 K
(C)   (D)  2  2 (C) 174 K (D) 180.4 K
2
37. 1 litre of a gas at STP is expanded adiabatically 44. The temperature of 3.00 mol of an ideal diatomic
to 3 litre. Find work done by the gas. gas is increased by 40.0°C without changing the
Given  = 1.40 and 31.4 = 4.65 pressure of the gas. The molecules in the gas rotate
[Take air to be an ideal gas] [JEE Main 2020] but do not oscillate. If the ratio of change in internal
(A) 100.8 J (B) 90.5 J
energy of the gas to the amount of workdone by the
(C) 45 J (D) 18 J
gas is x/10. Then the value of x (round off to the
38. A Carnot's engine operates between two nearest integer) is _____.[JEE Main 2021]
reservoirs of temperature 900K and 300K. The (Given R = 8.31 J mol–1 K–1)
engine performs 1200 J of work per cycle. The
heat energy delivered by the engine to the low Previous Year (JEE Advanced)
Question
temperature reservoir in a cycle is:
[JEE Main 2020] 45. In a given process on an ideal gas, dW = 0 and
dQ < 0. Then for the gas– [IIT–2001]
39. A refrigerator consumes an average 35 W power (A) The temperature will decrease
to operate between temperature –10°C to 25°C. If (B) The volume will increase
there is no loss of energy then how much average (C) The pressure will remain constant
heat per second does it transfer? (D) The temperature will increase
[JEE Main 2021]
(A) 263 J/s (B) 350 J/s 46. P-V plots for two gases during adiabatic processes
(C) 298 J/s (D) 35 J/s are shown in the figure. Plots 1 and 2 should
correspond respectively to – [IIT– 2001]
40. An electric appliance supplies 600 J/min heat to P
the system. If the system delivers a power of 90
W. How long it would take to increase the 1
internal energy by 2.5 × 103 J?
[JEE Main 2021] 2
V
2
(A) 2.5 × 10 s (B) 2.4 × 103 s
(C) 4.1 × 101 s (D) 2.5 × 101 s (A) He and O2 (B) O2 and He
(C) He and Ar (D) O2 and N2
aaa
75
47. An ideal gas is taken the cycle A  B  C  A, 50. A Liquified oxygen at 50 K is heated to 300 K at
as shown in the figure. If the net heat supplied to constant pressure. Heat is supplied at constant
the gas in the cycle is 5 J, the work done by the rate then graph between temperature & time is
gas in the process C  A is- [IIT–2001] [IIT–2004]
C B (A) (B)
2 T T
V
(m3) t t
1 A
P(N/m2) 10 (C) (D)
T T
(A) – 5 J (B) – 10 J
(C) – 15 J (D) – 20 J t t
48. A cubical box of side 1 meter contains helium gas 51. An ideal gas in state (P1, V1) is isothermally
(atomic weight 4) at a pressure of 100 N/m2. expanded to state (P2, V2). Then it is adiabatically
During an observation time of 1 second, an atom compressed to initial volume V1. Pressure being
travelling with the root-mean-square speed P3 in final state. If W is workdone by the gas in
parallel to one of the edges of the cube, was the whole process then [IIT–2004]
found to make 500 hits with a particular wall, (A) P3 > P1 & W < 0 (B) P3 < P1 & W > 0
without any collision with other atoms. (C) P3 < P1 & W = 0 (D) P3 > P1 & W > 0
[IIT- 2002]
52. An ideal gas is enclosed in an insulated vessel is
Take R = 25/3 J/mol-K & k = 1.38 × 10–23 J/K.
heated through a coil of resistance 100 carrying
(A) Evaluate the temperature of the gas.
current 1A for 5 minutes. Then change in internal
(B) Evaluate the average kinetic energy per atom.
energy will be [IIT–2005]
(C) Evaluate the total mass of helium gas in the
(A) 30 KJ (B) 20 KJ
box.
(C) 2 KJ (D) 3 KJ
49. The PT diagram for an ideal gas is shown in
53. When the pressure is changed from p1 = 1.01 × 105
figure, where AC is an adiabatic process. The
Pa to p2 = 1.165 × 105 a then the volume changes by
correspond-ding PV diagram is– [IIT-2003]
10%. The bulk modulus is [JEE' 2005 (Scr)]
P 5
A (A) 1.55 × 10 Pa
5
(B) 0.0015 × 10 Pa
(C) 0.015 ×105Pa
B C (D) None of these
T 54. A cylinder of mass 1 kg is given heat of 20000 J
at atmospheric pressure. If initially temperature
A A of cylinder is 20°C, find [IIT JEE- 2005]
P P
(A) Final temperature of the cylinder
(A) (B) (B) Work done by the cylinder.
B C C B
(C) Change in internal energy of the cylinder.
V V
A
(Given that specific heat of cylinder
P
= 400 J kg–1 °C–1 Coefficient of volume
(C) (D) none is correct expansion = 9 × 10–5 °C–1, Atmospheric
B C
pressure = 105 N/m2 and density of cylinder =
V
9000 kg/m3)
76
55. Match the following for the given process :  P R 2  Mg 
[IIT JEE- 2006] (C)  0 2  (2L)
 R P0 
P(atm)  P0 R 2 
J (D)  2  (2L)
30  R P0  Mg 
20 M
10 L 58. The piston is taken completely out of the
K cylinder. The hole at the top is sealed. A water
10 20 V(m3) tank is brought below the cylinder and put in a
position so that the water surface in the tank is at
Column-I Column-II the same level as the top of the cylinder as shown
(A) Process J  K (p) W > 0 in the figure. The density of the water is . In
(B) Process K  L (q) W < 0 equilibrium, the height H of the water column in
(C) Process L  M (r) Q > 0 the cylinder satisfies.
(D) Process M  J (s) Q < 0
Paragraph for Question No. 56 to 58

A fixed thermally conducting cylinder has a radius R
L0
H
and height L0. The cylinder is open at its bottom and has
a small hole at its top. A piston of mass M is held at a
distance L from the top surface, as shown in the figure.
(A) g (L0 – H)2 + P0 (L0 – H ) + L0P0 = 0
The atmospheric pressure is P0. [IIT - 2007]
(B) g (L0 – H) 2 – P0 (L0 – H ) – L0P0 = 0
2R (C) g (L0 – H) 2 + P0 (L0 – H ) – L0P0 = 0
(D) g (L0 – H) 2 – P0 (L0 – H ) + L0P0 = 0
L
59. An ideal gas is expanding such that PT2 =
constant. The coefficient of volume expansion of
L0 the gas is [JEE 2008]
1 2 3 4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
T T T T
Piston
60. Column I:- contains a list of processes involving
56. The piston is now pulled out slowly and held at a expansion of an ideal gas. Match this with
distance 2L from the top. The pressure in the Column II:- describing the thermodynamic
cylinder between its top and the piston will then be - change during this process. Indicate your answer
P by darkening the appropriate bubbles of the 4 × 4
(A) P0 (B) 0
2 matrix given in the ORS. [JEE 2008]
P0 Mg P0 Mg Column I
(C)  (D)  (A) An insulated container has two chambers
2 R 2 2 R 2
Icontains an ideal gas and the Chamber II has
57. While the piston is at a distance 2L from the top, vacuum. The valve is opened.
the hole at the top is sealed. The piston is then
released, to a position where it can stay in
equilibrium. In this condition, the distance of the
piston from the top is
 2P0 R 2 
(A)  2  (2L) (B) An ideal monoatomic gas expands to twice its
 R P0  Mg 
1
 P R 2  Mg  original volume such that its pressure P  2
(B)  0 2  (2L) V
 R P0  where V is the volume of the gas.
aaa
77
(C) An ideal monoatomic gas expands to (A) Internal energies at A and B are the same
twice its original volume such that its (B) Work done by the gas in process AB is P0V0 ln 4
1 (C) Pressure at C is P0/4
pressure P  4/3 , where V is its volume
V T
(D) An ideal monoatomic gas expands such that (D) Temperature at C is 0
4
its pressure P and volume V follows the
behaviour shown in the graph
63. A diatomic ideal gas is compressed adiabatically
1
to of its initial volume. In the initial
32
temperature of the gas is Ti (in Kelvin) and the
final temperature is aTi, the value of a is.
[IIT - 2010]
Column II 64. 5.6 liter of helium gas at STP is adiabatically

(p) The temperature of the gas decreases compressed to 0.7 liter. Taking the initial
separated by a valve. Chamber
temperature to be T1, the work done in the
(q) The temperature of the gas increases or
remains constant process is- [IIT - 2011]
(r) The gas loses heat 9 3
(A) RT1 (B) RT1
(s) The gas gains heat 8 2
61. The figure shows the P–V plot of an ideal gas 15 9
(C) RT1 (D) RT1
taken through a cycle ABCDA. The part ABC is a 8 2
semi-circle and CDA is half of an ellipse. Then –
[IIT–2009] 65. One mole of a monoatomic ideal gas is taken
P
A through a cycle ABCDA as shown in the P-V
3
diagram.
2 B Column-II gives the characteristics involved in
D
1 the cycle. Match them with each of the processes
C
given in Column-I. [IIT - 2011]
0
1 2 3 V
P
B A
(A) The process during the path A  B is 3P
isothermal
(B) Heat flows out of the gas during the path B 
CD
(C) Work done during the path A  B  C is 1P
zero C D
(D) Positive work is done by the gas in the cycle
0 1V 3V 9V V
ABCDA
62. One mole of an ideal gas in initial state A
undergoes a cyclic process ABCA, As shown in Column-I Column-II
figure. Its pressure at A is P0. Choose the correct (A) Process A  B (p) Internal energy
option(s) from the following [IIT–2010] decreases
V (B) Process B  C (q) Internal energy
4V0 B increases
(C) Process C  D (r) Heat is lost
(D) Process D  A (s) Heat is gained
V0 A
C (t) Work is done on
T the gas
T0
78
66. One mole of a monatomic ideal gas is taken along 68. One mole of a monatomic ideal gas undergoes a
two cyclic processes E F G E and E cyclic process as shown in the figure (where V is
F H E as shown in the PV diagram. The the volume and T is the temperature). Which of
the statements below is (are) true?
processes involved are purely isochoric, isobaric,
[JEE ADV. 2018]
isothermal or adiabatic. [JEE-2013] T
II
P
I III
32P0 F
IV
V
(A) Process I is an isochoric process.
(B) In process II, gas absorbs heat.
P0 G (C) In process IV, gas releases heat.
E H
(D) Processes I and III are not isobaric.
V0 V
69. One mole of a monatomic ideal gas undergoes an
Match the paths in List  with the magnitudes of adiabatic expansion in which its volume becomes
the work done in List and select the correct eight times its initial value. If the initial
answer using the codes given below the lists. temperature of the gas is 100 K and the universal
List    List  gas constant 8.0J mol–1K–1, the decrease in its
 P. G  E 1. 160 P0V0 ln2 internal energy, in Joule, is__________.
[JEE ADV. 2018]
Q. G  H 2. 36 P0V0
R. F  H 3. 24 P0V0 70. One mole of a monatomic ideal gas undergoes
S. F  G 4. 31 P0V0 four thermodynamic processes as shown
Codes : schematically in the PV-diagram below. Among
P Q R S these four processes, one is isobaric, one is
isochoric, one is isothermal and one is adiabatic.
(A) 4 3 2 1
Match the processes mentioned in List-1 with the
(B) 4 3 1 2
corresponding statements in List-II.
(C) 3 1 2 4 [JEE ADV. 2018]
(D) 1 3 2 4 P
II
3P0
67. A thermodynamic system is taken from an initial IV
III
state i with internal energy Ui = 100 J to the final I
P0
state f along two different paths iaf and ibf, as
schematically shown in the figure. The work
V0 3V0 V
done by the system along the paths af, ib and bf
are Waf = 200 J, Wib = 50 J and Wbf = 100 J List-I List-II
respectively. The heat supplied to the system P. In process I 1. Work done by the gas
along the path iaf, ib and bf are Qiaf ,Qib and Qbf is zero
respectively. If the internal energy of the system Q. In process II 2. Temperature of the
gas remains unchanged
in the state b is Ub = 200 J and Qiaf = 500 J, the
R. In process III 3. No heat is exchanged
ratio Qbf / Qib is [IIT JEE -2014] between the gas and its
surroundings
S. In process IV 4. Work done by the gas
a f is 6P0V0
P
(A) P - 4; Q - 3; R - 1; S - 2
(B) P - 1; Q - 3; R - 2; S - 4
i b (C) P - 3; Q - 4; R - 1; S - 2
V (D) P - 3; Q - 4; R - 2; S - 1
aaa
79
71. One mole of a monoatomic ideal gas goes 1
through a thermodynamic cycle, as shown in the (II) Change in internal (Q) RT0
3
volume versus temperature (V-T) diagram. The energy in process
correct statement(s) is/are : [R is the gas constant] 123
[JEE Adv. 2019] (III) Heat absorbed by (R) RT0
V the system in process
1 2 3
3 2
2V0 4
(IV) Heat absorbed by the (S) RT0
3
system in process 1  2
V0 1
4 1 (T) RT0 (3  ln 2)
3
5
(U) RT0
6
T If the process carried out on one mole of
T0/2 T0 3T0 /2 2T0
monatomic ideal gas is as shown in figure in the
(A) Work done in this thermodynamic cycle PV-diagram with
1 1
(1  2  3  4  1) is |W| = RT0 P0V0 = RT0 , the correct match is,
2 3
P
(B) The ratio of heat transfer during processes
3P0 3
Q 5 2
1  2 and 2  3 is 1 2 
Q 23 3
P0 2
(C) The above thermodynamic cycle exhibits V
V0 2V0
only isochoric and adiabatic processes.
(A) I - Q, II - R, III - P, IV - U
(D) The ratio of heat transfer during processes
(B) I - S, II - R, III - Q, IV - T
Q1 2 1 (C) I - Q, II - R, III - S, IV – U
1  2 and 3  4 is  .
Q 3 4 2 (D) I - Q, II - S, III - R, IV – U
72. Answer the following by appropriately matching 73. A thermally isolated cylindrical closed vessel of
the lists based on the information given in the height 8 m is kept vertically. It is divided into
paragraph. In a thermodynamics process on an two equal parts by a diathermic (perfect thermal
ideal monatomic gas, the infinitesimal heat conductor) frictionless partition of mass 8.3 kg.
absorbed by the gas is given by TX, where T is Thus the partition is held initially at a distance of
temperature of the system and X is the 4 m from the top, as shown in the schematic
figure below. Each of the two parts of the vessel
infinitesimal change in a thermodynamic quantity
contains 0.1 mole of an ideal gas at temperature
X of the system. For a mole of monatomic ideal
300 K. The partition is now released and moves
3  T   V  without any gas leaking from one part of the
gas X  R ln    R ln   . Here, R is gas
2 T
 A  VA  vessel to the other. When equilibrium is reached,
constant, V is volume of gas, TA and VA are the distance of the partition from the top (in m)
constants. will be _______
(Take the acceleration due to gravity =10 ms–2
The List-I below gives some quantities involved
and the universal gas constant = 8.3Jmol–1K–1).
in a process and List-II gives some possible
[JEE Adv. 2020]
values of these quantities. [JEE Adv. 2019]
List-I List-II
1
(I) Work done by the (P) RT0 ln 2
3 8m
system in process
123
80
PHYSICS -X I-IIT-JEE THERMODYNAMICS
74. A spherical bubble inside water has radius R. 77. An ideal gas undergoes a four step cycle as shown
Take the pressure inside the bubble and the water in the P – V diagram below. During this cycle, heat
pressure to be p0. The bubble now gets is absorbed by the gas in [JEE Adv. 2021]
compressed radially in an adiabatic manner so
that its radius becomes (R – a). For a << R the 1
magnitude of the work done in the process is
given by (4p0Ra2) X, where X is a constant and P 4 2
Cp 41
  . The value of X is_. 3
C v 30
[JEE Adv. 2020] V
(A) steps 1 and 2 (B) steps 1 and 3
75. Consider one mole of helium gas enclosed in a container at (C) steps 1 and 4 (D) steps 2 and 4
initial pressure P1 and volume V1. It expands isothermally
to volume 4V1. After this, the gas expands adiabatically and
Question Stem for Question Nos. 78 and 79
its volume becomes 32V1. The work done by the gas
A soft plastic bottle, filled with water of density
during isothermal and adiabatic expansion processes are
1 gm/cc, carries an inverted glass test-tube with
Wiso
Wiso and Wadia, respectively. If the ratio  f ln 2, some air (ideal gas) trapped as shown in the
Wadia figure. The test-tube has a mass of 5 gm, and it is
then f is ________. made of a thick glass of density 2.5 gm/cc.
[JEE Adv. 2020] Initially the bottle is sealed at atmospheric
76. As shown schematically in the figure, two vessels pressure
contain water solutions (at temperature T) of p0 =105 Pa so that the volume of the trapped air
potassium permanganate (KMnO4) of different
is v0=3.3cc. When the bottle is squeezed from
concentrations n1 and n2 (n1 > n2) molecules per
unit volume with n = (n1 – n2) << n1. When they outside at constant temperature, the pressure
inside rises and the volume of the trapped air
are connected by a tube of small length  and reduces. It is found that the test tube begins to
cross-sectional area S, KMnO4 starts to diffuse sink at pressure P0 + p without changing its
from the left to the right vessel through the tube.
orientation. At this pressure, the volume of the
Consider the collection of molecules to behave as
trapped air is v0 – v.
dilute ideal gases and the difference in their
partial pressure in the two vessels causing the Let v = X cc and p = Y × 103 Pa.
diffusion. The speed v of the molecules is limited
by the viscous force –v on each molecule, where
 is a constant. Neglecting all terms of the order
(n)2, which of the following is/are correct? (kB
is the Boltzmann constant)- [JEE Adv. 2020]
78. The value of X is ____. [JEE Adv. 2021]
79. The value of Y is ____. [JEE Adv. 2021]

