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    DC Generator

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    Vishnu Teja Gurram
    1) A DC generator converts mechanical energy into direct current electricity through electromagnetic induction. It consists of a rotor with field windings and an armature core with windings that rotates in the magnetic field. 2) Key components include the yoke, poles carrying field windings, armature core, armature windings, commutator and brushes. The field windings produce a magnetic field and rotation of the armature windings in this field induces an electromotive force. 3) There are losses associated with DC generators including copper losses in the windings, iron/core losses from hysteresis and eddy currents, and mechanical losses from friction. Efficiency can be maximized by reducing

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    DC Generator

    Uploaded by

    Vishnu Teja Gurram
    116 views30 pages
    1) A DC generator converts mechanical energy into direct current electricity through electromagnetic induction. It consists of a rotor with field windings and an armature core with windings that rotates in the magnetic field. 2) Key components include the yoke, poles carrying field windings, armature core, armature windings, commutator and brushes. The field windings produce a magnetic field and rotation of the armature windings in this field induces an electromotive force. 3) There are losses associated with DC generators including copper losses in the windings, iron/core losses from hysteresis and eddy currents, and mechanical losses from friction. Efficiency can be maximized by reducing

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    1) A DC generator converts mechanical energy into direct current electricity through electromagnetic induction. It consists of a rotor with field windings and an armature core with windings that rotates in the magnetic field. 2) Key components include the yoke, poles carrying field windings, armature core, armature windings, commutator and brushes. The field windings produce a magnetic field and rotation of the armature windings in this field induces an electromotive force. 3) There are losses associated with DC generators including copper losses in the windings, iron/core losses from hysteresis and eddy currents, and mechanical losses from friction. Efficiency can be maximized by reducing

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    116 views30 pages

    DC Generator

    Uploaded by

    Vishnu Teja Gurram
    1) A DC generator converts mechanical energy into direct current electricity through electromagnetic induction. It consists of a rotor with field windings and an armature core with windings that rotates in the magnetic field. 2) Key components include the yoke, poles carrying field windings, armature core, armature windings, commutator and brushes. The field windings produce a magnetic field and rotation of the armature windings in this field induces an electromotive force. 3) There are losses associated with DC generators including copper losses in the windings, iron/core losses from hysteresis and eddy currents, and mechanical losses from friction. Efficiency can be maximized by reducing

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    Construction And Working Of A DC Generator

    DC Generator
    A dc generator is an electrical machine which converts mechanical energy
    into direct current electricity. This energy conversion is based on the principle
    of production of dynamically induced emf.

    Construction Of A DC Machine:
    A DC generator can be used as a DC motor without any constructional
    changes and vice versa is also possible. Thus, a DC generator or a DC
    motor can be broadly termed as a DC machine. These basic constructional
    details are also valid for the construction of a DC motor. Hence, let's call this
    point as construction of a DC machine instead of just 'construction of a dc
    generator'.
    The above figure shows constructional details of a simple 4-pole DC machine. A DC
    machine consists of two basic parts; stator and rotor. Basic constructional parts of a DC
    machine are described below.
    Parts of the DC machine
    1. Yoke: The outer frame of a dc machine is called as yoke. It is made up of cast
    iron or steel. It not only provides mechanical strength to the whole assembly but
    also carries the magnetic flux produced by the field winding.

    2. Poles and pole shoes: Poles are joined to the yoke with the help of bolts or
    welding. They carry field winding and pole shoes are fastened to them. Pole shoes
    serve two purposes; (i) they support field coils and (ii) spread out the flux in air
    gap uniformly.

    3. Field winding: They are usually made of copper. Field coils are former wound
    and placed on each pole and are connected in series. They are wound in such a
    way that, when energized, they form alternate North and South poles.

    4. Armature core: Armature core is the rotor of a dc machine. It is cylindrical in


    shape with slots to carry armature winding. The armature is built up of thin
    laminated circular steel disks for reducing eddy current losses. It may be
    provided with air ducts for the axial air flow for cooling purposes. Armature is
    keyed to the shaft.
    5. Armature winding: It is usually a former wound copper coil which rests in
    armature slots. The armature conductors are insulated from each other and also
    from the armature core. Armature winding can be wound by one of the two
    methods; lap winding or wave winding. Double layer lap or wave windings are
    generally used. A double layer winding means that each armature slot will carry
    two different coils.

    6. Commutator and brushes: Physical connection to the armature winding is


    made through a commutator-brush arrangement. The function of a
    commutator, in a dc generator, is to collect the current generated in armature
    conductors. Whereas, in case of a dc motor, commutator helps in providing
    current to the armature conductors. A commutator consists of a set of copper
    segments which are insulated from each other. The number of segments is
    equal to the number of armature coils. Each segment is connected to an
    armature coil and the commutator is keyed to the shaft. Brushes are usually
    made from carbon or graphite. They rest on commutator segments and slide on
    the segments when the commutator rotates keeping the physical contact to
    collect or supply the current.
    Working Principle of A DC Generator
    According to Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, whenever a
    conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field (OR a conductor is moved in a
    magnetic field), an emf (electromotive force) gets induced in the conductor.

    The magnitude of induced emf can be calculated from the emf equation of dc
    generator.

    If the conductor is provided with a closed path, the induced current will
    circulate within the path.

    In a DC generator, field coils produce an electromagnetic field and the


    armature conductors are rotated into the field.

    Thus, an electromagnetically induced emf is generated in the armature


    conductors.

    The direction of induced current is given by Fleming’s right hand rule.


