C++ Programming

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Eighth Edition 2-1
1. C++ Programming From Problem Analysis to

Program Design 8th Edition Malik Solutions
Manual
C++ Programming From Problem Analysis to Program Design 8th Edition Malik
Solutions Manual - Test Bank and Solutions Manual (testbankbell.com)
Chapter 2
Basic Elements of C++
A Guide to this Instructor’s Manual:
We have designed this Instructor’s Manual to supplement and enhance your teaching
experience through classroom activities and a cohesive chapter summary.
This document is organized chronologically, using the same headings that you see in the
textbook. Under the headings, you will find lecture notes that summarize the section, Teacher
Tips, Classroom Activities, and Lab Activities. Pay special attention to teaching tips and
activities geared towards quizzing your students and enhancing their critical thinking skills.
In addition to this Instructor’s Manual, our Instructor’s Resources also contain PowerPoint
Presentations, Test Banks, and other supplements to aid in your teaching experience.
At a Glance
Instructor’s Manual Table of Contents

• Overview
• Objectives
• Teaching Tips
• Quick Quizzes
• Class Discussion Topics
• Additional Projects
• Additional Resources
• Key Terms
© 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in
a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
Lecture Notes
Overview
Chapter 2 teaches your students the basics of C++. Learning a programming language is
similar to learning to be a chef or learning to play a musical instrument. All three
require direct interaction with the tools; in other words, you cannot become proficient
by simply reading books on the topics. In this chapter, your students will begin
acquiring a fundamental knowledge of C++ by learning about data types, functions,
identifiers, assignment statements, arithmetic operations, and input/output operations.
They will then write and test programs using these concepts to verify their knowledge
of the material.
Objectives
In this chapter, the student will:
• Become familiar with the basic components of a C++ program, including functions,
special symbols, and identifiers
• Explore simple data types
• Discover how to use arithmetic operators
• Examine how a program evaluates arithmetic expressions
• Become familiar with the string data type
• Learn what an assignment statement is and what it does
• Learn about variable declaration
• Discover how to input data into memory using input statements
• Become familiar with the use of increment and decrement operators
• Examine ways to output results using output statements
• Learn how to use preprocessor directives and why they are necessary
• Learn how to debug syntax errors
• Explore how to properly structure a program, including using comments to document a
program
• Become familiar with compound statements
• Learn how to write a C++ program
Teaching Tips
Introduction
1. Define the terms computer program and programming.
2. Use the recipe analogy to give students an idea of the process of programming.
A Quick Look at a C++ Program
1. Note that every C++ program must have a function called main. Use Example 2-1 to
illustrate a basic main function. Walk through this example and point out the
meaning of each line.
2. Discuss the purpose of an output statement and what it produces.
3. Point out the use of comments.
4. Briefly introduce the #include directive.
5. Use Figure 2-1 to describe the various parts of a C++ program.
Teaching Reassure students that although most of this example probably looks confusing,
Tip they will soon understand it and be comfortable with it.
6. Use Figures 2-2 and 2-3 to describe how memory is allocated and used to store values.
The Basics of a C++ Program

1. Explain that a C++ program is essentially a collection of one or more subprograms,
called functions. Note that although many functions are predefined in the C++ library,
programmers must learn how to write their own functions to accomplish specific tasks.
2. Define the terms syntax rules and semantic rules as they relate to a programming
language and explain the difference between the two.
Teaching Emphasize that compilers check for syntax but not semantic errors. Give an
Tip example of each type of error.
Comments
1. Use the program in Example 2-1 to describe the use and importance of comments.
Stress that comments are for the reader, not for the compiler.
2. Describe the two forms of comments shown in the textbook.
The importance of documenting a program cannot be underestimated. It is highly

Teaching
important for ensuring that the next programmer to be responsible for
Tip
maintaining the code will be able to understand what the code is supposed to do.
Special Symbols
1. Explain that the C++ programming language consists of individual units called tokens,
and these are divided into special symbols, word symbols, and identifiers.
2. Go over some of the special symbols in C++, including mathematical symbols,