n1 s n2 Paragraph For Q.80-Q.81
 A thermally insulating cylinder has a thermally
insulating and frictionless movable partition in
(A) The force causing the molecules to move the middle, as shown in the figure below. On
across the tube is nkBTS each side of the partition, there is one mole of an
ideal gas, with specific heat at constant volume,
(B) Force balance implies n1v= nkBTS
Cv = 2R . Here, R is the gas constant. Initially,
(C) Total number of molecules going across the
each side has a volume V0 and temperature T0.
 n   k B T  The left side has an electric heater, which is
tube per sec is   S
     turned on at very low power to transfer heat Q to
(D) Rate of molecules getting transferred through the gas on the left side. As a result the partition
the tube does not change with time. moves slowly towards the right reducing the right
aaa
81
THERMODYNAMICS PHYSICS -X I-IIT-JEE
side volume to V0/2. Consequently, the gas Q
81. The value of is –[JEE Adv. 2021]
temperatures on the left and the right sides RT0
become TL and TR, respectively. Ignore the
(A) 4 (2 2  1) (B) 4 (2 2  1)
changes in the temperatures of the cylinder,
heater and the partition. (C) 5 2  1 (D) 5 2  1
T0,V0
T0 ,V0
TR
80. The value of is –[JEE Adv. 2021]
T0
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 2 (D) 3
82
PHYSICS-X I-IIT-JEE THERMODYNAMICS \
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE-1
Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. B D A B C C D B C D D C D B C C C D C B
Qus. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. C B C A A A B A C C D D A B C C B A D B
Qus. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. C C B B B C C B B C C B D C A A B C D C
EXERCISE-2
Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. B,C,D C,D A,B,C A,B A,C,D A,C B,C,D A,B A,C B,D A,B,C,D B,D B,D A,D A,B,D
Qus. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. A,B,C B A B A C D D C B B B C B D
Qus. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45
Ans. C D C A B C A A B C B A B A B
Qus. 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
Ans. C D C D A A B
EXERCISE-3
1. (A) (s) (B) (p,r) (C) (r), (D) (q) 2. (A) (p,r,s) (B) (p,q,r) (C) (q,r), (D) (q)
3. (A) (q) (B) (r) (C) (s), (D) (p) 4. (A) (p,q,s) (B) (p,r,s) (C) (p,q,r,s), (D) (q)
5. (A) (q) (B) (r) (C) (s), (D) (p) 6. (A) (r) (B) (s) (C) (q), (D) (p)
7. (A)(p,r) (B)(q,s) (C)(q,s), (D) (p,r) 8. (A) (s) (B) (r) (C) (q), (D) (p)
9. (A) (s) (B) (s) (C) (p,r,s), (D) (q) 10. (A) (p,s) (B) (p,q,s,t) (C) (r,s), (D) (q)
11. (A)(p,r,t) (B)(s) (C)(s), (D) (p,q,r,t) 12. (A) (q) (B) (r) (C) (p), (D) (q)
13. (A)(s) (B)(p),(s) (C)(p),(r) (D) (p),(q),(r) 14. (A) (p,q,r) (B) (pr,s) (C) (p,q), (D) (t)
15. (A) (r) (B) (p) (C) (p), (D) (r)
16. [4] 17. [8] 18. [2] 19. [5] 20. [7] 21. [5] 22. [3]
23. [1] 24. [5] 25. [4] 26. [5] 27. [5] 28. [3] 29. [3]
30. [5]
EXERCISE-4
1. [A] 2. [B] 3. [A] 4. [C] 5. [B] 6. [B] 7. [B]
8. [A] 9. [A] 10. [B] 11. [D] 12. [A] 13. [B] 14. [D]
15. [D] 16. [A] 17. [D] 18. [C] 19. [A] 20. [B] 21. [C]
22. [D] 23. [B] 24. [C] 25. [C] 26. [D] 27. [B] 28. [46.0]
29. [C] 30. [B] 31. [8791.0] 32. [A] 33. [150.0] 34. [D]
35. [19.0] 36. [D] 37. [B] 38. [600.0]
39. [A] 40. [A] 41. [500] 42. [480] 43. [ C] 44. [25]
45. [A] 46. [B] 47. [A]
48. (A) 160.372 k (B) 3.271 × 10–21 J (C) = 0.3 gm
49. [D] 50. [D] 51. [A] 52. [A] 53. [A]
54. (A) TfinAl = 70°C, (B) 0.05 J, (C) 19999.95 J
55. (A) s; (B)  p, r; (C)  r; (D)  q, s;
56. [A] 57. [D] 58. [C] 59. [C]
60. (A)  q; (B)  p,r; (C)  p,s; (D)  q,s; 61. [B,D] 62. [A,B] 63. [4]
64. [A] 65. (A)  p,r,t; (B)  p,r; (C)  q,s; (D)  r,t
66. [A] 67. [2] 68. [B,C,D] 69. [900] 70. [C] 71. [A,B] 72. [C]
73. [6] 74. [2.05] 75. [1.77or 1.78] 76. [A,B,C] 77. [C] 78. [ 0.30]
79. [10.00] 80. [A] 81. [B]
aaa
83
HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION PHYSICS-X I-IIT-JEE
CHAPTER
19
HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EXPANSION

1. HEAT TRANSFER (A) For point source intensity at a point is
The process of transmission of heat is by way of inversely proportional to the square of the
1
(i) conduction (in solids) distance of point from the source I  2
r
(ii) convection (in liquids and gases)
(B) For infinite line source, intensity at a point is
(ii) radiation (excess through vacuum in the form inversely proportional to the distance of the
of electromagnetic waves 1
point from the source I  
(i) Conduction - The process in which the r
material takes an active part by molecular 3. SPECTRUM OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE OR
action and energy is passed from one particle RADIATION
to another is called conduction. It is (i) Maxwell on the basis of his electromagnetic
predominat in solids. theory proved that all radiations are
(ii) Convection - The transfer of energy by actual electromagnetic waves and their sources are
motion of particles of medium from one place vibrations of charged particles in atoms and
to another is called conection. It is molecules.
(ii) The spectrum of electromagnetic waves has a
predominant in fluids (liquids and gases)
infinite spread and the different parts are given
(ii) Radiation : Quickest way of transmission of different names.
heat is known as radiation. In this mode of
energy transmission, heat is transferred from Radiation Frequency Wavelength range
21
one place to another without affecting the Cosmic >10 Hz < 10–13m
intervenning medium. rays
Gamma 1018 to 1021 Hz 10–13 to 10–10m
2. NATURE OF RADIATION rays
X-rays 1016 to 1019 Hz 10–11 to 10–8m
(i) Radiation is electromagnetic wave and travels
(0.1A° to 100A°)
with velocity of light
Ultraviolet 0.75 × 1015 to 1.4 × 10–8 to 4 × 10–7m
(ii) In uniform medium Radiation travels in rays 2 × 106 Hz (140A° to 4000A°)
straight line Visible 4 × 1014 to 4 × 10–7 to 7.8 × 10–
(iii) Radiation can travel through vacuum rays 7.5 × 1014 Hz 7
m (4000Aº to
(iv) Radiation obeys the laws of reflection, 7800Aº)
refraction, interference, diffraction, polarization Infrared 3 × 1011 to 7.8 × 10–7 to 10–3
rays (heat) 4 × 1014 Hz (7800Aº to 3 × 105Aº)
etc
Microwaves 3 × 108 to 10–3m to 0.1m
(all optical phenomena)
3 × 1011 Hz
(vi) For point source, radiation energy obeys Radio 104 to 3 × 109 0.1m to 104 m
inverse square law i..e waves Hz
84
PHYSICS-X I-IIT-JEE HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION
4. INTERACTION WITH MATTER (iii) Absorption power or absorption coefficient (a):

Ratio of amount of radiation absorbed by the surface
Q Qr
to the amount of heat incident over it
Note :–
Qa
(a) A radiation incident over a surface is either refracted,
transmitted or absorbed,
Qt
so a + t + r = 1
(i) Due to incident radiations on the surface of a (b) The reflecting , refracting and transmitting powers of
body following phenomena occur, by which the a surface depends on nature of surface as well as on
radiation is divided into three parts the wavelength of radiation falling on them
(a) Reflection of radiation
(b) Absorption of radiation (iv) Emissive power (e) : Emissive power is defined as
(c) Transmission of radiation the amount of heat radiated by unit area of the
surface in one second at a particular temperature. It's
(ii) If the reflected, absorbed an transmitted parts are
unit is Joule/m2 or watt-sec/m2
Qr, Qa and Qt respectively then from the law of
conservation of energy (v) Spectral emissive power (e) : Amount of heat
Q = Qr + Qa + Qt radiated by unit area of the body in one second in unit
Q Qr Qa Q spectral region at a given wavelength. It's unit is
Or = + + t
Q Q Q Q watt/m2-AºC–1. Its value depends on temperature,
Where Q is the total incident radiation. (wavelength and nature of surface)
1=r+a+t (vi) Total emissive power (e) : Emissive power obtained
(iii) r =  reflection coefficient or reflecting power for total range of spectrum is related to total emissive
Qa power as follows
a=  absorption coefficient or absorptive 
Q
power
e= e d
0
  .
Qt (vii)Spectral absorptive power : Like emissive power,

t=  transmission coefficient or transmitting
Q the absorptive power of the surface also depends on
power the wavelength of radiation incident on it. It is
(iv) If a = 0, t = 0, then r = 1. Such a surface is a total defined as the ratio of radiation absorbed by the
or perfect reflector. surface in unit spectral region at a given wavelength
(v) If r = 0, t = 0, then a = 1, Such a surface is a total to the amount of radiation incident over it.
absorber and is called a black body Note:–
(vi) If r = 0, a = 0, then t = 1. The surface is then Absorption power and spectral absorptive power for
perfectly transparent and the substance is called perfect black body is taken as one
diathermanous.
(viii) Emissivity or relative emissive power (E): Ratio
5. DEFINITIONS of emissive power of a body at a given temperature
to the emissive power of a black body at the same
(i) Reflecting power or refracting coefficient (r) : temperature. It has no units.
Ratio of amount of radiation reflected by the
surface to the amount of heat incident over it Example :01
In a solar spectrum dark lines (fraunhofer lines) are
(ii) Transmitting power or transmitting coefficient
obtained due to
(t) : Ratio of amount of radiation transmitted by
(a) Absorption (b) reflection
the surface to the amount of heat incident over it
(c) Emission (d) transmission
aaa
85
Solution : (a) Example :05

Fraunhorfer lines are obtained due to the absorption of Energy spectrum of radiations emitted by a black
certain characteristic radiations. body is
Hence the correct answer is (a) (a) Line spectrum
(b) Continuous spectrum
Example :02 (c) Bond spectrum
Fraunhoffer lines are explained by (d) Line and continuous spectrum
(a) Provosts theory of heat exchanges Solution : (b)
(b) Newton's law of cooling Energy spectrum of radiation emitted by a black body is
continuous
(c) Stefan's law
Hence the correct answer is (b)
(d) Kirchoff’s law
Solution: (d)
Example :06
Fraunhoffer lines are explained on the basis of
If the rate of emission of radiation from a body is
Kirchhoff's law.
equal to the rate of absorbing, then the temperature of
Hence the correct answer is (d)
the body will be -
Example :03 (a) less than the temperature of the surrounding
The nature of radiation emitted by a black body (b) greater then the temperature of the surrounding
depends only on - (c) equal to the temperature of the surrounding
(d) nothing can be said
(a) The shape of a body
Solution : (c)
(b) The nature of a body
The temperature of the body will be equal to the
(c) The temperature of a body
temperature of surrounding
(d) The medium
Hence the correct answer is (c)
Solution : (c)
The nature of radiations emitted by a black body 6. IDEAL BLACK BODY
depends only upon the temperature of the body (i) Total absorber is said to be ideal black body
Hence the correct answer is (c) (ii) a = 1
(iii) For lamp black and platinum black a = 1 , therefore
Example :04 both can be assumed to be ideal black body
Two identical balls of wax are attached on the (iv) Ferry's black body is practical example of black body
outer surface of two tin sheets. The inner surface of (v) For a black body, a = 1, t = 0 and r = 0
P is coated with lamp black and that of Q is (vi) When black body is heated, it radiates all the
polished. If a source of heat is placed between P radiations absorbed by it.
and Q then which ball will melt first (vii) The perfect black body is only an ideal conception
(a) Q ball the body which completely absrobs the radiation of
(b) P ball all wavelengths incident on it and there is no
(c) Both simultaneously reflection and transmission is called a perfectly black
(d) Nothing can be predated body. Black body emits radiations of all wavelengths
Solution : (b) on heating and it is a good emitter. The nature of
As the black surfaces are good absorbers of heat. radiations emitted by the block body depends only on
Hence the P will melt first. the temperature. It does not depend on its nature,
Hence the correct answer is (b) size, mass etc.
86
7. LAWS OF RADIATION 9. NEWTON'S LAW OF COOLING

(a) Prevost’s theory of heat exchange
 d 
Rate of cooling of a body    is directly
(i) Mutual exchange of heat between any object  dt 
and it's surroundings occurs according to their proportional to excess of temperature or
temperatures  d 
   ( – 0)
(ii) This process is continuous  dt 
(iii) A body at high temperature emits more Where 0 = temperature of surroundings
radiations and absorbs less. Therefore it d
 = temperature of body or = k ( – 0)
experiences cooling. While the body at low dt
temperature absorbs more heat and dQ
experiences heating dt
or
(iv) At absolute zero temperature the radiated
d
energy is zero – dt
(v) The rate of radiation of energy from a body ( –0)
depends upon it's area , it's temperature and
 Limitation of Newton’s Law:–
the nature of surface. This does not depends
upon temperature difference between body (a) Temperature difference should not exceed 350C
and its surroundings (b) Loss of heat should only be by radiation
(vi) If temperature of body be TB and temperature (c) This law is an extended form of stefan -
Boltzman's law,
of surroundings be TS , Then
Therefore body should behave as black -body
(b) Kirchoff’s law
dQ d K
= –K ( – 0) or =– (  0 )
The ratio of spectral emissive power (e) to dt dt ms
spectral absorptive power (a) is the same for all Imp. Formulla to find the specific heat of any liquid
bodies at a given temperature and is equal to the from this law (on basis of Newton's law of cooling)
spectral emissive power of a blackbody at that
temperature. thus 

E  (body)
=E (black body) for different objects -
a  (body) 1
2 Water
 e   e    e   tL
  =   =   = .... = E tw
 a  1  a   2  a   3 t
Liquid
8. STEFAN'S LAW (W  m s)(1   2 ) (Ww  m w )(1   2 )

=
t tw
(i) Energy emitted per second by unit area of a black
body at absolute temperature T is proportional to 1  t 
or S =  (Ww  m w )  W 
fourth power of absolute temperature E  T4 or m  tw 
4
E =  T . Where,
 = Stefan’s constant Suffix l and w stand for liquid and water respectively
 = 5.67 × 10–8 joule/m2 second K4 Ww : water equivalent of calorimeter with water
(ii) This law is true for only ideal black body W: water equivalent of calorimeter with water
aaa
87
Example :07 Solution : (d)

If the absolute temperature of a body is increased dQ
Rate of heat loss
by 50%, then the increase in the amount of dt
radiation emitted by it will be : = A (T4 – T04)
(a) 500% (b) 400% dQ
(c) 200% (d) 100%  =4×102×10–4×5.67×10–8×(5004–3004)
dt
Solution : (b)
Solve it to get
 Percentage increase in the amount of radiations
dQ
emitted  = 387.4 Joule/sec
dt
E 2  E1 (1.5T1 ) 4  T14 dQ 387.4
 × 100 = × 100  = cal/sec
E1 T14 dt 4.2
E 2  E1
 × 100 = [(1.5)4 – 1] × 100 
dQ
= 92.24 cal/s.
E1 dt
E 2  E1 Hence the correct answer is (d)
× 100 = 400%
E1
Hence the correct answer is (b)
Example :10
Example :08
A blackened metal disc is held normal to the sun's
A blackened platinum wire of length 5cm and rays, Both of its surfaces are exposed to atmosphere if
perimeter 0.02cm is maintained at a temperature
the distance of earth from sun is 216 times the radius
of 3000K. Then at what rate the wire is losing its
of sun and the temperature of sun is 6000K, the
energy (Take s = 57 × 10–8 units)
(a) 4.62 W (b) 0.462W temperature of the disc in steady state will be –
(c) 46.2W (d) 4620W (a) 80ºC (b) 70ºC
Solution : (c) (c) 60ºC (d) 50ºC
The rate of radiation heat loss is Solution : (b)
dQ
= AT4 (watts) in the steady state the heat received from sun will be
dt
equal to heat radiated out. Heat received from sun will be
for blackened surface  = 1
on one side only and it will radiate from both sides.
and A = (2r)l = Perimeter x length
2
 A = 0.02 × 5 × 10–2. Thus  Rs 
 A  
dQ  d 
 = 0.02 × 5 ×10–4 × 5.7 × 10–8 × (3000)4
dt
dQ T4 = 2AT'4 ,
 = 46.2W
dt Rs 1
=
Hence correct answer is (c). d 216
Example :09 T
 T' =
A blackened sphere of radius 10cm at a (216)1/2 21/ 4
temperature 227ºC is placed in a chamber with 6000
blackened wall, maintained at 27ºC. Calculate the = = 343K
14.7 1.189
rate of loss of heat ?
(a) 9.224 cal/s (b) .9224 cal/s  T' = 70ºC
(c) 922.4 cal/s (d) 92.24 cal/s Hence correct answer is (b)
88
10. SPECTRUM OF RADIATIONS EMITTED BY (e) At any temperature the area between curve and 
axis gives the total energy emitted at that
BLACK – BODY
temperature. This is in accordance with the fact
(i) To study this spectrum , prism of rock salt is used that E  T4.
which absorbs minimum heat radiations otherwise (f) (E)max  T5
prism of grass etc absorb heat radiations. (g) Wein's law in form of frequency can be written
(ii) Spectral range of radiation energy emitted by  c
as m  T or = m =
black body depends on its temperature , not on T b
shape, volume, mass etc. where c is velocity of light
(iii) At different temperature it gives difference energy  m1  m2
 =
distributions as shown T1 T2
1649k
1449k
1259k
 1095k
E

(h) m  1
  m 
  T
T
T3>T2>T1
 Example :11
E T3
Behaving like a black body sun emits maximum
T2 radiation at wavelength 0.48m. The mean radius of
O
T1 the sun is 6.96 × 108m. Stefan's constant is
m3
m m2 5.67 × 10–8 wm–2k–4 and Wien's constant is 0.293 cm-k.
 The loss of mass per second by the emission of

radiation from sun is-
(iv) We can canclude from the fig 
(a) 5.32 × 109kg/s (b) 6.24 × 1010kg/s
 m5  m4  m3  m2  m1 12
(c) 8.65 × 10 kg/s (d) 2.46 × 1014kg/s
(a) Some energy E is always obtained at any Solution : (a)
temperature and at each wavelengths Using wien's law
(b) Maximum energy Emax is obtained at a b 0.293  10 2

T= = = 6104 K
m 0.48  10 6
particular wavelength m at a particular
Energy given out by sun per second E = AT4
temperature
= 4 (6.96 × 108)2 × 5.67 × 10–8 (6104)4
(c) Value of m decreases with increase in
 49.285 × 1025J
temperature. This is called 'Weins
Loss of mass per second
displacement Law'.
E 49.285  10 25
1 m= =
(d) According to weins law , m  c2 9  1016
T
or m T = b where b = Wein's constant  m = 5.4 × 109kg/s
b = 0.293 cmk or b = 2.93 × 10–3 mk Hence correct answer is (a)
aaa
89
Example :12 11. SOLAR CONSTANT

If the E curve for a black body at temperature The amount of normal incident heat radiations per
T is as shown in the figure, then curve at minute on a unit area placed at average distance
temperature 2T will be between sun and earth is said to be solar constant
denoted by S.
T 4 4R 2 T 4 r 2
 S= 2
or S =
4d d2
E Unit : Joule/m2-second or watt /m2
T
S = 1.94 calorie/cm2-minute
 R = radius of sun
 2 calorie/cm2-minute = 1358 watt/m2
d = distance between sun and earth
 