    Simple loop Generator
    DC Generator Representation
    EMF Equation of DC generator
    Derivation for Induced EMF
    For one revolution of the conductor, Let, Φ = Flux produced by each pole in weber (Wb)
    and P = number of poles in the DC generator.
    Types of DC Generators
    DC generators can be classified in two main categories, viz;
    (i) Separately excited and (ii) Self-excited.

    (i) Separately excited: In this type, field coils are energized from an
    independent external DC source.

    (ii) Selfexcited: In this type, field coils are energized from the current produced
    by the generator itself. Initial emf generation is due to residual magnetism in
    field poles. The generated emf causes a part of current to flow in the field
    coils, thus strengthening the field flux and thereby increasing emf generation.
    Self excited dc generators can further be divided into three types –

    (a) Series wound - field winding in series with armature winding


    (b) Shunt wound - field winding in parallel with armature winding
    (c) Compound wound - combination of series and shunt winding
    Losses in DC Machine
    Losses in DC Machine (Generator& Motor)
    Copper losses
    Armature copper loss = I2a Ra
    Shunt field copper loss = I2shRsh
    Series field copper loss = I2se Rse

    Iron Losses
    Hysteresis loss
    The steinmetz formula is
    Hysteresis loss Ph= ηB1.6max fV watts

    Eddy current loss


    Eddy Current loss Pe=KeB2maxf2t2 Watts

    Mechanical losses
    These losses are attributable to friction and windage.

    Friction loss occurs due to the friction in bearing, brushes etc.


    windage loss occurs due to the air friction of rotating coil.
    Copper Losses or Electrical Losses in DC Machine or Winding Loss
    The copper losses are the winding losses taking place during the current flowing through
    the winding. These losses occur due to the resistance in the winding. In DC machine,
    there are only two winding, armature and field winding

    Thus copper losses categories in three parts; armature loss, field winding loss, and
    brush contact resistance loss. The copper losses are proportional to square of the
    current flowing through the winding.

    Armature Copper Loss in DC Machine


    Armature copper loss = Ia2Ra Where, Ia is armature current and Ra is armature
    resistance. These losses are about 30% of the total full load losses.

    Field Winding Copper Loss in DC Machine


    Field winding copper loss = If2Rf Where, If is field current and Rf is field resistance. These
    losses are about 25% theoretically, but practically it is constant.

    Brush Contact Resistance Loss in DC Machine


    Brush contact loss attributes to resistance between the surface of brush and
    commutator. It is not a loss which could be calculated separately as it is a part of
    variable losses. Generally, it contributes in both the types of copper losses. So, they are
    factor in the calculation of above losses.
    Core Losses or Iron Losses in DC Machine or Magnetic Losses
    As iron core of the armature is rotating in magnetic field, some losses occurs in the core
    which is called core losses. Normally, machines are operated with constant speed, so
    these losses are almost constant. These losses are categorized in two form; Hysteresis
    loss and Eddy current loss.

    Hysteresis Loss in DC Machine


    Hysteresis losses occur in the armature winding due to reversal of magnetization of the
    core. When the core of the armature exposed to magnetic field, it undergoes one
    complete rotation of magnetic reversal. The portion of armature which is under S-pole,
    after completing half electrical revolution, the same piece will be under the N-pole, and
    the magnetic lines are reversed in order to overturn the magnetism within the core. The
    constant process of magnetic reversal in the armature, consume some amount of
    energy which is called hysteresis loss. The percentage of loss depends upon the quality
    and volume of the iron.

    The Frequency of Magnetic Reversal

    Where, P = Number of poles N = Speed in rpm


    Steinmetz Formula
    The Steinmetz formula is for the calculation of hysteresis loss.

    Where,
    η = Steinmetz hysteresis co-efficient
    Bmax = Maximum flux Density in armature winding
    F = Frequency of magnetic reversals
    V = Volume of armature in m3.

    Eddy Current Loss in DC Machine


    According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, when an iron core rotates
    in the magnetic field, an emf is also induced in the core. Similarly, when armature
    rotates in magnetic field, small amount of emf induced in the core which allows flow
    of charge in the body due to conductivity of the core. This current is useless for the
    machine. This loss of current is called eddy current. This loss is almost constant for
    the DC machines. It could be minimized by selecting the laminated core.
    Eddy Current loss

    Pe=KeB2maxf2t2V Watts
    Where,
    ke = constant
    Bmax = Maximum flux density in wb/m2
    t = Thickness of lamination in m
    V = Volume of core in m3

    Note: Constant (Ke) depend upon the resistance of core and system of unit used.
    Therefore laminating a core will increase the core resistance that drops the eddy
    current and therefore the eddy current loss.
    Mechanical Losses in DC Machine
    The losses associated with mechanical friction of the machine are called mechanical
    losses. These losses occur due to friction in the moving parts of the machine like
    bearing, brushes etc, and windage losses occurs due to the air inside the rotating
    coil of the machine. These losses are usually very small about 15% of full load loss.

    Stray Load Losses in DC Machine


    There are some more losses other than the losses which have been discussed
    above. These losses are called stray-load losses. These miscellaneous losses are due
    to the short-circuit current in the coil undergoing commutation, distortion of flux
    due to armature and many more losses which are difficult to find. These losses are
    difficult to determine. However, they are taken as 1% of the whole load power
    output.
    Power flow in DC Generator
    Power flow in DC motor
    Efficiency of DC generator
    Efficiency of DC motor
    Condition for Maximum Efficiency

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