Experiment # 1 Hydraulics

Hydraulics for Architectural Engineers Lab Manual
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
DATE:
Objective:
To determine specific weight, specific gravity, absolute viscosity and kinematic viscosity
of the given liquid at room temperature.
Apparatus:
 Redwood viscometer
 Weighing balance
 Beaker with liquid (oil)
 Flask (50 ml)
 Thermometer
 Spirit level
 Stop watch
Related Theory
Density: Density ‘ρ’ of a liquid is its mass per unit volume. Its unit is gm/cm 3 in cgs system and
kg/m3 in system international (SI).
Specific weight: Specific weight ‘γ’ of a fluid is its weight per unit volume. It is represented in
dynes/cm3 and N/m3 in cgs and S.I units, respectively.
γ = ρ.g
Specific gravity: Specific gravity ‘S’ of a liquid is the ratio of its density at the given
temperature to the density of water at 4°C. The specific gravity has no units as it is the ratio of
densities or the ratio of specific weights of two liquids.
Viscosity: The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to shear or angular deformation.
The friction forces in fluid flow result from the cohesion and momentum interchange between
molecules in the fluid. As the temperature increases, the viscosities of all liquids decrease,
whereas the viscosities of all gases increase. The viscosity of fluids has mainly two types,
namely (i) the coefficient of viscosity, dynamic viscosity, absolute viscosity or simply the
viscosity and (ii) the kinematic viscosity.
Absolute viscosity: Absolute viscosity ‘μ’ may be defined as the tangential force per unit area
which is required to maintain a unit velocity gradient between two parallel layers. Its units are
dynes sec/cm2 or gm/cm sec in cgs system, and N sec/m2 or kg/m sec in S.I.
1 dyne sec/cm2 =1gm/cm sec=1 poise (or 1 P)

1 N sec/m2 = 1kg/m sec=10 P
Kinematic viscosity: The kinetic viscosity ‘ν’ is defined such that ν= μ/ρ. Its units are cm2/sec in
cgs system and m2/sec in S.I. The cgs system unit is called stoke.
1 stoke = 1 cm2/sec =10-4 m2/sec
1 centi stoke = 10-2 stoke
Kinematic viscosity of water at 20°C is very nearly equal to 1c st. (centi stoke)
Viscometer: The instrument used to measure viscosity of liquids is called viscometer. Some of
the types of viscometer are:
1. Tube type viscometer

2. Falling sphere type viscometer
3. Rotational viscometer
Redwood viscometer: It is one of the tube type viscometer which requires the time by a certain
quantity of the liquid to flow through a short tube of such dimensions that laminar flow of the
liquid is guaranteed. A schematic diagram of the Redwood viscometer is given in Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 Schematic diagram of Redwood Viscometer

The liquid under test is placed in the container ‘A’ which may escape through a capillary tube in
the block of agate ‘J’, except when prevented by the valve ‘V’ which fits the concave upper
surface of ‘J’. The surrounding water bath ‘B’ serves to control the temperature; heat may be
applied to the side tube ‘S’ (or by an electrical immersion heater) and the water may be stirred by
the paddles ‘P’. A hook ‘H’ indicates the correct starting level of the test liquid and the time is
recorded for 50ml of liquid to escape into a flask.
Figure 1.2 Details of Viscometer
Referring Figure 1.2 the viscosity of the oil is calculated by using the formula given below:
μ = (π.d4.γ.hL.t)/(128L.VL) (1.1)
where;
d = diameter of the tube (m).
γ = specific weight of the liquid under test (N/m3).
hL = (h1+h2)/2, average imposed head during the flow period, (m).
L = length of the tube, (m).

VL = volume of the flask (m3).
t = time to fill the flask (sec).
μ = viscosity of the oil (N.sec/m2)
Procedure:
(a) Measurement of Density, Specific weight and Specific gravity:
1. Rinse the flask with petrol and clean it.

2. Put the dry flask on the weighing balance and record its mass.
3. Fill the flask by the liquid (oil) under test up to the mark showing 50ml volume.
4. Weigh the flask filled with oil and find out the mass of the oil.
5. Record the room temperature.
6. Make calculations for density, specific weight and specific gravity of oil.
(b) Measurement of Viscosity:
1. Place the Redwood viscometer on a level (horizontal) Surface.

2. Using the three leveling screws of the viscometer and following the prescribed
procedure, precisely level it so that the bubble of the spirit level attains the central
position.
3. After plugging the opening at the bottom of the cylinder of the viscometer, fill the oil
into the cylinder up to the predetermined mark.
4. Place the flask (already rinsed and dried) on the stand and bring it exactly under the
plugged opening of the cylinder.
5. Unplug the opening and simultaneously start the stop watch
6. Stop the watch when 50ml oil has been collected in the flask. Plug the opening as well.
7. Record the time in seconds.
8. Make calculation for absolute viscosity and kinematic viscosity.
Observation and calculation:
a) Density, specific weight and specific gravity:
Volume of the flask, VL= 50ml = m3
Mass of the empty flask, m1 = _________ gm
Room temperature, T = __________ °C
No Specific Specific
of Mass of Mass of oil Density weight gravity
Obs. flask+oil (m3) (ρ) (γ) (S)
(m2)
Gm gm kg Kg/m3 N/m3 ---
Average values
b) Absolute viscosity and kinematic viscosity:
Diameter of the tube, d = _________ mm = ______ m
Length of the tube, L= _________ cm = _______ m
Average head imposed, hL = ______ cm = _______ m
Specific weight of liquid, γ = ___________ N/m3
No. of observations Time to fill the flask Absolute viscosity Kinematic viscosity
(t) (μ) (ν)
Sec Ns/m2 m2/s
Average values
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Hydraulics for Architectural Engineers Lab Manual

1 dyne sec/cm2 =1gm/cm sec=1 poise (or 1 P)

1 N sec/m2 = 1kg/m sec=10 P

1 stoke = 1 cm2/sec =10-4 m2/sec

1 centi stoke = 10-2 stoke

1. Tube type viscometer

Figure 1.1 Schematic diagram of Redwood Viscometer

Figure 1.2 Details of Viscometer

d = diameter of the tube (m).

γ = specific weight of the liquid under test (N/m3).

hL = (h1+h2)/2, average imposed head during the flow period, (m).

L = length of the tube, (m).

VL = volume of the flask (m3).

t = time to fill the flask (sec).

μ = viscosity of the oil (N.sec/m2)

(a) Measurement of Density, Specific weight and Specific gravity:

1. Rinse the flask with petrol and clean it.

(b) Measurement of Viscosity:

1. Place the Redwood viscometer on a level (horizontal) Surface.

Observation and calculation:

a) Density, specific weight and specific gravity:

Volume of the flask, VL= 50ml = m3

Mass of the empty flask, m1 = _________ gm

Room temperature, T = __________ °C

b) Absolute viscosity and kinematic viscosity:

Diameter of the tube, d = _________ mm = ______ m

Length of the tube, L= _________ cm = _______ m

Average head imposed, hL = ______ cm = _______ m

Specific weight of liquid, γ = ___________ N/m3

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Diameter of the tube, d = ___ mm = m

Length of the tube, L= ___ cm = _ m

Average head imposed, hL = cm = _ m