(a) E 2T (b) E 2T
12. CHANGE OF COLOUR OF A SUBSTANCE WITH
 
TEMPERATURE
  When a body is heated continuously , the maximum
(c) E 2T (d) E emitted wavelengths shift to right of electromagnetic
2T
  spectrum. Change of colour will be as follows -
Solution:(c)
Temperature (nearly) Colour
1
Em  T5 and m  i.e. on increasing temperature m 5250C Mild red
T
9000C Cherry red
decrease and Em increases Hence the correct answer is
10000C Orange red
(c).
12500C Yellow
Very high temperature Blue
Example :13
Which part of E- graph represents wien's –
13. CONDUCTION
A DF Conduction is the phenomenon of transfer of heat
through one part of the body to another, from particle
B to particle in the direction of fall of temperature
 G
without any actual movement of the particles.
E Q E
C For example : When we heat one end of a solid, its
 other end becomes hot. Heat goes from one end of
the rod to the other end by conduction.
(a) OA part (b) BC part In the process of conduction when an object is
(c) DE part (d) FG part heated, the particle of the body at higher temperature
Solution : (a) give heat to the particle at lower temperature. Hence
Wien's law is valid for low wavelength region. Hence the molecular collisions takes place by which the
the part OA of curve represents wien's law. transfer of energy occurs and the heat is transferred
Hence the correct answer is (a) from one end to the other.
90
14. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (iv) Temperature gradient : – The rate of change of

temperature with distance along the direction of flow
Thermal conductivity of a solid is a measure of of heat is called temperature gradient.
the ability of the solid to conduct heat through it.   –
Substances differ considerably from one another
1 2 1> 2
in this respect. For example, copper, silver etc. are
very good conductors of heat whereas glass, wood
etc. are bad conductors. x x
If we consider a metallic rod having  and 
– as the temperature of two isothermal surfaces
15. TERMS RELATED TO THE THERMAL which are being at a distance of x from each other,
CONDUCTIVITY than
 –d
(i) Variable State: As temperature of every cross Temperature gradient= =
section of the rod goes on increasing, the rod is x dx
(a) The negative sign indicates that temperature
said to be in variable state.
decreases with distance in the direction of heat
flow.
(ii) Steady State: This state of the rod, in which
temperature of each part becomes constant and (b) The unit of temperature gradient is ºC per meter.
there is no further absorption of heat anywhere in
the rod is called steady state. 16. LAW OF HEAT TRANSFER THROUGH
Note that in steady state temperature of each part CONDUCTION
of the rod is constant but not same. In steady state, the rate of flow of heat (dQ/dt),
through the cross–section of the conductor is,
Note:– (i) Directly proportional to the area A of surface
Theory of conduction is valid only at steady state.  dQ 
  A
 dt 
(iii) Isothermal surface: – If we consider a metallic (ii) Directly proportional to the temperature gradient
rod in which heat flows from one end to the other (–d/dx) i.e.
so that after some time, a steady state is reached.  dQ   –d 
In this state temperature of every transverse    
 dt   dx 
section of rod is same on the whole area of On combining the above two forms, we get,
section. This transverse section of the rod behaves
 dQ   –d 
as an isothermal surface.    A.  
 dt   dx 
 dQ   d 
  = – kA   ...(a)
 dt   dx 
1 2 Where k is constant called as coefficient of thermal
conductivity of the material. The unit of coefficient
1> 2 of thermal conductivity is J/m–sec–k.
Now if dH is the amount of heat transfer in time
Isothermal surface interval dt then,
dQ dH
=
(a) At isothermal surface, the temperature of all dt dt
the molecules is same. dH KA
(b) These surfaces never intersect each other = = rate of heat flow
dt x
(c) The shape of isothermal surface depends on If heat enters from one end such that temperature
the shape of conductor and nature of flow of decreases with distance in the direction of heat flow
heat. It can be (1D, 2D or 3D) heat flow. than,
(d) The direction of heat flow is always normal to dH KAd
=–
the isothermal surface. dt dx
aaa
91
Example :14 Q KA(1  2 )

=
A cubical ice box of thermocule has each side t x
30 cm and a thickness of 5 cm.4 kg of ice is put in (0.04W / mº C)(1.44m2 )(40º C)
= =154 W.
the box. If outside temp. is 45° C and coefficient of 0.015m
thermal conductivity = 0.01 JS–1 m–1 °C–1, calculate The rate at which the ice melts is
the mass of ice left after 6 hours. Take latent heat 154W
= = 0.46 g/s.
of fusion of ice 3.36  105 J / kg
= 335 × 103 J/Kg.
Solution:
Here, length of each side, 17. THERMAL RESISTANCE
 = 30 cm = 0.3 m Thickness of each side, Eqn. (a) can be rewritten as
dx = 5 cm = 0.05 m dQ d
Total surface area through which heat enters into the 
dt dx / KA
box, A = 62 = 6 × 0.3 × 0.3 = 0.54 m2
This is analogous to ohm’s law equation
Temp. diff. T = 45 – 0 = 45°C
K = 0.01 J s–1 m–1 °C–1  =
V
Time, t = 6 hrs = 6 × 60 × 60 s R
Latent heat of fusion L = 335 × 10³ J/kg
dx
Llet m be the mass of ice melted in this time The quantity is called Thermal Resistance, in
KA
 T 
= Q  mL  KA   t analogy to electrical resistance greater the thermal
 x 
 T  t resistance, better will be the thermal insulation and
 KA   poorer will be the thermal conduction.
 x  L
45 6  60  60
= 0.01 × 0.54 ×  = 0.313 kg Example :16
0.05 335 103
mass of ice left Calculate approximately the heat passing per hour
= 4 – 0313 = 3.687 kg through the walls and windows of room 5 by
5 meters if the walls are of bricks of thickness
30cms and have windows of glass 3mm thick and total
Example :15
area 5 square meters. The temperature of the room is
An ice box made of 1.5 cm thick styrofoam has 30º below that of the outside and the thermal
dimensions 60 cm × 60 cm × 30 cm. It contains ice conductivity of bricks and of glass is
at 0ºC and is kept in a room at 40ºC. Find the rate 12 × 10–4 and 25 × 10–4 C.G.S. units respectively.
at which the ice is melting. Latent heat of fusion of Solution :
ice = 3.36 × 105 J/kg. and thermal conductivity of
Let Q1 be the heat passing through the walls, then
styrofoam = 0.04 W/m–ºC.
KA(T1  T2 )t
Solution : Q=
x
The total surface area of the walls
Here area of four walls including windows
= 2(60 cm × 60 cm + 60 cm × 30 cm + 60 cm × 30 cm)
= 500 × 500 × 4 = 10,00,000
= 1.44 m2.
Area of all windows = 5 sq. meter = 50,000 sq. cn
The thickness of the walls = 1.5 cm = 0.015 m.
 Net area of brick walls
The rate of heat flow into the box is
= 10,00,000 – 50,000 = 9,50,000 sq.cm
92
K for bricks = 12 × 10–4 C.G.S. units (i) Total heat current in the bar
x = 30cm, (T1 – T2) = 30ºC and Q Q  Q2
= 1
t = 1 hr = 3600 sec. t t
0.9  3.14(0.5)2100 0.12  3.14  0.75  100
(12 104 )(9,50, 000)(30)(3600) = +
Q1 = 200 200
30
3.14  100
= 4104000 cal = [0.9 × 0.25 + 0.12 × 0.75]
200
Heat passing through glass windows 3.14 3.14  0.315
= × [0.225 + 0.09] =
(25  104 )(50, 000)(30)(3600) 2 2
Q2 = = 45000000 cal. = 0.4945 cal per second.
0.3
Total heat passing Q = Q1 + Q2 (ii) On simplification, we get
= 4104000 + 45000000 Q1 0.9  (0.5) 2
=
= 49104 × 103 calories. Q 0.9  (0.5)2  0.12  0.75
0.9  0.25 0.9
= = = 71.42%
0.315 1.26
Example :17 Q2
= 100 – 71.42 = 28.58%
A compound bar 2m long is constructed of a solid Q
copper core 1 cm in diameter surrounded by a steel
casing whose outer diameter is 2cm. The outer 18. COMPARISON OF HEAT CONDUCTION WITH
surface of the bar is thermally insulated and one is ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION
maintained at 100ºC, the other is at 0ºC.  Electrical Conduction
(i) Find the total heat current in the bar. 1. Electrical charge flows from higher potential
(ii) What percentage is carried by each material. to lower potential
2. The rate of flow of charge is called electric
K for copper = 0.9 cal-cm–1sec–1(ºC)–1,
dq
and K for steel = 0.12 cal-cm–1sec–1(ºC)–1, current. I 
dt
Solution : 3. By Ohm’s law,
The compound bar is shown in fig. The rate of flow v  v2
I 1
through copper bar is given by R
4. The electrical resistance is given by
Q1 K r 2 (T  T2 )
= 1 1 1  
t d R  
A A
Where  is resistivity and  is conductivity
 Thermal Conduction
0.5 cm 1cm 1. Heat flows from higher temperature to lower
Copper temperature
Steel 2. The rate of flow of heat is called as heat current
0ºC dQ
100ºC I
dt
3. The heat current is given as
Where r1 is the radius
T  T2
Q1 0.9  3.14  (0.5)2100 I 1
 = R Th
t 200
4. The thermal resistance is given by
For steel bar 
R Th 
Q2 0.12[3.14{(1)2  (0.5)2 }]100 KA
=
t 200 Where k is thermal conductivity of the conductor
aaa
93
19. COMBINATION OF STRAIGHT RODS The ends of the rod are maintained at temperature 1
and 2. The same temperature difference is
 19.1 Series Combination :– Suppose we have maintained between the ends of each rod.
two rods of same cross-sectional area A. The dH1 dH 2
Let and be the heat conducted in first and
length of the rods are 1 and 2 and coefficient of dt dt
dH
thermal conductivity are K1 and K2 respectively. second rod. The resultant of these is assumed to be
dt
.
A (1) B () C (2) If Keq. is the equivalent coefficient of thermal
conductivity of parallel combination, then

1 2 Req. =
K eq. (A1  A 2 )
 1 1 1 
The ends of the composite rod are maintained at Using eqn.     for Req.
temperature 1 and 2. Let  be common  R eq R1 R 2 
temperature of the junction. 1 1 
 =
In steady state, any heat that goes through the first R1 R 2 K eq. (A1  A 2 )
rod also goes through the second rod. So same R1 R 2 
heat current passes through the two rods. =
R1  R 2 K eq. (A1  A 2 )
If Keq. is the equivalent coefficient of thermal
 
conductivity of the combination of rods, then 
K1A1 K 2 A 2 
thermal resistance of the combination becomes =
  K (A 1  A2 )
1   2  eq.
R= K1A1 K 2 A 2
AK eq.
 
=
2  k1 A1  k 2 A 2 K eq. (A1  A 2 )
[Comparing with the eqn. Req =  1 ]
AK 2 AK1 K1 A1  K 2 A 2
2  Keq.=
  2 A1  A 2
 1 = 1
AK 2 AK1 AK eq.
2    2  19.3 Mixed Combination : – In mixed combination
 1 = 1
K 2 K1 K eq. of rods, concept of electricity are valid.
1   2
Keq. =
1  2
 20. THERMAL EXPANSION
K1 K 2
 Solids are made of atoms and molecules. At a given
 19.2 Parallel Combination: – Suppose we have temperature, the atoms and molecules are placed at
two rods of same length  and area of cross- some equilibrium distance. When heat is supplied to
sections A1 and A2. The coefficient of thermal solid, the interatomic separation increases by which
conductivity be K1 and K2 respectively. there is an expansion of solids. This expansion can be
in terms of length/area/volume.
From the above tree, it is clear that the thermal
A1 expansion of solid is classified into three categories.
1 2
(a) Linear expansion of solids
A2 (b) Superficial expansion of solids
(c) Cubical expansion of solids
 Now we shall discuss these topics one by one.
94
Thermal expansion of solid
Linear Superficial expansion Cubical

expansion expansion
21. LINEAR EXPANSION OF SOLID 22. APPLICATION OF LINEAR EXPANSION

(i) Almost all solids expand on heating. On 22.1 Differential expansion of two solid rod
increasing the temperature of a solid, its length (a) Suppose there are two rods of length 1 and 2. The
increases. This change in length of a solid on
heating is called linear expansion. first rod is kept on the other such that the initial
separation between the free ends of the rod is
(ii) Coefficient of linear expansion is defined as
fractional increase in length per ºC rise in S = 2 – 1
temperature. If  is the length of the rod at Both the rods are initially at a temperature of t1ºC.
1
T K and as the temperature is changed to
S
T + T its length becomes +, so
coefficient of linear expansion is given by 2
   On heating the entire system, the temperature
  d

=   = increases to t2 such that the length of both the rod
T   dT
increases. So, if the new length of the rod be 1 and
(iii) Unit of  is Per Kelvin or Per ºC. It is positive
for metals except carbon. The value of  is 2 then
negative for plastic because in plastic when the 1= 1[1 + 1 (t2 – t1)]
temperature increases, length decreases.
2= 2 [1 + 2 (t2 – t1)]
(iv) The numerical value of  is same in both the
Here 1 and 2 are the coefficients of linear
units i.e. in Per Kelvin or Per ºC
expansion at t1 and t2 ºC
(v) If  is coefficient of linear expansion at t1ºC. '1
1 = length of the rod at t1ºC S'
2 = length of the rod at t2ºC

'2
 2 = 1[1 + (t2 – t1)] Now the separation between the free ends of the rod
also changes such that
t may be in any unit ºC or ºK because in the S= 2 – 1
formula there is a difference of temperature
= 2 [1 + 2 (t2 – t1)] – 1 [1 + 1(t2 – t1)]
which remains same for ºC or ºK.
(vi) If length of the rod is 0 at 0ºC and t at tºC than = (2 –1) + (22 – 11) (t2 – t1)
If the new separation S of the composite rod is
  t = 0 [1 +  (t – 0)] equal to the original separation then
t = 0(1 + t) S= S
 (2 –1) + (22 – 11) (t2 – t1) = 2 –1
where  is temperature coefficient of linear
expansion at 0ºC. Here t should be in ºC only (22 – 11)(t2 – t1) = 0
because initial temperature is taken as 0ºC. 22 – 11 = 0  22 = 11
aaa
95
HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION PHYSICS -X I-IIT-JEE
Example :18 22.3 Thermal stress

If the volume of a block of a metal changes by 0.12% (a) When a rod is heated or cooled, it expands or
when it is heated through 20°C, what is the contracts. It is turned as free expansion of the rod
coefficient of linear expansion of metal?
Solution : 1 t1ºC
Coefficient of cubical expansion of metal is given by
V t1ºC strain =0
 2
Vt
 V 0.12
 , t = 20°C Actually no strain is being developed because on
V 100
0.12 increasing the temperature the length of the rod
  = 6.0 × 10–5 per °C
100  20 increases so at t2ºC, 2 because natural length of
Coefficient of linear expansion rod.
 6.0  105
  = 2.0 × 10–5 Per °C
3 3 (b) Now if the ends of the rods are rigidly fixed so as to
prevent it from expansion or contraction than stress
22.2 Radius of Bimetallic strip
is produced in the rod. By virtue of this thermal
If two strips of different metals are welded together
to form a bimetallic strip, when heated uniformly it stress the rod exerts a large force on the supports.
bends in the form of an arc, the metal with greater
coefficient of linear expansion lies on convex side. t1ºC
The radius of arc thus formed by bimetal is :
1
d t2ºC
R
( 2  1 )(t 2  t1 ) 2
t2ºC
d
or R  1
( 2  1 )t
L The first figure indicates the rod kept at a
d temperature t1ºC having length 1. The rod is
at t10C
d between two rigid supports. If the supports were not
L there then on increasing the temperature the free
L1
expansion occurs by which length becomes 2 at
higher temperature t2ºC. The third figure indicates
that on increasing the temperature to t2ºC, the
L2
length remains same but a compressive strain is
d
induced in the rod.
t20C d
If 1 is the length of the rod at t1ºC and on
R
 increasing the temperature to t2ºC its length
becomes 2 then
Where t = temp. difference between the two ends. 2 = 1 [1 +  (t2 – t1)]

d = thickness of each strip
2 = 1 + 1 (t2 – t1)
1 & 2  coefficients of linear expansion
96
PHYSICS -X I-IIT-JEE HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION
 2  1
=  (t2 – t1)
1 F F
Heated Cooled
The above relationship indicates the thermal strain
22.4 Effect of temperature on Pendulum clock
developed in the rod. i.e.
A pendulum clock consists of a metal rod or wire
  1
Thermal strain = 2 =  (t2 – t1) with the bob at one end.
2
Let 1 be the length of the simple pendulum at 1ºC
stress than time period T1 is given by
In elasticity, Young's modulus =
strain
Stress = Y (t2 – t1) 1
T1 = 2 ...(i)
g
stress
As force =
area
Force = YA  (t2 – t1) Now when the temperature increases to 2ºC the
effective length becomes 2 so that
(c) If the rod is in its natural length at t1ºC while at t2ºC
it is in compressed state, then 2
T2 = 2 ...(ii)
Change in length g
Strain =
Original length
Dividing eqn. (ii) by (i), we get
T2 2
t1ºC =
T1 1

But 2 = 1 [1 +  (2 –1)]
t2ºC
T2 1[1  (2 – 1 )]
So =
 T1 1
T2
In this case first figure represents the rod of length  at = [1 +  (2 – 1)]½
T1
t1ºC when the temperature is lowered to t2ºC the
length of the rod remains same but a tensile strain is T2
= 1 + 1/2  (2 –1)
developed in the rod. T1
(  t)  
= T2 – T1
  t = 1/2  (2 –1)
T1
 t t
= =  t
  t   t Change in time period T = T2 – T1 = 1/2 ..T1
The above expression represents the time lost per
Stress =  t oscillation. Thus a pendulum clock loses time in
summer and gains time in winter.
(d) When the temperature of the rod is increased, the
compressor stress is developed while on decreasing Note:–
the temperature of the rod the tensile stress is If a pendulum clock is giving correct time when
developed. time period is T than
aaa
97
HEAT TRANSFER & THERMAL EX PANSION PHYSICS -X I-IIT-JEE
If T increases, clock becomes slow. (ii) If A0 is the area of solid at 0ºC. On heating the rod
If T decreases, clock becomes fast. to t1ºC, the area becomes At so that
At = A0 [1 + t]
Where  is coefficient of superficial expansion at
Example :19
0ºC and t should be in ºC only.
A clock which keeps correct time at 25ºC has a (iii) If the area of solid at temperature t1ºC is A1 and on
pendulum made of brass whose coefficient of linear heating the rod, the area becomes A2 at t2ºC than
expansion is 0.000019. How many seconds a day will A2 = A1 [1 +  (t2 – t1)]
it gain if the temperature fall to 0ºC. Where  is coefficient of superficial expansion at
Solution: t1ºC.
Let L0 and L25 be the length of pendulum at 0ºC and
25ºC respectively. (iv) Coefficient of superficial expansion is defined as
We know that fractional increase in area per ºC rise in
L25 = L0(1 + T) temperature.
= L0(1 + 0.000019 × 25) = 1.000475 L0 A A dA
If T25 and T0 be the time periods at 25ºC and 0ºC = =
T A.dT
respectively, then
 L25   L0  (v) Unit of  is per ºC or per Kelvin

T25 = 2   and T0 = 2  
 g   g 
24. VOLUME EXPANSION OF SOLID
T25 L   1.000475L0 
 =  25  =   (i) On increasing the temperature of rod, its volume
T0  L0   L0 
changes.
= (1.000475) = 1.000237.
T25 – T0 (ii) If V0 is the volume of solid at 0ºC and on increasing
Now = 0.000237.
T0 the temperature, volume becomes Vt than,
 Gain in time for one vibration
Vt = V0 [1 + t]
= 2 × 0.000237 sec.
Where  is coefficient of volume expansion at 0ºC.
Number of vibration in one day
Here also t should be in ºC only.
24  60  60
= sec. ( T = 2 sec.) (iii) If V1 is the volume of solid at t1ºC and on
2
increasing the temperature to t2ºC the volume
Hence, the gain in time in one day
becomes V2 then,
24  60  60
= 2 × 0.000237 × = 20.52 sec. V2 = V1 [1 +  (t2 – t1)]
2
Where  is coefficient of volume expansion at t1ºC.
(iv) Coefficient of volume expansion is defined as the

23. SUPERFICIAL EXPANSION OF SOLID fractional increase in volume per ºC rise in
(i) On increasing the temperature of solid, its area temperature.
V V dV
increases. This change in area is referred as = =
T V.dT
superficial expansion of solids.
(v) Unit of  is per ºC or per Kelvin.
98
SUPERFICIAL EXPANSION () & COEFFICIENT V= V (1 + t)

OF CUBICAL EXPANSION () Now density
m m
dt= =
 = 2  V V(1   t)
 = 3 d0
dt =
2 (1  t)
 = 
3 Here  is coefficient of cubical expansion at 0ºC.
26. CHANGE IN DENSITY OF SOLID WITH

TEMPERATURE
Suppose m is the mass of a solid which at a given
temperature occupies a volume V so that density at
m
0ºC is d0 =
V
Now if the temperature is increased by tºC, mass
will remain unchanged but due to thermal
expansion volume increases so that,
aaa
99
EXERCISE # 1
Based On Conduction 5. Heat is flowing through a conductor of length 
1. Which of the following cylindrical rods will from x = 0 to x = . If its thermal resistance per
conduct most heat, when their ends are unit length is uniform, which of the following
graphs is/are correct –
maintained at the same steady temperature.
(A) length 100 cm, radius 1 cm
T T
(B) length 100 cm, radius 2 cm (A) (B)
(C) length 200 cm, radius 2 cm
O x O x
(D) length 200 cm, radius 1 cm
T
T
2. Heat is flowing through the cylindrical rods of (C) (D)
the same material. The diameters of the rods are
O x O x
in the ratio 1 : 2 and their lengths are in the ratio
6. If there is no heat loss in the body shown and
2 : 1. If the temperature difference between their
only heat transfer due to conduction take place
ends is the same then the ratio of the amount of then which graph is most appropriate in case of
heat conducted through them per unit time will steady state (T1 > T2). (Given : Thermal
be- conductivity K = constant)
(A) 1 : 1 (B) 2 : 1 (C) 1 : 4 (D) 1 : 8
T1 T2
K
3. When two ends of a rod wrapped with cotton are
T1>T2
maintained at different temperatures and after T T
some time every point of the rod attains a
constant temperature, then –
(A) (B)
(A) Conduction of heat at different points of the
x x
rod stops because the temperature is not T T
increasing.
(B) Rod is bad conductor of heat (C) (D)
(C) Heat is being radiated from each point of the x x
rod 7. Three rods AB, BC and BD of same length  and

(D) Each point of the rod is giving heat to its cross-sectional area A are arranged as shown.
neighbour at the same rate at which it is The end D is immersed in ice whose mass is 440
receiving heat. gm. Heat is being supplied at constant rate of 200
cal/sec from the end A. Time in which whole ice
4. One end of a metal rod is dipped in boiling water will melt (Latent heat of fusion of ice is 80
and the other is dipped in melting ice. cal/gm)
K, 2K,
(A) All parts of the rod are in thermal equilibrium 20 0 cal/ sec 1 0 0°C
A B C
with each other.
K/ 2
(B) We can assign a temperature to the rod.
ice
(C) We can assign a temperature to the rod after D
steady state is reached.

(A) 40/3 min (B) 700 sec
(D) The state of the rod does not change after
(C) 20/3 min (D) indefinitely long time
steady state is reached.
100
8. In a 20m deep lake, the bottom is at a constant and Ls are heated by the same source such that
temperature of 4°C. The air temperature is one of their ends is kept at the temperature T of
constant at –10°C. The thermal conductivity of
the source while their other ends are maintained
ice is 4 times that water. Neglecting the
expansion of water on freezing, the maximum at 0°C under steady state conditions. (heat flow is
thickness of ice will be same in both) If the linear thermal conductivity of
20 200
(A) m (B) m (C) 20 m (D) 10 m copper and steel be K c and Ks, then the ratio Lc/Ls
11 11
will be given by :-
9. There is formation of layer of ice x cm thick on Lc K s Lc K c
(A)  (B) 
water, when the temperature of air is –°C (less Ls K c Ls K s
than freezing point). The thickness of layer
increases from x to y in the time t, then the value Lc Kc
(C)  (D) None of these
of t is given by- Ls Ks
(x  y)(x  y)L (x  y)L
(A) (B)
2K 2K Combination of rod
Based On
(x  y)(x  y)L (x  y)LK
(C) (D)
K 2 13. A slab consist of two parallel layers of copper
and brass of the same thickness and having
10. In a 10-metre-deep lake, the bottom is at a constant
thermal conductivities in the ratio 1 : 4. If the free
temperature of 4°C. The air temperature is constant
at –4°C. The thermal conducitivity of ice is 3 times face of brass is at 100ºC and that of copper at
that of water. Neglecting the expansion of water on 0ºC, the temperature of interface is-
freezing, the maximum thickness of ice will be-
(A) 80ºC (B) 20ºC (C) 60ºC (D) 40ºC
(A) 7.5 m (B) 6 m
(C) 5 m (D) 2.5 m
14. Two identical square rods of metal are welded
11. A rod of length  and cross section area A has a end to end as shown in figure (A), 20 calories of
variable thermal conductivity given by heat flows through it in 4 minutes. If the rods are
k = T, where  is a positive constant and T is welded as shown in figure (B). The same amount
temperature in kelvin. Two ends of the rod are of heat will flow through the rods in –
maintained at temperatures T1 and T2
(T1 > T2). Heat current flowing through the rod 0ºC 100ºC
under steady state will be
(a)
A (T12  T22 ) A(T12  T22 )
(A) (B)
 
0ºC 100ºC
A (T12  T22 ) A (T12  T22 )
(C) (D)
3 2 (b)
12. Two rods of copper and steel, each of the same (A) 1 minute (B) 2 minutes
area of cross-section but of different lengths Lc (C) 4 minutes (D) 16 minutes
aaa
101
15. A wall has two layers A and B, each made of
different materials. Both the layers have the same
thickness. The thermal conductivity of the H
material of A is twice that of B. Under thermal H
equilibrium, the temperature difference across the (C) (D)
wall is 36ºC. The temperature difference across O x
the layer A is– O x
(A) 6ºC (B) 12ºC 19. The ends of an unlagged rod are in contact with
(C) 18ºC (D) 24ºC reservoirs maintained at 100ºC and 0ºC through
16. Two rectangular blocks A and B of different thin end-pieces of a material of lower thermal
metals have same length and same area of cross- conductivity than the rod.
section. They are kept in such a way that their End-piece
cross-sectional area touch each other. The
temperature at one end of A is 100ºC and that of 100°CUnlagged rod 0°C
B at the other end is 0ºC. If the ratio of their
X Y
thermal conductivity is 1 : 3, then under steady
state, the temperature of the junction in contact Which one of the following graphs best
will be – represents the variation of temperature with
(A) 25ºC (B) 50ºC distance between the faces of the reservoirs.
T(°C) T(°C)
(C) 75ºC (D) 100ºC
100 100
17. Three rods of the same dimensions have thermal
conductivities 3k, 2k and k. They are arranged as (A) 0 (B) 0
shown, with their ends at 100ºC, 50ºC and 0ºC.
X Y X Y
The temperature of their junction is – Distance Distance
50°C T(°C) T(°C)
2k 100 100
100°C
3k (C) 0 (D) 0
k
X Y X Y
Distance Distance
0°C
200 100 20. Two bars of equal length and the same cross-
(A) 75ºC (B) C (C) 40ºC (D) C
3 3 sectional area but of different thermal
18. Radius of a conductor increases uniformly from conductivities, k1 and k2, are joined end-to-end as
left end to right end as shown if figure. Material shown in figure. One end of the composite bar is
of the conductor is isotropic and its curved maintained at temperature Th whereas the
surface is thermally isolated from surrounding. Its opposite end is held at Tc.
Th Tj Tc
ends are maintained at temperatures T1 and T2
k1 k2
(T1>T2).
 
If there are no heat losses from the sides of the

T1 T2 bars, the temperature Tj of the junction is given
by
k (T  Tc )
x (A) 2 h
k1 2
If, in steady state, heat flow rate is equal to H,
k2
then which of the following graphs is correct– (B) (Th  Tc )
k1  k 2
H H k1  k 2 (Tk  Tc )
(C)
(A) (B) 2 2
1
O x O x (D) (k1Th  k 2 Tc )
k1  k 2
102
21. PQ is fully-lagged metal bar, containing a section 24. An irregular rod of same uniform material as
of XY of a material of lower thermal shown in figure is conducting heat at a steady
conductivity. The thermal conductivities of the rate. The temperature gradient at various sections
two materials are independent of temperature. versus area of cross section graph will be
Ends P and Q are maintained at different
temperatures.
Heat
P X Y Q
lagging dT/dx
In the steady state, the temperature difference

across XY would be independent of– (A)
(A) the temperature difference between P and Q
A
(B) the metal of which the bar is made
dT/dx
(C) the thickness of the section XY
(D) the distance of the section XY from the end P
(B)
22. Two different rods A and B are kept as shown in
A
figure.
dT/dx
Temp.(°C)
100° (C)
70°
A
35°
dT/dx
Distance
0 30 100 (cm)
100°C 70°C 35°C (D)
A B
A
The variation of temperature of different cross
sections is plotted in a graph shown in figure. 25. In the figure shown, AB is a rod of length 30 cm
The ratio of thermal conductivities of A and B is and area of cross-section 1.0 cm2 and thermal
(A) 2 (B) 0.5 (C) 1 (D) 2/3
conductivity 336 S.I. units. The ends A & B are
maintained at temperatures 20o C and 40o C
23. Three rods of identical cross sectional area and
respectively. A point C of this rod is connected to
made from the same material form the sides of an
equilateral triangle. The point A and B are a box D, containing ice at 0o C, through a highly
maintained at T and 2T respectively. In steady conducting wire of negligible heat capacity. The
state temperature of point C is Tc. (Assuming rate at which ice melts in the box is :
only heat conduction takes place). The value of [Latent heat of fusion for ice L, = 80 cal/gm]
Tc is
A C B
C 20°C 40°C
10cm 20cm
highly conducting wire
Ice D
0°C
B
A
2 3 (A) 84 mg/s (B) 84 g/s
(A) T/2 (B) T (C) T (D) T
3 2 (C) 20 mg/s (D) 40 mg/s
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103
26. A copper rod and a steel rod of equal cross- 28. Over a certain temperature range, the thermal
sections and lengths (L) are joined side by side conductivity k of a metal is not constant but
and connected between two heat baths as shown varies as indicated in figure. A lagged rod of the
in the figure. metal has its ends maintained at temperatures T1
and T2(T2> T1) as shown in figure–
k
T1 T3 lagging T2
T1 copper steel T2
T1 > T2
x=0 x = 2L T
T2
mid-point
T1
If heat flows through them from x = 0 to x = 2L
at a steady rate and conductivities of the metals
Which one of the following correctly describes
are Kcu & Ksteel (Kcu > Ksteel), then the
how T3, the temperature at the mid-point of the
temperature varies as (convection and radiation
rod, compares with T1 and T2 ?
are negligible)
(A) T3 = (T1 + T2)/2 (B) T3 = (T1 – T2)/2
T (C) T3 > (T1 + T2)/2 (D) T3 < (T1 + T2)/2
T1
(A) 29. The radiant energy from the sun incident normally at
T2 the surface of Earth is 20 kcal/m2-min. What would
x=0 x = 2L have been the radiant energy incident normally
T on the Earth, if the sun had a temperature twice of
T1
the present one–
(B) (A) 160 kcal/m2-min (B) 40 kcal/m2-min
T2 (C) 320 kcal/m2-min (D) 80 kcal/m2-min
x=L x = 2L
T
T1 30. An ideal black body emits maximum intensity of
radiation of wavelength 5000 Å at temperature
(C) 12270C. If its temperature is increased by 103 0C
T2 then the maximum emission wavelength will be
L 2L x
(A) 5000 Å (B) 4000 Å
T
T1 (C) 3500Å (D) 3000 Å
31. Two stars X and Y emit yellow and blue lights.
(D)
Out of these whose temperature will be more?
T2
(A) that of Y
L 2L x
(B) that of X
(C) that of both
Based On Wien's law
(D) sometimes X and sometimes Y
27. Two stars A and B radiate maximum energy at
wavelength 4000Aº and 5000Aº respectively. The 32. Two stars emit maximum radiation of wavelength
ratio of their temperatures will be – 3600 Å and 4800 Å respectively. The ratio of
(A) 1 : 2 (B) 2 : 1 their temperatures is–
(C) 4 : 5 (D) 5 : 4 (A) 1 : 2 (B) 3 : 4 (C) 4 : 3 (D) 2 : 1
104
33. The spectral emission power of a black body at 38. A and B are two points on a uniform metal ring
6000 K is maximum at 5500 Å. If the whose centre is C. The angle ACB = . A and B
temperature is increased by 10% then decrease in are maintained at two different constant
the value of m will be temperatures. When = 180º, the rate of total
(A) 10% (B) 11.1% heat flow from A to B is 1.2W. When  = 90º,
(C) 5.0% (D) 9.1% this rate will be –
(A) 0.6W (B) 0.9 W
34. A body cools from 50.0°C to 49.9°C in 5 s. How (C) 1.6W (D) 1.8W
long will it take to cool from 40.0°C to 39.9°C?
Assume the temperature of surroundings to be 39. A sphere density , specific heat capacity C and
30.0°C radius r is hung by a thermally insulating thread
(A) 2.5 s (B) 10 s (C) 20 s (D) 5 s in an enclosure which is kept at a lower
temperature than the sphere. The temperature of
35. The power emitted per unit area of a black body the sphere starts to drop at a rate which depends
is R watt/m2. At what wavelength will the power upon the temperature difference between the
radiated by the black body be maximum. If the sphere and the enclosure and the nature of surface
Stefan's constant is  and Wien's constant is b, of sphere and is proportional to –
then C 1
1/ 4 1/4
(A) (B)
 b  b r 3 3
r C
(A)  =   (B)  =  
R  R 1
(C) 3r3C (D)
1/ 4 1/4 rC
 bR  
(C)  =   (D)  = b  
   R 40. Two large black plane surfaces are maintained at
constant temperature T1 and T2(T1 > T2). Two
Based On Kirchhoff's law thin black plates are placed between the two
surfaces and in parallel to these. After some time,
36. A block of ice at –10ºC is placed in a room which
steady conditions are obtained. What is the ratio
has temperature of 27ºC. Then the ice–
of heat transfer rate between plate-1 & plate-3 to
(A) Does not emit any radiation
the ratio of original (when plate-3 & plate-4 was
(B) Emits some radiation but absorbs an equal
not present) heat tranfer rate between plate-1 &
amount of radiation
(C) Absorbs more radiation than it emits
plate-2 () in steady state ?
(D) Emits more radiation then it absorbs T1 T2

37. An aluminium sphere 10 cm in diameter is
suspended by a fine thread inside an evacuated
jar, so that it can lose heat only by radiation. The
sphere is initially at temperature 127ºC. Then the
initial net rate of heat loss of the sphere is (given
1 34 2
density of aluminium 2.7 g/cm3, emissivity  =
1 1
0.1 and specific heat s = 0.92 J/gK) – (Surrounding (A)  = (B)  =
2 3
temperature = 27ºC)
(C)  = 1 (D)  = 0
(A) 3.13 W (B) 6.13 W (C) 31.3 W (D) 997 W
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105
41. Assume that the entire surface of a burning log of 46. A thin spherical shell and a thin cylindrical shell
wood is at the same temperature. Some small (closed at both ends) have same volume. Both the
spots on the wood appear brighter than the rest of shells are filled with water at the same
temperature and are exposed to the same
the surface. At such a spot– atmosphere. Initial temperature of water is
(A) there is a small cavity in the wood. slightly greater than that of surrounding. Then at
(B) there is a small hump (convex portion) in the initial moment –
wood. (A) Rate of heat radiation from two shells will be
(C) less ash has formed than on the rest of the same.
(B) Rate of fall of temperature in both the shells
wood. will be same.
(D) more ash has formed than on the rest of the (C) Rate of heat radiation and rate of fall of
wood. temperature, both in cylindrical shell are less
than those in spherical shell.
42. There are two thin spheres A and B of the same (D) None of these.
material and same thickness. They emit like black
bodies. Radius of A is double that of B. A and B 47. Two solid spheres, of radii R1 and R2 are made of
have same temperature T. When A and B are kept the same material and have similar surfaces. The
sphere are raised to the same temperature and
in a room of temperature T0 (< T), the ratio of
then allowed to cool under identical conditions.
their rates of coolling (rate of fall of temperature) Assuming spheres to be perfect conductors of
is : [assume negligible heat exchange between A heat, then their initial rates of loss of heat are –
and B] (A) R12/R22 (B) R1/R2
(A) 2 : 1 (B) 1 : 1 (C) R2/R1 (D) R22/R12
(C) 4 : 1 (D) 8 : 1
48. Two electric lamps A and B radiate the same
power. Their filaments have the same dimensions
Based On Stefan's law and have emissivities eA and eB. Their surface
T
43. A thin square steel plate with each side equal to temperatures are TA and TB. The ratio A will be
TB
10 cms is heated by a blacksmith. The rate of
equal to :–
radiated energy by the heated plate is 1134 watts. 1/ 4 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 4
The temperature of the hot steel plate is– e  e  e  e 
(A)  B  (B)  B  (C)  A  (D)  A 
(Stefan's constant  = 5.67 × 10–8 watts m–2K–4  eA   eA   eB   eB 
emissivity of the plate = 1)
(A) 1000K (B) 1189K 49. The temperature of a well stirred liquid kept open
to a cold surrounding is plotted against time.
(C) 2000K (D) 2378K
Temperature (°C)
44. Two sphere made of same substance have radii 50
1m and 4m, and temperatures 4000ºK and 45
2000ºK respectively. The ratio of power radiated 40
by two spheres is – 35
1
(A) 1/2 (B) ¼ (C) 4 (D) 1 30

2
25
45. The rate of emission of radiation of a body at 20
temperature 27ºC is 20 watt. If the temperature of

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Time(s)
a body is increased to 327ºC, the rate of emission 2
The value of sec 1 is :–
of radiation will be –
(A) 1+ 9 tan22 (B) 1 + tan22
(A) 20 watt (B) 160 watt
(C) 1+ 3tan22 (D) 3+ tan22
(C) 320 watt (D) 327 watt
106
Rate of cooling
50. A body cools from 60C to 50C in 10 minutes.
Rate of cooling
The room temperature is 25C and conditions are
(A) (B)
favorable to Newton’s law of cooling.
Temperature of the body at the end of the next 10 O    

minutes is
Rate of cooling
Rate of cooling
(A) 25.85 C (B) 30.85 C
(C) 40.00 C (D) 42.85 C (C) (D)
   
Based On Newton's law of cooling
51. A body cools from 50ºC to 40ºC in 5 min. If 55. A black metal foil is warmed by radiation from a
temperature of the surroundings is 20ºC, the small sphere at temperature T and at a distance d.
temperature of the body after 5 min would be– It is found that the power received by the foil is
(A) 36ºC (B) 35ºC ‘P’. If both the temperature and the distance are
(C) 33.33ºC (D) 30ºC doubled, the power received by the foil will be–
(A) 16P (B) 4P (C) 2P (D) P
52. The rate of cooling R with excess of temperature
 varies according to the graph- 56. A body with an initial temperature i is allowed to
cool in a surrounding which is at a constant
R R
temperature of 0(0 < i). Assume that Newton's
law of cooling is obeyed. Let k = constant. The
(A) (B)
temperature of the body after time t is best
 
expressed by
R
R (A) (i – 0)e–kt (B) (i – 0)ln(kt)
–kt
(C) 0 + (i – 0)e (D) i e–kt – 0
(C) (D)
  57. Assuming Newton's law of cooling to be valid.
The temperature of body changes from 60°C to
53. A block of steel heated to 100ºC is left in a room 40°C in 7 minutes. Temperature of surroundings
to cool. Which of the curves shown in fig., being 10°C, its temperature after next 7 minutes is:
represents the correct behavior – (A) 7°C (B) 14°C (C) 21°C (D) 28°C
58. When a body is placed in surroundings at a

temperature
C
constant temperature of 20°C, and heated by a
B
A 10-W heater, its temperature remains constant at
time
40°C. If the temperature of the body is now
raised from 20°C to 80°C in 5 minutes at a
(A) A (B) B
(C) C (D) None of these uniform rate, the total heat it will lose to the
54. If the temperature of a body () is slightly more surroundings will be-
than the temperature of the surrounding (0), then (A) 3000 J (B) 3600 J
the rate of cooling is correctly represented by – (C) 4500 J (D) 5400 J
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107
Based On Thermal expansion (solid) 65. A thin copper wire of length L increases in length
by 1% when heated from temperature T1 to T2.
59. When a metal rod is heated it expands because–
What is the percentage change in area when a
(A) The size of its atom increases
thin copper plate having dimension 2L × L is
(B) The distance among its atom increases
heated from T1 to T2–
(C) Atmospheric air rushes into it
(A) 1% (B) 3%
(D) The actual cause is still unknown
(C) 2% (D) 4%
60. If the length of a cylinder on heating increases by

2%, the area of its base will increase by – 66. An anisotropic material has coefficient of linear
(A) 0.5% (B) 2% (C) 1% (D) 4% thermal expansion 1, 2 and 3 along x, y and
z–axis respectively. Coefficient of cubical
61. A uniform metal rod is used as a bar pendulum. If expansion of its material will be equal to-
the room temperature rises by 10ºC, and the (A) 1 + 2 + 3
coefficient of linear expansion of the metal of the (B) 1 + 22 + 33
rod is 2 × 10–6 per ºC, the period of the pendulum
(C) 31 + 22 + 3
will have percentage increase of –
1   2   3
(A) –2 × 10–3 (B) –1 × 10–3 (D)
3
(C) 2 × 10–3 (D) 1 × 10–3
67. Two straight metallic strips each of thickness t

62. Expansion during heating–
(A) Occurs only in solids and length  are riveted together. Their
(B) Increases the weight of a material coefficient of linear expansion are 1 and 2. If
(C) Decreases the density of a material they are heated through temperature T the
(D) Occurs at the same rate for all solids and bimetallic strip will bend to form an arc of radius
liquids approximately.
(A) t/{(1 + 2)T}
63. When a rod is heated but prevented from
(B) t/{(2 – 1)T}
expanding, the stress developed is independent of –
(A) Material of the rod (C) t(1 + 2)T
(B) Rise in temperature (D) t(2 – 1)T

(C) Length of rod
68. A metallic rod  cm long. A square cm in cross-
(D) None of above
section is heated through tºC. If young's modulus
64. A steel rod of length 25 cm has a cross–sectional of elasticity of the metal is E and the mean
area of 0.8 cm2. The force required to stretch this coefficient of linear expansion is  per degree
rod by the same amount as the expansion produced Celsius, then the compressional force required to
by heating it through 10ºC is coefficient of linear prevent the rod from expanding along its length is-
expansion of steel is 10–5 ºC–1. Young's modulus of (A) EA  t
steel is 2 × 1010 N/m2.
(B) EA t/(1 +t)
(A) 40 N (B) 80 N
(C) EA t/(1 – t)
(C) 120 N (D) 160 N
(D) E I  t.
108
69. Three rods of equal length are joined to form an 74. The coefficient of linear expansion of steel and
equilateral triangle ABC. D is midpoint of AB. brass are 11 × 10–6/ºC and 19 × 10–6/ºC
The coefficient of linear expansion is 1 for AB, respectively. If their difference in lengths at all
temperatures has to be kept constant at 30 cm,
and 2 for AC and BC. If the distance DC their lengths at 0ºC should be-
remains constant for small changes in (A) 71.25 cm and 41.25 cm
temperature- (B) 82 cm and 52 cm
P
A D  B (C) 92 cm and 62 cm
(D) 62.25 cm and 32.25 cm
  75. If a bimetallic strip is heated, it will
(A) Bend towards the metal with lower thermal
expansion coefficient
C (B) Bend towards the metal with higher thermal
(A) 1 = 2 (B) 1 = 22 expansion coefficient
1 (C) Not bend at all
(C) 1 = 42 (D) 1 = 2
2 (D) Twist itself into a helix
70. Two holes of unequal diameters d1 and d2 (d1>d2) 76. Two spheres of the same radius are made from
the same material. One is hollow and the other is
are cut in a metal sheet. If the sheet is heated-
solid. If they are heated together from 20°C to
(A) Both d1 and d2 will decrease 100°C.
(B) Both d1 and d2 will increase (A) Both will expand equally
(C) d1 will increase, d2 will decrease (B) Hollow sphere will expand more
(D) d1 will decrease, d2 will increase (C) Solid sphere will expand more
(D) The relative expansion of solid and hollow
71. Two bars of copper having same length but sphere depends on the material of sphere
unequal diameter are heated to the same 77. A brass rod and a lead rod each 80.00 cm long at
temperature. The change in length will be- 0°C are clamped together at one end with their
(A) More in thinner bar free ends coinciding. The separation of the free
(B) More in thicker bar ends of the rods if the system is placed in steam
bath is (coefficients of linear expansions of brass
(C) Same for both the bars
and lead are 2×10–5 /°C and 1.0 × 10–5/°C
(D) Determined by the ratio of length and respectively)
diameter of the bars (A) 0.2 mm (B) 0.8 mm
(C) 1.4 mm (D) 1.6 mm
72. A metallic bar is heated from 0ºC to 100ºC. The
coefficient of linear expansion is 10–5 K–1. What 78. Figures shows the expansion of a 2m long metal
will be the percentage increase in length- rod with temperature. The volume expansion
(A) 0.01 % (B) 0.1 % (C) 1 % (D) 10 % coefficient of the metal is :–
2.5
73. Two rods of lengths 1 and 2 are made of
2.0
materials whose coefficient of linear expansions
1.5
 (mm)
are 1 and 2. If the difference between two

1.0
lengths is independent of temperature-
0.5
1 1 1  2
(A)  (B) 
 2 2  2 1 0
5 10 15 20 25
 T(K)
12  22 (A) 3 × 10–4 K–1 (B) 1.5 × 10–4 K–1
(C) 221 = 122 (D) 
1 2 –5 –1
(C) 3 × 10 K
–5 –1
(D) 1.5 × 10 K
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109
83. Two lines AC and BC are drawn on a circular
79. A clock with a metallic pendulum gains 6
disc as shown in figure. The disc is made of a
seconds each day when the temperature is 20°C material with linear expansion coefficients
and loses 6 second when the temperature is 40°C.
x > y. Here x and y are linear expansion
Find the coefficient of linear expansion of the coefficient for expansion in x-direction and y-
metal. direction respectively. C is the centre of disc. If
(A) 1.4 × 10–5 °C–1 (B) 1.4 × 10–6 °C–1 the disc is heated uniformly. Angle ACB (= )
–4 –1 –6 –1
(C) 1.4 × 10 °C (D) 0.4 × 10 °C will
y
80. A metal ball immersed in alcohol weighs W1 at A
0°C and W2 at 59°C. The coefficient of cubical 
x
C B
expansion of the metal is less than that of alcohol.
Assuming that the density of metal is large
compared to that of alcohol, it can be shown that
(A) Increase (B) Decrease
(A) W1 > W2 (B) W1 = W2
(C) Remains constant
(C) W1 < W2 (D) W2 = (W1/2)
(D) May increase or decreases depending on
81. The table gives the initial length 0, change in value of temperature increment
temperature T and change in length  of four

84. Two rods of length  (placed on left) and n of
rods. Which rod has greatest coefficient of linear
different metals having same area of cross-
expansion section are placed between two unyielding
Rod 0(m)  T(°C)  (°C) supports. The coefficients of thermal expansion
A1 1 100 1 for two rods are 1 and 2 respectively. If the
A2 1 100 2 temperature of rods is raised by t°C and the ratio
A3 1.5 50 3 of strains of two rods is r, find the distance by
A4 2.5 20 4 which joint of the two rods may move towards
(A) A1 (B) A2 (C) A3 (D) A4
right, if the supports unyield :-
t  1  r  2  t  2  r 1 
82. Three rods of equal length  are joined to form an (A) (B)
1  r / n  1  r / n 
equilateral triangle PQR. O is the mid point of t  1  r  2  t   2   r 1 
(C) (D)
PQ. Distance OR remains same for small change 1  r / n  1  r / n 
in temperature. Coefficient of linear expansion
85. The variation of lengths of two metal rods A and
for PR and RQ is same, i.e., 2 but that for PQ is B with change in temperature are shown in
1. Then– 
R figure. The ratio of A is
B
106
B
length(cm)
104
A
100
P Q
O
(A) 2 = 31 (B) 2 = 41 0 T
temp. (°C)
(C) 1 = 32 (D) 1 = 42
3 2 4 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 3 4
110
86. A copper rod of length 1 and an iron rod of 91. The coefficient of apparent expansion of mercury
in a glass vessel is 153 × 10–6/ºC and in a steel
length 2 are always maintained at the same
vessel is 144 × 10–6/ºC. If  for steel is 12 × 10–
common temperature T. If the difference (2 –1) is 6
/ºC, then that of glass is -
15 cm and is independent of the value of T, the 1 (A) 9 × 10–6/ºC (B) 6 × 10–6/ºC
–6
(C) 36 × 10 /ºC (D) 27 × 10–6/ºC
and 2 have the values (given the linear
coefficient of expansion for copper and iron are
92. A horizontal tube, open at both ends, contains a
2.0 × 10–6 C–1 and 1.0 × 10–6 C–1 respectively) :-
column of liquid. The length of this liquid
(A) 1 = 15 cm, 2 = 30 cm
column does not change with temperature. Let
(B) 1 = 30 cm, 2 = 15 cm  = coefficient of volume expansion of the liquid
(C) 1 = 10 cm, 2 = 25 cm and  = coefficient of linear expansion of the
(D) 1 = 25 cm, 2 = 10 cm material of the tube-
(A)  =  (B)  = 2
Based On Expansion of liquids (C)  = 3 (D)  = 0
87. 45 gm of alcohol are needed to completely fill up
a weight thermometer at 15ºC. Find the weight of 93. A vessel is partly filled with a liquid. Coefficient
alcohol which will overflow when the weight of cubical expansion of material of the vessel and
thermometer is heated to 33ºC. liquid are V and L respectively. If the system is
(Given a = 121 × 10–5 ºC–1) heated, then volume unoccupied by the liquid
(A) 0.98 gm (B) 0.9 gm will necessarily-
(C) 1 gm (D) 2 gm (A) Remain unchanged if V =  L
88. A long capillary tube of uniform bore contains a (B) Increase if V =  L
thread of mercury which at 0ºC is 100 cm long (C) Decrease if V = L
and at 100ºC it is 101.55 cm. If the coefficient of (D) None of these
real expansion of mercury is
1.82 × 10–4 ºC–1, find the coefficient of linear 94. At 4ºC, 0.98 of the volume of a body is immersed
expansion of glass. in water. The temperature at which the entire
(A) 3 × 10–6 /ºC (B) 9 × 10–6 /ºC body gets immersed in water
–8
(C) 3 × 10 /ºC (D) 9 × 10–8 /ºC (w = 3.3 × 10–4K–1) is (neglect the expansion of
89. The coefficient of volume expansion of glycerine the body)-
is 49 × 10–5 ºC–1. What is the fractional change in (A) 40.8ºC (B) 65.8ºC
its density for a 30ºC rise in temperature. (C) 60.6ºC (D) 58.8ºC
(A) 3 × 10–2 (B) 2 × 10–2
(C) 1.47 × 10–2 (D) 1.47 × 10–4 95. A beaker is completely filled with water at 4°C. It
must overflow -
90. A glass flask is filled up to a mark with 50 cc of
(A) when heated but not when cooled
mercury at 18ºC. If the flask and contents are
(B) when cooled but not when heated
heated to 38ºC, how much mercury will be above
(C) both when heated or cooled
the mark ? ( for glass is 9 × 10–6/ºC and
(D) neither when heated nor when cooled
coefficient of real expansion of mercury is
180 × 10–6/ºC) - 96. Co-efficient of cubical expansion of water is zero at-
(A) 0.85 cc (B) 0.46 cc (A) 0°C (B) 4°C
(C) 0.153 cc (D) 0.05 cc (C) 15.5°C (D) 100°C
aaa
111
97. A liquid having co-efficient of cubical expansion 101. The height of mercury column measured with a
() is filled in the container having co-efficient of brass scale at temperature t1 is n1 units. Height of
linear expansion . If, on heating, the liquid the mercury column measured by brass scale at t
overflows, then which of the following relations = 0°C is n2 units. The coefficient of linear
is correct? expansion of brass is  and coefficient of volume
(A)  = 2  (B)  < 3 expansion of mercury is  (Assume the
 (C)  > 3  (D) 2 = 3 expansion in area of vessel containing mercury is
negligible).n2 =
98. A beaker is filled with water at 4°C. At one time n1 (1  t1 )
(A) n1 (1 – t1) (B)
the temperature is increased by few degrees 1  (  / 3)t1
above C and at another time it is decreased by n1 (1  t1 ) n 1 (1  t1 )
(C) (D)
a few degrees below 4°C. One shall observe that- 1  t1  1  t1 
(A) The level remains constant in each case
(B) In first case water flows while in second case 102. The figure shows a glass tube (linear co-efficient
its level comes down of expansion is ) completely filled with a liquid
(C) In second case water overflows while in first of volume expansion co-efficient . On heating
case it comes down length of the liquid column does not change.
(D) Water overflows in both the cases Choose the correct relation between  and .
A0
99. An iron tyre is to be fitted onto a wooden wheel
1.0 metre in diameter. The diameter of the tyre is
0
6 mm, smaller than that of the wheel. The tyre
should be heated so that its temperature increases
by a minimum of (given coefficient of volume (A)  = (B)  = 2
–5
expansion of iron is 3.6 × 10 /°C) 
(C)  = 3 (D)  
(A) 167°C (B) 334°C 3
(C) 500°C (D) 1000°C
103. The volume thermal expansion coefficient  for
100. Density of substance at 0°C is 10 g/cc and at an ideal gas is computed under constant pressure
100°C, its density is 9.7 g/cc. The coefficient of condition. Expressed in terms of its absolute
linear expansion of the substance will be– temperature, the correct expression is:-
(A) 102 °C–1 (B) 10–2 K–1 1 1
(A)   (B)  
(C) 10–3 K–1 (D) 10–4 °C–1 2T 2T
2 1
(C)   (D)  
T T
112
EXERCISE # 2
One or More Than One Correct Answer 3. The ends of a long bar are maintained at different
Question
Type Questions temperatures and there is no loss of heat from the
1. The temperature drop through a two layer furnace sides of the bar due to conduction or radiation.
wall is 900°C. Each layer is of equal area of The graph of temperature against distance of the
cross–section. Which of the following action(s) bar when it has attained steady state is shown
will result in lowering the temperature  of the here. The graph shows
interface?
Temperature
Distance from hot end
(A) By increasing the thermal conductivity of
outer layer. (A) The temperature gradient is not uniform.
(B) By increasing the thermal conductivity of (B) The bar has uniform cross-sectional area
inner layer.
(C) The cross-sectional area of the bar increases
(C) By increasing thickness of outer layer.
as the distance from the hot end increases.
(D) By increasing thickness of inner layer
(D) The cross-sectional area of the bar decreases
2. A composite block is made of slabs A, B, C, D
as the distance from the hot end increases
and E of different thermal conductivities (given
in terms of a constant K) and sizes (given in 4. A furnace X at temperature 0 is connected to a
terms of length, L) as shown in the figure. All body Y of heat capacity C, at an initial
slabs are of same width. Heat ‘Q’ flows only
temperature of 1, with the help of a rod of
from left to right through the blocks. Then in
uniform cross-section area A, uniform thermal
steady state
conductivity K and length L. In some time
heat 0 1L 5L 6L
interval temperature of body Y increases to 2
A B 3K E
1L from 1 such the 1 <2 < 0. Then choose the
2K C 4K 6K CORRECT option(s).
3L
D 5K (A) Rate of heat flow through the rod is not
4L
constant.
(A) Heat flow through A and E slabs are same
(B) Temperature of the body Y increases linearly.
(B) Heat flow through slab E is maximum
(C) Rate of change of temperature of body Y
(C) Temperature difference across slab E is
smallest increases with time.
(D) Heat flow through C= heat flow through (D) Rate of change of temperature of body Y
B + Heat flow through D decreases with time.
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113
5. A 100 cm long cylindrical flask with inner and d
8. In newton's law of cooling, = – k(–0), the
outer diameter 2 cm and 4 cm respectively is dt
completely filled with ice as shown in the figure. constant k is proportional to
The constant temperature outside the flask is (A) A, surface area of the body
40ºC. (Thermal conductivity of the flask is 0.693
(B) S, specific heat of the body
W/mºC, Lice = 80 cal/gm & n2 = 0.693).
1
(C) , m being mass of the body
m
(D) e, emissivity of the body
r1
ice
r2 9. Two spherical black-bodies A and B, having radii
rA and rB, where rB = 2r A emit radiations with
peak intensities at wavelengths 400 nm and 800
(A) Rate of heat flow from outside to the flask is nm respectively. If their temperature are TA and
80  J/s TB respectively in Kelvin scale, their emissive
 powers are EA and EB and energies emitted per
(B) The rate at which ice melts is kg / s
4200 second are PA and PB then:
(C) The rate at which ice melts is 100  kg/s (A) TA / TB = 2
(D) Rate of heat flow from outside to flask is (B) PA / PB = 4
40  J/s
(C) EA / EB = 8
(D) EA / EB = 4
6. A solid sphere and a hollow sphere of the same
material and of equal radii are initially at the 10. Two spheres of same material are having surfaces
same temperature and are kept in surrounding blackened and placed in space separately. Their
which is at lower temperature. radii are R and 2R respectively and the most
(A) Both the spheres will emit thermal radiation
dominating wavelengths in their spectrum are
at the same rate in the beginning
(B) Both the spheres will emit thermal radiation observed to be in the ratio 1:2. The ratio of their
at equal rates at all instants of time (A) Temperatures is 2:1
(C) The initial rate of cooling dT/dt will be the (B) Emissive powers is 4:1
same for the two spheres (C) Rates of heat loss is 4:1
(D) Both the spheres will absorb thermal radiation (D) Rates of cooling is 32:1
from the surrounding at the same rates at all
instants of time 11. A metal cylinder of 5 kg is heated electrically by
a 20 W heater in a room at 20°C. The cylinder
7. A heated body maintained at T K emits thermal
radiation of total energy E with a maximum temperature rises uniformly to 30°C in 5 minute
intensity at frequency . The emissivity of the and finally becomes constant at 45°C. Assuming
material is 0.5. If the temperature of the body be that the rate of heat loss is proportional to the
increased to and maintained at temperature 3T K, excess temperature over the surroundings
then :- (A) the rate of loss of heat of cylinder to
(A) The maximum intensity of the emitted surrounding at 25°C is 4W
radiation will occur at frequency /3
(B) the rate of loss of heat of cylinder to
(B) The maximum intensity of the emitted
surrounding at 45°C is 20W
radiation will occur at frequency 3.
(C) The total energy of emitted radiation will (C) the rate of loss of heat of cylinder to
become 81 E surrounding at 25°C is 8W
(D) The total energy of emitted radiation will (D) the rate of loss of heat of cylinder to
become 27 E surrounding at 45°C is zero
114
12. The total energy of a blackbody radiation source 15. The temperature of an isotropic cubical solid of
is collected for one minute and used to heat length 0, density 0 and coefficient of linear
water. The temperature of the water increases
expansion  is increased by 20°C. Then at higher
from 20 °C to 21 °C. If the absolute temperature
temperature, to a good approximation
of the blackbody is doubled and the experiment
repeated, which of the following statements (A) Length is 0 (1+20)
would be most nearly 2
(B) Total surface area is 0 (1+40)
CORRECT?
(A) The temperature of the water would increases (C) Total volume is 03 (1+60)
from 20°C to a final temperature of 28°C 0
(D) Density is
(B) The temperature of the water would increases 1  60
from 20°C to a final temperature of 36°C
(C) Rate of heat emission by the body will 16. An optical engineering firm needs to ensure that
increase 8 times the separation between two mirrors is unaffected
(D) Rate of heat emission by the body will by temperature changes. The mirrors are attached
increase 16 times to the ends of two bars of different materials that
13. An enclosure's walls are somehow maintained at are welded together at one end as shown in
constant temperature T0K. A body (area A, figure. The surfaces of the bars in contact are
temperature T K < T0 K, absorptivity is a and lubricated. The distance  does not change with
emissivity is e) is placed inside the enclosure
temperature change. 1 and 2 are the length of
( = stephen constant). Choose the CORRECT
option(s) the bars 1 and 2 are the respective thermal
(A) Power absorbed by body is aAT04 coefficients of temperature. Which of the
(B) The body will be absorbing energy even after following options is/are correct :
mirrors
its temperature has reached T0.
(C) At some temperature body will be only
emitting energy with no absorption.
(D) At all time rate of absorbtion is equal to rate 
of emission as a = e l
Lubricating
14. At 20°C a liquid is filled upto 10 cm height in a oil
2
container of glass of length 20 cm and cross–
 2 1
sectional area 100 cm2 .Scale is marked on the (A) 1  (B)  2 
surface of container. This scale gives correct  2  1  2  1
reading at 20°C. The volume of liquid (in cc), (C) 11 = 22 (D) 12 = 21
actual height of liquid (in cm) and reading of
scale (in cm) at 40°C is (Given L = 5 × 10–5 K–1, 17. A ball of mass m is suspended from a uniform
g = 1 × 10–5 °C–1.) elastic wire of negligible mass, having cross-
section diameter d, length , Young’s modulus Y
and heat capacity C. Now, when the ball is
snapped then
20cm
10cm

2
A0 = 100cm
(A) 1001 (B) 1003 m

(C) 10.004 (D) 10.006
aaa
115
4mg Passage # 2 (Q.21 to Q.23)

(A) initial elongation of wire is   
Y d 2 A scientist give a new theory of induction. He defines
2mg
(B) initial elongation of wire is   
Yd 2 (A) Heat = Something which flow from higher
(C) increase in the temperature of wire is temperature body to lower temperature body.
m2 g 2
 
CYd 2 (B) Heet = Something which flow from lower
(D) increase in the temperature of wire is
temperature body to high temperature body.
2m2 g 2 
  dQ dT dQ dT
CYd 2  K1A ,  K2A
dt heat dx dt heet dx
Question Passage Based Type Questions
where K1 & K2 are constant. For a given diagram
In shown figure all the conducting rods have equal cross in case of steady state, value of K1 & K2 are 8 &
sectional area A. Their length and co–efficient of 6 respectively.
thermal conductivity are shown in figure. 130 J/s heat
current is entering into the system at point A and A=1m
2
leaving the system at C. Temperature of point A is

L 100°C 40°C
300°C. (Given = 1 Js–1K–1)
kA
130 J/ s A 2L,4K
10m
L,K 21. Find temperature of mid point

L,2K
(A) 70°C (B) 75°C
L,K L,K (C) 65°C (D) None
B
K 22. If value of K1 & K2 becomes thrice then

L, L,K
4
temperature of midpoint will be
(A) 70°C (B) 75°C
C L,K L,K (C) 65°C (D) None
18. Determine temperature of point C :– 23. Assuming No heat loss which graph is correct
(A) 0 °C (B) – 200°C
(C) –230°C (D) –90°C T T
19. Total thermal resistance of the circuit in

(A) (B)
Js–1K–1 is :–
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 7 x x
20. Heat current through rod of length 2L is :– T T

260 –1 260 –1
(A) Js (B) Js
3 4
(C) (D)
260 –1 260 –1
(C) Js (D) Js
5 6 x x
116
Passage # 3 (Q.24 to Q.26) 28. What is the rate of cooling of block at 50°C if the
The variation of the nT versus lnm and nE versus 100W heater is also switched off?
(A) 5°C/s (B) 0.5°C/s
nT are shown in figure. (C) 1°C/s (D) 0.1°C/s
T is the temperature of the body in Kelvins, m is the 29. What is the heat radiated per second when the
wavelength corresponding to maximum spectral radiant block was at 30°C?
energy and E is the energy emitted by the body per (A) 100W (B) 80 W
second. The intercept made by the line 1 on the y–axis (C) 50 W (D) 30 W
is A. Passage # 5 (Q.30 to Q.32)
nE A body cools in a surrounding of constant temperature
30°C. Its heat capacity is 2J/°C. Initial temperature of
Line-2 the body is 40°C. Assume Newton’s law of cooling is
valid. The body cools to 36°C in 10 minutes.
nT
30. In further 10 minutes it will cool from 36°C to :
(A) 34.8°C (B) 32.1°C
24. What is the slope of line–1? (C) 32.8°C (D) 33.6°C
(A) –2 (B) –4
(C) –1 (D) –0.5 31. The temperature of the body in °C denoted by 
the variation of  versus time t is best denoted as
40°C
25. What is the slope of line–2?
(A) –2 (B) 4 
(C) 1 (D) 0.5 (A) 30°C
26. What is the value of Wein's displacement (0,0) t

constant?
1 40°C
(A) eA (B) A
e 
1 (B) 30°C
(C) nA (D)
nA
(0,0) t
A metal block is placed in a room which is at 10°C for 40°C
long time. Now it is heated by an electric heater of
power 500 W till its temperature becomes 50°C. Its 
(C)
initial rate of rise of temperature is 2.5°C/sec. The
heater is switched off and now a heater of 100W is (0,0) t
required to maintain the temperature of the block at
50°C.(Assume Newtons Law of cooling to be valid) 40°C

27. What is the heat capacity of the block?
(A) 50 J/°C (B) 100 J/°C (D) 30°C
(C) 150 J/°C (D) 200 J/°C
(0,0) t
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117
32. When the body temperature has reached 36°C, it 34. The rate of heat loss at t = 600 sec after the heater
is heated again so that it reaches to 40°C in 10 is switched off (as in table-2 ) is.
minutes. Assume that the rate of loss of heat at (A) 100 W (B) 125 W
(C) 150 W (D) 200 W
38°C is the average rate of loss for the given
time. The total heat required from a heater by the 35. How many litres of water is present in the kettle?
(A) 1 litre (B) 0.629 litre
body is :
(C) 0.415 litre (D) 0.769 litre
(A) 7.2 J (B) 0.728 J (C) 16 J (D) 32 J
Passage # 6 (Q.33 to Q.35) Heat generation may occur in a variety of radial
geometries. Consider a long, solid cylinder as shown in
By varying the voltage applied to the kettle, you can
the figure, which could represent a current-carrying
change power consumption P. Depending on the P, wire or a fuel element in a nuclear reactor. For steady
kettle with water can be heated to different maximum state conditions, the rate at which heat is generated
temperatures. This dependence is shown in within the cylinder must equal the rate at which heat is
convected from the surface of the cylinder to a moving
Table-1 : fluid.
Power P (in Watt) Temperature T(in °C) TS
0 20 r
cold fluid
100 40 (Tf)
200 60
300 80 r0
Table-2 shows the variation of the temperature 
with time when the kettle of power 300W is
This condition allows the surface temperature to be
switched off. The heat capacity of the empty maintained at a fixed value of TS. To determine the
kettle C0 = 100 J/K, specific heat of water temperature distribution in the cylinder, we begin with
SW = 4200 J/kg · K. The density of water  = energy conservation principle. Consider a cylindrical
1000 kg/m3. section of radius r. The energy is generated within the
volume and is conducted radially outwards.
Table-2 :  dT 
q r2 = –K2r   
Time t (in sec) Temperature T (in °C)  dr 
0 80 Where q is the energy generated per unit time per unit
60 75 dT
volume, K is the thermal conductivity and is the
dr
300 60
temperature gradient at radius r. If q is constant
600 45 q
1200 30 T(r) = – r2 + C, At r = r0, T(r0) = TS.
4k
2400 20
q 2  r2 
Therefore, T(r) = r0 1    TS
33. If the power consumption is 400W 4k  r02 
(A) The water will come to the boiling point and The rate of heat convected to the surrounding fluid (at
start boiling temperature Tf) by the surface at temperature TS is
proportional to the temperature difference (TS –Tf) and
(B) The water will reach boiling point but will not
the surface area in contact with the fluid. Thus, rate of
boil
heat convection = h(2r0) (TS – Tf)
(C) The water will not reach boiling point but
where h is a constant called heat convection coefficient.
start boiling By overall energy balance,
(D) The water will neither reach boiling point nor qr0
q (r02) = h(2r0) (TS – Tf)  Ts = Tf +
start boiling. 2h
118
36. The dimension of heat convection coefficient is- radiation losses have been reduced by half by adding
2 –1 –1
(A) [ML T  ] the additional layer.
0 –3 –1
(B) [ML T  ] More layers can be added to reduce the loss further. The
(C) [ML0T–2–1] blanket can be further improved by making the outside
4 –2 –1
(D) [ML T  ] surfaces highly reflective to thermal radiation, which
reduces both absorption and emission. The performance
37. In the given passage, the difference in
of a layer stack can be quantified in terms of its overall
temperature at the axis and surface of the cylinder
heat transfer coefficient U, which defines the radiative
is-
heat flow rate Q between two parallel surfaces with a
qr 2 qr 2 qr 2 2qr0
(A) 0 (B) 0 (C) 0 (D) temperature difference T and area A as
4k k 2k k
Q = UAT
Passage # 8 (Q.38 to Q.40) Theoretically, the heat transfer coefficient between two
Multi-layer insulation, or MLI, is thermal insulation layers with emissivities 1 and 2 , under vacuum, is
composed of multiple layers of thin sheets often used on
1
spacecraft. It is one of the main items of the spacecraft U  4T3 ,
1 1
thermal design, primarily intended to reduce heat loss  1
1 2
by thermal radiation. In its basic form, it does not
appreciably insulate against other thermal losses such as Where T is the mean of the temperatures (in K) of the
heat conduction or convection. It is therefore commonly two layers and   5.7  108 Wm–2K–4 is the Stefan-
used on satellites and other applications in vacuum Boltzmann Constant. If each layer has the same
where conduction and convection are much less emissivity  on both sides, then a stack of N layers
significant and radiation dominates. MLI gives many
placed between two high-emissivity surfaces will have
satellites and other space probes the appearance of
an overall heat transfer coefficient
being covered with gold foil.
The principle behind MLI is radiation balance. To see 1
U  4T 3
2 
why it works, start with a concrete example - imagine a N   1  1
 
square meter of a surface in outer space, at 300 K, with
Clearly, increasing the number of layers and decreasing
an emissivity of 1, facing away from the sun or other
the emissivity, lower the heat transfer coefficient, which
heat sources. From the Stefan-Boltzmann law, this
is equivalent to a higher insulation value. In this
surface will radiate 460 watts. Now imagine we place a
equation, it is assumed that the temperature difference is
thin (but opaque) layer 1 cm away from the plate,
small compared to the absolute temperature.
thermally insulated from it, and also with an emissivity
of 1. This new layer will cool until it is radiating 230
38. Main purpose of multilayer insulation is
watts from each side, at which point everything is in
insulation against heat transfer, where heat
balance. The new layer receives 460 watts from the
transfer is mainly due to:-
original plate. 230 watts is radiated back to the original
(A) Conduction
plate, and 230 watts to space. The original surface still
(B) Conduction & radiation
radiates 460 watts, but gets 230 back from the new
(C) Conduction & convection
layers, for a net loss of 230 watts. So overall, the
(D) Radiation
aaa
119
39. In space there is MLI consisting of 50 layers. Each 41. The volume of liquid at 40°C is :–
layer has emissivity (0.2) both sides & outer (A) 1002 cc (B) 1001 cc
most temperature is 550 K and inner most (C) 1003 cc (D) 1000.5 cc
temperature is 100 K less than outer most then find
over all heat transfer coefficient (in Wm–2k–1) :- 42. The actual height of liquid at 40°C is-
(A) 6.33 (B) 6.33  102 (A) 10.01 cm (B) 10.006 cm
–3 –3 (C) 10.6 cm (D) 10.1 cm
(C) 12.66 × 10 (D) 6.33 × 10
40. For a particular plate heat transfer due to
conduction and radiation are equal. Width of a 43. The reading of scale at 40°C is-
plate is 2mm, mean temperature is 1000 K and (A) 10.01 cm (B) 10.004 cm
1 (C) 10.006cm (D) 10.04 cm
emissivity of inner and outer surface are 1 &
2
respectively. Then find conductivity of plate
material (in SI) :-
(A) 0.228 (B) 11
(C) 1.11 (D) Data is insufficient

At 20°C a liquid is filled upto 10 cm height in a
container of glass of length 20 cm and cross-sectional
area 100 cm2 Scale is marked on
the surface of container. This scale gives correct reading
at 20°C. Given L = 5 × 10–5 k–1, 
g = 1 × 10–5 °C–1
20cm
10cm
2
A0 = 100cm
120
EXERCISE # 3
Question Column Match Type Questions Column-I
1. Four rods of material X and three rods of material  dQ 
(A) Initially rate of heat flow   will be
Y are connected as shown in figure. All the rods  dt 
are of identical lengths and cross-sectional area.  dQ 
(B) At steady state rate of heat flow   will
Given thermal resistance of rod of material X,  dt 
Rx = R and thermal conductivities of materials be
are related by relation KY = 2KX.  dT 
(C) At steady state temperature gradient  
C  dx 
X X
A X B Y F
X
E
will
100°C 0°C
Y Y
D (D) At steady state rate of change of
Column I temperature at a certain point will be
(A) Thermal resistance between B and E
(B) Thermal resistance between A and F Column-II
(C) Temperature of junction B (P) maximum at section A
(D) Temperature of junction D (Q) maximum at section B
Column II (R) minimum at section A
500 (S) minimum at section B
(p) C
13 (T) Same for all section
700
(q) C 3. Column -I describes about bodies kept in an
13
environment where temperature of air is T0. In all
2R
(r) cases area, mass & specific heat of each body is
3
same.
13R
(s) Column-I
6
(A) Black body is placed in shade away from any
2. A copper rod (initially at room temperature 20°C) radiations and temperature at steady state is T1.
of non-uniform cross section is placed between a (B) Black body is placed in Sun light and
steam chamber at 100°C and ice-water chamber temperature at steady state is T2.
at 0°C. A and B are cross sections as shown in (C) Grey body is placed in shade away from any
figure. Then match the statements in Column-I radiations and temperature at steady state is T3.
with results in Column-II using comparing only (D) Grey body is placed in Sun light and
between cross section A and B. (The temperature at steady state is T4
mathematical expressions in Column-I have usual Column-II
meaning in heat transfer). (p) Temperature is T0
(q) Temperature is maximum
100° 0° (r) Temperature is Greater than T0 .
Steam Ice water
chamber chamber (s) reflected energy is maximum
A B
(t) Rate of convection is maximum
aaa
121
4. A & B are two black bodies of radii rA and rB 5. Column-I shows various arrangements of rods
respectively, placed in surrounding of having same cross sectional area and same
temperature T0. At steady state the temperature of length. In each figure two points A & B are
A & B is TA & TB respectively. indicated by dots (). Young’s modulus and
Column I thermal coefficient of expansion of the rod
having point (A) are (YA, A) & having point (B)
(A) A B are (YB, B) if (A) and (B) are in different rods.
Each arrangement undergoes various processes
also mentioned in column-I.
In column-II is written statements about the rods.
• A & B are solid sphere Match them correctly
• rA = rB
• Body ‘B’ is being heated by a heater Column-I
of constant power ‘P’ (A) A single horizontal heavy rod is free
at one end & fixed at other.

B
A g
(B) A
[dotted line passes through the middle of
• B is thin spherical shell the rod and (A) is below the line and (B)
• A is a solid sphere above it]
• rA < rB (B) Two rods are joined together
and temperature is increased
A
(C) Y(A) > Y(B)
B
(A) > (B)
A
• B is thin spherical shell
• A is a solid sphere [rod is kept on horizontal smooth ground]
• rA < rB (C) Two rods are joined in series and fixed
• Body A is being heated by a heater at both ends, in gravity free space. Initially
of constant power ‘P’ rods are at natural length, when
temperature is increased
A B
A
(D) Y(A) > Y(B)
(D) Two rods are fixed to each
• B is thin spherical shell other and placed on a smooth surface.
• A is a solid sphere Temperature is increased but the
• rA  rB rods are not allowed to bend.
A g
• Body B is being heated by a heater
B
of constant power ‘P’
Column II (A) > (B), Y(A) < Y(B)
(p) TA = TB Column-II
(q) TA < TB (p) Tensile stress is present at (A)
(r) Heat received by A is more than (q) Tensile stress is present at (B)
heat radiated by it at steady state. (r) Compressive stress is present at (A)
(s) Radiation spectrum of A & B (s) Compressive stress is present at (B)
is distinguishable (t) There is no elastic potential energy in rod
(t) Steady state can’t be achieved Having point (A)
122
Question Numerical Type Questions 10. A cylinder of radius R made of material of

thermal conductivity K is surrounded by a
6. Two different rods A and B are kept as shown in cylindrical shell of inner radius R and outer
figure. radius 2R made of material of thermal
100°C 70°C 35°C conductivity 9K [see fig.]. The two ends of the
A B combined system are maintained at different
The variation of temperature of different cross temperatures. The cylinder is well lagged and the
sections is plotted in a graph shown in figure. system is in steady state. The effective thermal
Temp.(°C) conductivity of the composite cylinder of radius
2R is xK. Find the value of x.
100°
70°
35°
Distance 11. An electric heater is used in a room of total wall

0 30 100 (cm)
area 50m2 to maintain a constant temperature of
Find the ratio of thermal conductivities of B to A. 15°C inside when the outside temperature is –
7. A metallic rod of cross-sectional area 20 cm2, 10°C. The walls have two different layers. The
with the lateral surface insulated to prevent heat inner layer is of cement of thickness 2 cm, while
the outer layer is of brick of thickness 10 cm.
loss, has one end immersed in boiling water and
Assume that there is no loss of heat from the
the other in ice water mixture. The heat floor and the ceiling. Take the thermal
conducted through the rod melts the ice at the rate conductivities of cement and brick to be 0.2
of 1 gm for every 84 sec. The thermal W/m°C and 0.5 W/m°C, respectively. If another
conductivity of the rod is 160 Wm–1 K–1. Latent identical heater is now switched on, along with
the old heater, find the steady state temperature
heat of ice = 80 cal/gm, 1 cal = 4.2 joule. What is
(in ….× 7°C) inside the room, after a long time, if
the length (in m) of the rod? the outside temperature has now dropped to –
8. Two rods shown in figure have identical 15°C.
geometrical dimensions. They are in contact with 12. The filament of an incandescent lamp of power
two heat bath at temperature 100°C and 0°C. The 64 W is made of tungsten. The operation
temperature of the junction is 70°C. If the rods temperature of the lamp is 2000 K. Consider the
are interchanged then temperature of the junction filament as a black body and find its radius (in
mm)
is found to be 10°C. Find the value of .
[Given :  = 6 × 10–8 W/m2 & length of filament
100ºC 0ºC 10
is cm]
3
9. Two identical plates of metal are welded end to 13. An astronomer observed with his telescope two
stars, A and B. Star A has a spectral peak at 3500
end as shown in figure (A), 20 cal of heat flows
Å and star B has a spectral peak at 7000 Å. If
through it in 4 minutes when the ends were they appear equally bright (emitting equal energy
maintained at different tempeatures. If the plates per unit time) what is the ratio of radius of the
are welded as shown in figure (B) and the ends star B to that of A.
were maintain at same temperature as in first 14. A system receives heat continuously at the rate of
case, the same amount of heat will flow through 10W. The temperature of the system becomes
the plates in how many minutes ? constant at 70°C when the temperature of the
surrounding is 30°C. After the heat is switched
off, the system cools from 50°C to 49.9 °C in 1
minute. Find the heat capacity of the system (in
A B kJ/°C).
aaa
123
15. A metal block is placed in a room which is at 19. The variation of lengths of two metal rods A and
10°C for long time. Now it is heated by an B with change in temperature are shown in
electric heater of power 500 W till its temperature figure. If the linear coefficient of thermal
becomes 50°C. Its initial rate of rise of expansion of A is A and B is B. Then find the
temperature is 2.5°C/sec. The heater is switched value of A + B.
off and now a heater of 100W is required to 106
maintain the temperature of the block at 50°C. B
length(cm)
The heat radiated per second when the block was 104
A
 100
30°C is given as  watt. Find the value of   .
 10 
(Assume Newtons Law of cooling to be valid) 0 T
temp. (°C)
16. The peak emission from a black body at a certain
temperature occurs at a wavelength of 6000 Å. 20. Two steel wires of same length but radii r and 2r
On increasing its temperature, the total radiation are connected together end to end and tied to a
emitted is increased 16 times. These radiations wall as shown.
are allowed to fall on a metal surface. Radius = r A Radius = 2r
Photoelectrons emitted by the peak radiation at F
L L
higher temperature can be bought to rest by
The force stretches the combination by 10 mm.
applying a potential equivalent to the excitation
How far does the midpoint A move. (in mm)
potential corresponding to the transition for the
level n = 4 to n = 2 in the Bohr's hydrogen atom.
 21. A thermometer has a spherical bulb of volume 1
The work function of the metal is given by cm3 having 1 cm3 of mercury. A long cylindrical
100
eV where  is the numerical constant. Find the capillary tube is connected to spherical bulb.
value of . [Take : hc = 12420 eV-Å ] Volumetric coefficient of expansion of mercury
is 1.8 × 10–4 K–1; cross-section area of capillary is
17. The energy radiated by a black body at 2000 K is 1.8 × 10–4 cm2. Ignoring expansion of glass, how
found to have the maximum value at a far apart (in cm) on the stem are marks indicating
wavelength 1.5 µm. Its emissive power being 1K temperature change.
8000 Wm2. When the body is cooled at a

temperature T the emissive power decreases to
500 Wm2. At this temperature T, the maximum
of energy distribution occurs at a wavelength
_____ µm.
18. A highly conducting solid sphere of radius R

density  and specific heat s is placed in an 22. Steel wire of length ‘L’ at 40°C is suspended
evacuated chamber. A parallel beam of thermal from the ceiling and then a mass ‘m’ is hung
radiation of uniform intensity I is incident on its from its free end. The wire is cooled down from
surface. Assuming surface of sphere is perfectly 40° to 30° C to regain its original length ‘L’. The
black and its temperature at t = 0 to be equal to coefficient of linear thermal expansion of the
T0, the maximum temperature of sphere is given steel is 10–5/°C, Young’s modulus of steel is 1011
as 100 K. Fill the value of  in your OMR N/m2 and radius of the wire is 1 mm. Assume
sheet. Given   5.6  108 in SI unit and I = that L>> diameter of the wire. Then the value of
358.4 SI unit. ‘m’ in kg is nearly
124
23. Two identical rods of mass M and length L0, an 28. Consider a light wire of length 1m and mass 10–2
coefficient of linear expansion 1 and 2, joined kg hanged vertically between two perfectly
with each other and placed on frictionless
insulating junction P & Q initially in its natural
surface. After rise in temperature  = 20°C,
what will be the shifting of the junction in mm? length as shown. The wire has Youngs modulus
[Given : 2 = 1.5 × 10–4 / °C, 1 = 0.5 × 10–4 /°C of 1011 N/m2, cross section area 10–7 m2 and
and L0 = 10 m] specific heat capacity 100 J/ (°C kg). A mass of
1kg is hanged to the free end of the wire. The
temperature of the wire rises by  × 10–3 °C when
24. A bimetallic strip consisting of a brass strip and a it has achieved equilibrium position and is at rest.
steel strip, each of length 1 m and each of
Fill the value of  in OMR sheet. (Assume no
thickness 0.5 cm is clamped at one end as shown
in figure. Calculate the depression to the nearest heat loss to the surrounding)
integer (in cm) of the free end when it is heated
P
by 100ºC. [Take : iron = 11 × 10–6 K–1; brass = 19
× 10–6 K–1] Q
clamped free M
Brass
O
29. Consider three rods of length L1, L2 and L3
Iron
respectively joined in series. Each has same
25. A 30 cm long metal rod expands by 0.0650 cm
cross-sectional area with Young's moduli Y, 2Y
when its temperature is raised from 0°C to
1000°C. A second rod of different metal and of and 3Y respectively and thermal coefficients of
the same length expands by 0.0350 cm for the linear expansions , 2 and 3 respectively.
same rise in temperature. A thin composite rod, They are placed between two rigid fixed walls.
also 30 cm long, is made-up of pieces of each of
The temperature of the whole system is increased
the above metals placed ends to end and expands
by 0.0580 cm when temperature is increased and it is found that length of the middle rod does
from 0°C to 1000°C. Find the length (in cm) of not change with temperature rise. Find the value
the shorter portion of the composite bar in cm at
9L1
0°C. of .
L3
26. A rod has variable co-efficient of linear
30. A steel wire of length 1m, mass 0.1 kg and
x
expansion   . If length of the rod is 1m. uniform cross-section 1 mm2 is fixed rigidly at
5000
Determine increase in length of the rod in (cm) both ends that there is no tension in the wire
on increasing temperature of the rod by 100°C. initially. The temperature of the wire is lowered
by 20ºC and vibrations are set up in the wire such
x
that three antinodes are formed between the ends.
27. A clock pendulum made of invar has a period of An observer moving at 70 ms–1 towards the wire
2 s at 20°C. If the clock is used in a climate observes the frequency of emitted sound to be 40
where average temperature is 40°C, what
Hz. Find Young's modulus of steel (in 1011
correction (in seconds) may be necessary at the
N/m2). The coefficient of linear expansion of
end of 10 days to the time given by clock ? (invar
= 7 × 10–7 °C–1, 1 day = 8.64 × 104 s). Give steel = 1.21 × 10–5 K–1 and the velocity of sound
answer in nearest integer in air is 330 ms–1.
aaa
125
31. A solid object has density , mass M, and of one of the liquids and the temperature T
coefficient of linear expansion . At pressure P established in the vessel turns out to be equal to
the heat capacities Cp (at constant pressure) and half the difference between the initial
Cv (at constant volume) are related by temperatures of the liquids. Determine the ratio
Cp – Cv = ( MP/.Fill the value of in your M
of 1 of the masses of the liquids.
OMR sheet. M2
32. A thermally insulated vessels contains two M1 , T1 M2 , T 2

liquids with initial temperature T1 and T2 and C0 2C0
specific heats C0 and 2C0, separated by a non
conducting partition. The partition is removed,
and the difference between the initial temperature
EXERCISE # 4
Question Previous Year (JEE Mains)
1. Assuming the sun to be a spherical body of radius (A) (B)
R at a temperature of T K, evaluate the total
radiant power, incident on Earth, at a distance r
from the Sun. (earth radius = r0) [AIEEE-2006]
R 2 T 4 4r02 R 2 T 4 (C) (D)
(A) (B)
r2 r2 x
r 2 R 2 T 4 r 2 R 2 T 4 4. An aluminium sphere of 20 cm diameter is heated
(C) 0 2 (D) 0 from 0ºC to 100ºC. Its volume changes by (given
r 4 r 2 that coefficient of linear expansion for aluminium
2. One end of a thermally insulated rod is kept at a AI = 23 × 10–6/ºC) [AIEEE 2011]
temperature T1 and the other at T2. The rod is (A) 2.89 cc (B) 9.28 cc
composed of two sections of lengths L1 and L2 (C) 49.8 cc (D) 28.9 cc
and thermal conductivities k1 and k2 respectively. 5. If a piece of metal is heated to temperature  and
The temperature at the interface of the sections is then allowed to cool ina room which is at
[AIEEE-2007] temperature 0, the graph between the
temperature T of the metal and time t will be
closest to : [JEE-Mains 2013]
(K 2 L 2 T1  K1 L1T2 ) (A) (B)

(A)
(K1 L1  K 2 L 2 )
(K L T  K1 L 2 T2 )
(B) 2 1 1
(K 2 L1  K1 L 2 )
(K1 L 2 T1  K 2 L1T2 ) (C) (D)
(C)
(K1 L 2  K 2 L1 )
(K1 L1 T1  K 2 L 2 T2 )
(D)
(K1 L1  K 2 L 2 ) 6. The pressure that has to be applied to the ends of
a steel wire of length 10 cm to keep its length
3. A long metallic bar is carrying heat from one of constant when its temperature is raised by 100°C
its ends to the other end under steady-state. The is : [JEE-Main 2014]
variation of temperature  along the length x of (For steel Young's modulus is 2 × 1011 N m–2 and
the bar from its hot end is best described by coefficient of thermal expansion is 1.1 × 10–5 K–1)
8 9
(A) 2.2 × 10 Pa (B) 2.2 × 10 Pa
which of the following figures [AIEEE-2009] 7 6
(C) 2.2 × 10 Pa (D) 2.2 × 10 Pa
126
7. Three rods of Copper, brass and steel are welded 11. A heat source at T = 103 K is connected to
another heat reservoir at T = 102 K by a copper
together to form a Y-shaped structure. Area of
slab which is 1 m thick. Given that the thermal
cross-section of each rod = 4 cm2. End of copper conductivity of copper is 0.1 WK–1 m–1, the
rod is maintained at 100°C where as ends of brass energy flux through it in the steady state is :
and steel are kept at 0°C. Lengths of the copper, [JEE Main Online-2019]
brass and steel rods are 46, 13 and 12 cms (A) 90 Wm–2 (B) 200 Wm–2
–2 –2
respectively. The rods are thermally insulated (C) 65 Wm (D) 120 Wm
from surroundings except at ends. Thermal
12. Two identical breakers A and B contain equal
conductivities of copper, brass and steel are 0.92, volumes of two different liquids at 60°C each and
0.26 and 0.12 CGS units respectively. Rate of left to cool down. Liquid in A has density of 8 ×
heat flow through copper rod is : 102 kg/m3 and specific heat of 2000 J kg–1 K–1 while
[JEE-Mains 2014] liquid in B has density of 103 kg m–3 and specific
(A) 1.2 cal/s (B) 2.4 cal/s heat of 4000 J kg–1 K–1. Which of the following
(C) 4.8 cal/s (D) 6.0 cal/s best describes their temperature versus time
graph schematically? (Assume the emissivity of
both the beakers to be the same)
8. A pendulum clock loses 12 s a day if the
temperature is 40° C and gains 4 s day if teh 60°C 60°C
T T
temperature is 20°C. the temperature at which the B A
(A) (B)
clock will show correct time, and the co-efficient A B
of linear expansion () of the metal of the t t
60°C 60°C
pendulum shaft are respectively : T T
[JEE-Mains 2016] (C) A and B (D) A
(A) 66°C ; a = 1.85 × 10–4/°C B
(B) 30°C;  = 1.85 × 10–3/°C t t
13. Two materials having coefficients of thermal
(C) 55°C ; = 1.85 × 10–2/°C
conductivity '3K' and 'K' and thickness 'd' and
(D) 25°C;  = 1.85 × 10–5/°C '3d', respectively, are joined to form a slab as
9. An external pressure P is applied on a cube at shown in the figure. The temperatures of the
0°C so that it is equally compressed from all outer surfaces are '2' and '1' respectively,
sides. K is the bulk modulus of the material of the (2 > 1). The temperature at the interface is :
cube and  is its coefficient of linear expansion. [JEE Main Online-2019]
d 3d
Suppose we want to bring the cube to its original
 3K 3K 1
size by heating. The temperature should be raised
by : [JEE-Mains 2017] 2  1 1 92
(A) (B) 
P P 3 2 10 10
(A) (B) (C) (D) 3PK
3 K K PK 1 2 2  5
(C)  (D) 1  2
10 Temperature difference of 120°C is maintained 3 3 6 6
between two ends of a uniform rod AB of length
14. At 40ºC, a brass wire of 1 mm radius is hung
2L. Another bent rod PQ, of same cross-section
from the ceiling. A small mass, M is hung from
as AB and length 3L/2 , is connected across AB the free end of the wire. When the wire is cooled
(See figure). In steady state, temperature down from 40ºC to 20ºC it regains its original
difference between P and Q will be close to : length of 0.2 m. The value of M is close to :
[JEE Main Online-2019] (Coefficient of linear expansion and Young's
L modulus of brass are 10–5/ºC and
11 2 –2
4 10 N/m respectively; g = 10ms )
A B
P L Q [JEE Main Online-2019]
L
2 (A) 1.5 kg (B) 9 kg
(A) 60ºC (B) 75ºC (C) 35ºC (D) 45ºC (C) 0.9 kg (D) 0.5 kg
aaa
127
15. A uniform cylindrical rod of length L and radius 20. When the temperature of a metal wire is increased
r, is made from a material whose Young's from 0°C to 10°C, its length increases by 0.02%.
modulus of Elasticity equals Y. When this rod is The percentage change in its mass density will be
heated by temperature T and simultaneously closest to: [September 2020]
subjected to a net longitudinal compressional (A) 0.008 (B) 0.06 (C) 0.8 (D) 2.3
force F, its length remains unchanged. The 21. A bakelite beaker has volume capacity of 500 cc at
coefficient of volume expansion, of the material 30°C. When it is partially filled with Vm volume (at
of the rod, is (nearly) equals to : 30°) of mercury, it is found that the unfilled volume
[JEE Main Online-2019] of the beaker remains constant as temperature is
2 2
(A) F / (3r YT) (B) 3F / (r YT) varied.
2
(C) 6F / (r YT) (D) 9F / (r2YT)
If (beaker) = 6 ×10–6 °C–1 and
16. When m gram of steam at 100°C is mixed with 200
(mercury) = 1.5 × 10–4°C–1, where  is the
gm of ice at 0°C. it results in water at 40°C. Find
the value of m in gram. coefficient of volume expansion, then Vm
(Given : Latent heat of fusion (Lf) = 80 cal/gm, (in cc) is close to_____. [September 2020]
Latent heat of vaporisation (Lv) = 540 cal/gm., 22. To raise the temperature of a certain mass of gas by
specific heat of water (Cw) = 1 cal/gm/°C) 50°C at a constant pressure, 160 calories of heat is
[January 2020] required. When the same mass of gas is cooled by
17. A non-isotropic solid metal cube has coefficients of 100°C at constant volume, 240 calories of heat is
linear expansion as 5 × 10–5 /°C along the x-axis released. How many degrees of freedom does each
molecule of this gas have (assume gas to be ideal) ?
and 5 × 10–6 /°C along y-axis and z-axis. If
coefficient of volume expansion of the solid is C × [September 2020]
(A) 5 (B) 3 (C) 6 (D) 7
10–6 /°C then the value of C is [January 2020]
18. Three containers C1, C2 and C3 have water at 23. A metallic sphere cools from 50°C to 40°C in 300s.
different temperatures. The table below shows the If atmospheric temperature around is 20°C, then the
final temperature T when different amounts of water sphere's temperature after the next 5 minutes will be
(given in litres) are taken from each containers and close to : [September 2020]
mixed (assume no loss of heat during the process) (A) 33°C (B) 35°C (C) 31°C (D) 28°C
C1 C 2 C 3 T
1l 2l – 60 C 24. A calorimeter of water equivalent 20 g contains 180
– g of water at 25°C. 'm' grams of steam at 100°C is
1l 2l 30 C
mixed in it till the temperature of the mixture is
2l – 1l 60 C 31°C. The value of 'm' is close to
1l 1l 1l  (Latent heat of water = 540 cal g–1,
The value of  (in °C to the nearest integer) is. specific heat of water = 1 cal g–1 °C–1)
[January 2020]
[September 2020]
19. A leak proof cylinder of length 1m, made of a metal (A) 2.6 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 3.2
which has very low coefficient of expansion is 25. The specific heat of water = 4200 J kg–1 K–1 and
floating vertically in water at 0°C such that its the latent heat of ice = 3.4 × 105 J kg–1. 100 grams
height above the water surface is 20 cm. When the of ice at 0°C is placed in 200 g of water at 25°C.
temperature of water is increased to 4°C, the height The amount of ice that will melt as the temperature
of the cylinder above the water surface becomes 21 of water reaches 0°C is close to (in grams) :
cm. The density of water at T = 4°C, relative to the
[September 2020]
density at T = 0°C is close to : [January 2020]
(A) 61.7 (B) 63.8
(A) 1.01 (B) 1.04 (C) 1.03 (D) 1.26
(C) 69.3 (D) 64.6
128
26. A bullet of mass 5g, travelling with a speed of 29. A rod CD of thermal resistance 10.0 KW–1 is joined
210m/s, strikes a fixed wooden target. One half of at the middle of an identical rod AB as shown in
its kinetic energy is converted into heat in the bullet figure. The ends A, B and D are maintained at
200°C, 100°C and 125°C respectively. The heat
while the other half is converted into heat in the
current in CD is P watt. The value of P is _____.
wood. The rise of temperature of the bullet if the [JEE MAIN 2021]
specific heat of its material is A B
0.030 cal/(g–°C) 200°C C 100°C

(1 cal = 4.2 × 107 ergs) close to :
[September 2020] 125°C D
(A) 83.3°C (B) 87.5°C 30. Two thin metallic spherical shells of radii r1 and r2
(C) 119.2°C (D) 38.4°C (r1 < r2) are placed with their centres coinciding. A
27. Two different wires having lengths L1 and L2, and material of thermal conductivity K is filled in the
respective temperature coefficient of linear space between the shells. The inner shell is
expansion 1 and 2, are joined end-to-end. Then maintained at temperature 1 and the outer shell at
temperature 2(1 < 2). The rate at which heat
the effective temperature coefficient of linear
flows radially through the material is:
expansion is : [September 2020]
[JEE MAIN 2021]
1 2 L2 L1 K (2  1 ) (r2  r1 ) 4Kr1r2 (2  1 )
(A) 4 (B) 2 1 2 (A) (B)
1   2 (L2  L1 ) 2 4r1r2 r2  r1
1   2 r1r2 (2  1 ) K (2  1 )
(C) (C) (D)
2 r2  r1 r2  r1
1 L1   2 L2
(D) 31. Due to cold weather a 1 m water pipe of
L1  L 2 crosssectional area 1 cm2 is filled with ice at –10°C.
Resistive heating is used to melt the ice. Current of
28. Three rods of identical cross-section and lengths are 0.5 A is passed through 4 k resistance. Assuming
made of three different materials of thermal that all the heat produced is used for melting, what
is the minimum time required?
conductivity K1, K2, and K3, respectively. They are
(Given latent heat of fusion for water/ice =
joined together at their ends to make a long rod (see 3.33×105 J kg–1, specific heat of ice = 2 × 103 J kg–
figure). One end of the long rod is maintained at 1 and density of ice = 103 kg/m3)
100°C and the other at 0°C (see figure). If the joints [JEE MAIN 2021]
of the rod are at 70°C and 20°C in steady state and (A) 35.3 s (B) 0.353 s
(C) 70.6 s (D) 3.53 s
there is no loss of energy from the surface of the
rod, the correct relationship between K1, K2 and K3
Question Previous Year (JEE Advanced)
32. Two rods one of aluminium of length l1 having
is :
coefficient of linear expansion a, and other steel
K1 K2 K3
of length l2 having coefficient of linear expansion
100°C 0°C s are joined end to end. The expansion in both
70°C 20°C the rods is same on variation of temperature.
[September 2020] l
Then the value of 1 is [JEE' (Scr) 2003]
(A) K1 : K3 = 2 : 3; K2 : K3 = 2 : 5 l1  l2
s s
(B) K1 < K2 < K3 (A) (B)
a  s a  s
(C) K1 : K2 = 5 : 2; K1 : K3 = 3 : 5   s
(C) a (D) None of these
(D) K1 > K2 > K3 s
aaa
129
T2. The thermal conductivity of the material of
33. If emissivity of bodies X and Y are ex and ey and the rod is K and emissivity of the rod is e. it is
absorptive power are Ax and Ay then
given that T2 = Ts + T, where T << TS, Ts
[JEE' (Scr) 2003]
being the temperature of the surroundings. If T
 (T1 – Ts), find the proportionality constant that
heat is lost only by radiation at the end where the
temp, of the rod is T2. [IIT-JEE 2004]
TS
Insulated
(A) ey> ex ; Ay> Ax (B) ey< ex ; Ay< Ax Furnace T2
T1 L
(C) ey> ex ; Ay< Ax (D) ey = ex ; Ay = Ax Insulated
34. Hot oil is circulated through an insulated 38. 2 litre water at 27°C is heated by a 1 kW heater in
container with a wooden lid at the top whose an open container. On an average heat is lost to
conductivity K = 0.149 J/(m-°C-sec), thickness t surroundings at the rate 160 J/s. The time
= 5 mm, emissivity = 0.6. Temperature of the top required for the temperature to reach 77°C is
of the lid in steady state is at Tl =127°. If the [JEE' 2005 (Scr)]
ambient temperature Ta = 27°C. Calculate (A) 8 min 20 sec (B) 10 min
(A) rate of heat loss per unit area due to radiation (C) 7 min (D) 14 min
from the lid. 39. Three graphs marked as 1, 2, 3 representing the
17 variation of maximum emissive power and
(B) temperature of the oil.(Given    10 8 )
3 wavelength of radiation of the sun, a welding arc
[IIT-JEE 2003] and a tungsten filament. Which of the following
Tl = 127°C
combination is correct [JEE' 2005 (Scr)]
E
T0
Ta = 27°C
(3)
Hot oil
(2)
(1)

35. A cube of coefficient of linear expansion s is (A) 1-bulb, 2  welding arc, 3  sun
floating in a bath containing a liquid of (B) 2-bulb, 3  welding arc, 1  sun
coefficient of volume expansion l. When the (C) 3-bulb, 1  welding arc, 2  sun
temperature is raised by T, the depth upto which (D) 2-bulb, 1  welding arc, 3  sun
the cube is submerged in the liquid remains the 40. In which of the following phenomenon heat
same. Find the relation between s and l, convection does not take place
showing all the steps. [IIT JEE -2004]
[JEE' 2005 (Scr)]
(A) land and sea breeze
36. Three discs A, B, and C having radii 2 m, 4 m
(B) boiling of water
and 6 m respectively are coated with carbon (C) heating of glass surface due to filament of the
black on their outer surfaces. The wavelengths bulb
corresponding to maximum intensity are 300 nm, (D) air around the furnace
400 nm and 500 nm respectively. The power
radiated by them are QA, QB and QC respectively. 41. A spherical body of area A, and emissivity
[JEE' 2004 (Scr.)] e = 0.6 is kept inside a black body. What is the
(A) QA is maximum (B) QB is maximum rate at which energy is radiated per second at
(C) QC is maximum (D) QA = QB = QC temperature T [JEE' 2005 (Scr)]
37. One end of a rod of length L and cross–sectional (A) 0.6  AT4 (B) 0.4  AT4
area A is kept in a furnace of temperature T1. 4 4
(C) 0.8  AT (D) 1.0  AT
The other end of the rod is kept at a temperature
130
42. In a dark room with ambient temperature T0, a emission spectrum of A is at 500 nm and in that
black body is kept at a temperature T. Keeping of B is at 1500 nm. Considering them to be black
the temperature of the black body constant (at T), bodies, what will be the ratio of the rate of total
Sun rays are allowed to fall on the black body
energy radiated by A to that of B ?
through a hole in the roof of the dark room.
Assuming that there is no change in the ambient [IIT JEE- 2010]
temperature of the room, which of the following 46. A composite block is made of slabs A, B, C, D
statement(s) is/are correct? [IIT JEE- 2006] and E of different thermal conductivities (given
(A) The quantity of radiation absorbed by the in terms of a constant K) and sizes (given in
black body in unit time will increase.
terms of length, L) as shown in the figure. All
(B) Since emissivity = absorptivity, hence the
quantity of radiation emitted by black body in slabs are of same width. Heat ‘Q’ flows only
unit time will increase. from left to right through the blocks. Then in
(C) Black body radiates more energy in unit time steady state [IIT JEE- 2011]
in the visible spectrum. Heat 0 1L 5L 6L
(D) The reflected energy in unit time by the black B 3K E

1L A
body remains same. 2K C 4K 6K
3L
D
43. Column I gives some devices and column II gives
some processes on which the functioning of these (A) heat flow through A and E slabs are same
devices depend. Match the devices in column I
(B) heat flow through slab E is maximum
with the processes in column II and indicate you
answer by darkening appropriate bubbles in the 4 (C) temperature difference across slab E is
× 4 matrix given in the ORS. [IIT JEE-2007] smallest
Column-I Column-II (D) heat flow through C = heat flow through
(A) Bimetallic strip (p) Radiation from a hot body B + heat flow through D.
(B) Steam engine (q) Energy conversion
(C) Incandescent lamp (r) Melting 47. Three very large plates of same area are kept
(D) Electric fuse (s) Thermal expansion of parallel and close to each other. They are
solids.
considered as ideal black surfaces and have very
high thermal conductivity. The first and third
44. A metal rod AB of length l0x has its one end A in
plates are maintained at temperatures 2T and 3T
ice at 0°Cand the other end B in water at 100°C.
respectively. The temperature of the middle (i.e.
If a point P on the rod is maintained at 400°C,
second) plate under steady state condition is
then it is found that equal amounts of water and
[IIT JEE -2012]
ice evaporate and melt per unit time. The latent
1 1
heat of `evaporation of water is 540 cal/g and
 65  4  97  4
(A)   T (B)   T
latent heat of melting of ice is 80 cal/g. If the  2  4 
point P is at a distance of x from the ice end A,
1
find the value of .  97  4 1

(C)   T (D)  97  4 T
[Neglect any heat loss to the surrounding.]  2 
[IIT JEE-2009] 48. Two rectangular blocks, having identical

dimensions, can be arranged either in
45. Two spherical bodies A (radius 6 cm) and B
configuration  or in configuration  as shown in
(radius 18 cm) are at temperature T1 and T2
the figure, On of the blocks has thermal
respectively. The maximum intensity in the
conductivity k and the other 2k. The temperature
aaa
131
difference between the ends along the x-axis is 52. A human body has a surface area of
2
the same in both the configurations. It takes 9s to approximately 1m . The normal body
transport a certain amount of heat from the hot temperature is 10K above the surrounding room
end to the cold end in the configuration . The temperature T0. Take the room temperature to be
time to transport the same amount of heat in the
T0 = 300 K. For T0 = 300 K, the value of T04 =
configuration is : [JEE Advanced -2013]
460 Wm–2(where  is the Stefan-Boltzmann
Configuration II constant). Which of the following options is/are
Configuration I
2k correct? [JEE Advanced-2017]
k 2k k (A) the amount of energy radiated by the body in
x 1 second is close to 60 Joules
(B) if the surrounding temperature reduces by a
(A) 2.0 s (B) 3.0 s (C) 4.5 s (D) 6.0 s
small amount T0<< T0, then to maintain the
same body temperature the same (living)
49. Two spherical stars A and B emit blackbody
human being needs to radiate W = 4 T03 T0
radiation. The radius of A is 400 times that of B
and A emits 104 times the power emitted from B. more energy per unit time
The ratio ( A /  B ) of their wavelengths  A and (C) Reducing the exposed surface area of the
body (i.e. by curling up) allows human to
 B at which the peaks occur in their respective
maintain the same body temperature while
radiation curves is [JEE Advanced-2015]
reducing the energy lost by radiation
(D) If the body temperature rises significantly
50. The ends Q and R of two thin wires, PQ and RS, then the peak in the spectrum of
are soldered (joined) together. Initially each of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the body
the wires has a length of 1 m at 10°C. Now the would shift to longer wavelengths
end P is maintained at 10°C, while the end S is
heated and maintained at 400°C. The system is 53. Two conducting cylinders of equal length but
thermally insulated from its surroundings. If the different radii are connected in series between
thermal conductivity of wire PQ is twice that of two heat baths kept at temperatures T1 = 300K
the wire RS and the coefficient of linear thermal and T2 = 100K, as shown in the figure. The radius
expansion of PQ is 1.2 ×10–5 K–1, the change in
of the bigger cylinder is twice that of the smaller
length of the wire PQ is [JEE Advanced-2016]
one and the thermal conductivities of the
(A) 0.78 mm (B) 0.90 mm
materials of the smaller and the larger cylinders
(C) 1.56 mm (D) 2.34 mm
are K1 and K2 respectively. If the temperature at
51. A metal is heated in a furnace where a sensor is the junction of the two cylinders in the steady
kept above the metal surface to read the power state is 200K, then K1/K2 =__________.
radiated (P) by the metal. The sensor has a scale
[JEE ADV. 2018]
that displays log2 (P/P0), where P0 is a constant.
When the metal surface is at a temperature of Insulating material
487°C, the sensor shows a value 1. Assume that T1 T2
K1 K2
the emissivity of the metallic surface remains
constant. What is the value displayed by the L
sensor when the temperature of the metal surface L
is raised to 2767 °C? [JEE Advanced-2016]
132
54. A container with 1 kg of water in it is kept in 56. A small object is placed at the center of a large
sunlight, which causes the water to get warmer evacuated hollow spherical container. Assume
than the surroundings. The average energy per that the container is maintained at 0 K. At time t
unit time per unit area received due to the = 0, the temperature of the object is 200 K. The
sunlight is 700Wm–2 and it is absorbed by the temperature of the object becomes 100K at t = t1
water over an effective area of 0.05 m2. and 50 K at t = t2. Assume the object and the
Assuming that the heat loss from the water to the container to be ideal black bodies. The heat
surroundings is governed by Newton’s law of capacity of the object does not depend on
cooling, the difference (in °C) in the temperature temperature. The ratio (t2/t1) is____.
of water and the surroundings after a long time [JEE Adv. 2021]
will be _____________. (Ignore effect of the
container, and take constant for Newton’s law of
cooling = 0.001 s–1, Heat capacity of water
= 4200 J kg–1 K–1) [JEE Adv. 2020]
55. The filament of a light bulb has surface area

64mm2. The filament can be considered as a
black body at temperature 2500 K emitting
radiation like a point source when viewed from
far. At night the light bulb is observed from a
distance of 100 m. Assume the pupil of the eyes
of the observer to be circular with radius 3 mm.
Then (Take Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.67 ×
10–8 Wm–2 K–4, Wien’s displacement constant =
2.90 × 10–3m-K, Planck’s constant = 6.63 × 10–34
Js, speed of light in vacuum = 3.00 × 108 ms–1)
[JEE Adv. 2020]
(A) Power radiated by the filament is in the range
642 W to 645 W
(B) Radiated power entering into one eye of the
observer is in the range 3.15 × 10–8 W to
3.25× 10–8 W.
(C) The wavelength corresponding to the
maximum intensity of light is 1160 nm.
(D) Taking the average wavelength of emitted
radiation to be 1740 nm, the total number of
photons entering per second into one eye of
the observer is in the range
2.75 × 1011 to 2.85 × 1011
aaa
133
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE-1
Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. B D D D C C A B A A D B A A B A B B A D
Qus. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. D B D B D C D C C D A C D B D C A C D B
Qus. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. A B B D C D A A A D C A A D B C D C B D
Qus. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Ans. D C C D C A B A C B C B B A A A B B A C
Qus. 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
Ans. D D B A B A A B C C A B B B C B C D C C
Qus. 101 102 103
Ans. C B D
EXERCISE-2
Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. A,D A,B,C,D A,D A,D A,B A,D B,C A,C A,B A,C,D A,B B,D A,B A,C,D A,C,D
Qus. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. A,B,C A,D D B A A A A C B A D B C D
Qus. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
Ans. D C B B D B A D B A B B B
EXERCISE-3
1. (A) (r) (B) (s) (C) (q), (D) (p) 2. (A) (p,s) (B) (t) (C) (q,r), (D) (t)
3. (A) (p) (B) (q,r,t) (C) (p), (D) (q,r,st) 4. (A) (q,s) (B) (p) (C) (s), (D) (q,s)
5. (A) (q,r) (B) (t) (C) (r,s), (D) (q,r)
6. [2] 7. [8] 8. [3] 9. [1] 10. [7] 11. [5] 12. [1]
13. [4] 14. [3] 15. [5] 16. [159] 17. [3] 18. [2] 19. [5]
20. [8] 21. [1] 22. [3] 23. [5] 24. [8] 25. [7] 26. [1]
27. [6] 28. [5] 29. [5] 30. [2] 31. [3] 32. [2]
EXERCISE-4
1. [C] 2. [C] 3. [A] 4. 5. [C] 6.
[D] [A] 7. [C] 8. [D] 9. [A]
10 [D] 11. [A] 12. [A] 13. 14. [B] 15. [B] 16. [40] 17. [60] 18. [50]
[B]
19. [A] 20. [B] 21. [20] 22. [C]
23. [A] 24. [B] 25. [A] 26. [B] 27. [D]
28. [A] 29. [2] 30. [B] 31. 32. [A] 33. [A] 34. (A) 595 wAtt/m2; (B) T0 420 K
[A]
K
35. l = 2s 36. [B] 37. 38. [A] 39. [A] 40. [C] 41. [A]
4eLTS3  K
42. [A,D] 43. [A  q,s; B q; C p,q; D q,r or A  s; B  q; C  p; D  r]
44. [9] 45. [9] 46. [A,C,D] or [A,B,C,D] 47. [C] 48. [A] 49. [2] 50. [A]
51. [9] 52. [C] 53. [4.00] 54. [8.33] 55. [B,C,D] 56. [9]
134

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JEE Companion

For JEE MAINS and ADVANCED

CHAPTER 17. Calorimetry & KTG

CHAPTER 18. Thermodynamics

CHAPTER 19. Heat Transfer & Thermal Expansion

CALORIMETRY & KTG

4. LATENT HEAT Example : 03

(ii) Assumptions regarding volume :

Solution : [a] 12. DEGREE OF FREEDOM

Translational Rotational Vibrational Total

1 nM 2 M = Ax with x = 1 if iodine is monoatomic x = 2 it

16. GAS LAWS

5. Dalton's Law of partial pressure :

18. A given mass m of a hypothetical solid is

25. 5 g of steam at 100ºC is passed into 6 g of ice at

41. Hailstone at 0ºC falls from a height of 1 km on an

 7 63. n molecules of an ideal gas are enclosed in

(C) The average translation energy of different

83. At a pressure of 24 × 105 dyne/cm2, the volume

25. What is the pressure of the enclosed gas ?

29. Determine composition of mixture after 50

Passage # 7 (Q.30 to Q.32)

39. What is the final temperature of the system ?

(A) Thermal energy of A changes (D) Most probable (s) v1  v 2  ......  v N

battery is . A heater supplies necessary heat to

Question Numerical Type Questions

17. A 10 gm ice cube is dropped into 45 gm of water Temp. (K)

21. A calorimeter contains 50 g of water at 50°C. The

65. A mixture of 2 moles of helium gas (atomic mass

1mole gas This law indicates that for systems in thermal

8. Joule's Law 9. Specific heat capacity of gas

2. If Q = Heat supplied to a thermodynamical system (P1,V,T1) (P2,V,T2)

(ii) Process equation is, V2 V

11.4 Adiabatic process dT dV

enclosed by the curve on P–V chart

Solution: (a) Example : 08

In the above question find out heat given to the

(I) Gas (II) Gas

11. A certain amount of ideal monoatomic gas c'

12. The molar heat capacity of a monoatomic ideal 5 5 5 5

Based On Work 18. A gas expands in a piston-cylinder device from

(A) W1 > W2 > W3 (B) W1 < W2 > W3

V0 2V0 27. 110 J of heat are added to a gaseous system by

36. In an H2 gas process, PV2 = constant. The ratio of

V0 2Vu V 0 500 1000 1500

40. In an isobaric process, the change in temperature

(kelvin) are shown in figure. Then, 4×105

43. During an adiabatic change for monatomic gas

3 5 2 5 (A) 12P1V1 (B) 6P1V1

15. A ideal gas performs a process as shown in V/T 200 K 400 K

26. What is the work done by the refrigerator in this

28. In which process heat is absorbed by the gas.

5U0 A C (C) (D) None of these

52. The work done in process AB is :-

4. A sample of gas undergoes a transition from an Column - I

(D) The maximum temperature attained by the

7. Column I Column II 9. In column I, statement about heat given to the

(B) (q) W < 0 Block is the system. Assume no heat is lost to

(C) (r) Q > 0