punctuation marks, the blank symbol, and double characters that are regarded as a
single symbol.
Reserved Words (Keywords)
1. Discuss the word symbols, or keywords, used in C++, using Appendix A as a guide.
Emphasize that C++ keywords are reserved and cannot be redefined for any other
purpose with a program.
Identifiers
1. Define the term identifier as a name for something, such as a variable, constant, or
function.
2. Discuss the rules for naming identifiers in C++. Also note that C++ is a case-sensitive
language.
3. Use Table 2-1 to review the rules of identifier naming.
Discuss the difference between C++ conventions and rules. For example, it is a
Teaching
rule that a mathematical symbol cannot be used in an identifier name. However,
Tip
it is a convention to begin an identifier with a lowercase letter.
Whitespaces
1. Explain that whitespaces (which include blanks, tabs, and newline characters) are used
to separate special symbols, reserved words, and identifiers.
Data Types
1. Explain that C++ categorizes data into different types in order to manipulate the data in
a program correctly. Although it may seem cumbersome at first to be so type-conscious,
emphasize that C++ has these built-in checks to guard against errors.
Explain that C++ is called a strongly typed language because it checks for
Teaching operations between inconsistent data types. This results in more robust and error-
Tip free programs. Demonstrate how C++ checks for data types with a simple
program that attempts to add a string and a numeric value.
2. Define the term data type as a set of values together with a set of operations.
3. Mention that C++ data types fall into three categories: simple data types, structured data
types, and pointers. Only the first type is discussed in this chapter.
Simple Data Types
1. Describe the three categories of simple data types in C++: integral, floating-point, and
enumeration.
2. Mention the eleven categories of integral data types. Explain why C++ (and many other
languages) has so many categories of the same data type. In addition, discuss the rules
involving the use of integral types.
4. Explain the purpose of the bool data type.
5. Discuss the char data type, including its primary uses. Mention commonly used
ASCII characters and their predefined ordering. Explain that a char data type is
enclosed in single quotation marks, and note that only one symbol may be designated as
a character.
6. Use Table 2-2 to summarize the three simple data types. Point out the difference in the
amount of memory storage required, but inform students that this is system-dependent.
Floating-Point Data Types
1. Use Table 2-3 to explain how C++ represents real, or floating-point, numbers. Mention
the three categories of data types to represent real numbers (float, double, and
long double), and explain when to use each type.
2. Define the terms precision, single precision, and double precision.
Demonstrate how to find the values of float and double on a particular

Teaching system by running the program with the header file <cfloat> in Appendix
Tip F. Encourage students to try running this program on their own computers and
comparing the results.
Quick Quiz 1
1. What is an enumeration type?
Answer: C++’s method for allowing programmers to create their own simple data types
2. The maximum number of significant digits in a number is called the

.
Answer: precision
3. The data type has only two values: true and false.
Answer: bool
4. The data type, the smallest integral data type, is used to

represent characters.
Answer: char
Data Types and Variables, and Assignment Statements

1. Explain that the declaration of a variable requires that the data type be specified.
2. Explain the concept and syntax of an assignment.
Arithmetic Operators, Operator Precedence, and Expressions

1. Discuss the five arithmetic operators in C++ that are used to manipulate integral and
floating-type data types.
2. Define the terms unary and binary operators, and discuss the difference between them.
Order of Precedence
1. Review operator precedence rules, as C++ uses these rules when evaluating
expressions. Explain that parentheses can be used to override the order of operator
precedence.
Expressions
1. This section discusses integral and floating-point expressions in detail.
2. Describe the three types of arithmetic expressions in C++.
3. Use Examples 2-6 and 2-7 to clarify how C++ processes expressions.
Mixed Expressions
1. Discuss the two rules for evaluating mixed expressions and illustrate these rules in
practice using Example 2-8.
Quick Quiz 2
1. A(n) operator has only one operand.
Answer: unary
2. You can use to override the order of precedence rules.

Answer: parentheses
3. Describe the associativity of arithmetic operators.

Answer: Unless there are parentheses, the associativity of arithmetic operators is said to
be from left to right.
4. An expression that has operands of different data types is called a(n)

.
Answer: mixed expression
Type Conversion (Casting)

1. Explain how C++ avoids the hazards that result from implicit type coercion, which
occurs when one data type is automatically changed into another data type.
2. Illustrate the form of the C++ cast operator using Example 2-9.
Students may feel a bit overwhelmed after the discussion of the static_cast
operator. Ask them to run the program from Example 2.9. They should
Teaching
experiment with removing the static_cast operator from various
Tip
statements, as well as changing the variable values. Ask them to report on any
unpredictable results.
string Type
1. Introduce the C++ data type string, which is a programmer-defined data type
available in the C++ library. Define a string as a sequence of zero or more characters.
2. Define the terms null string or empty string.
3. Discuss how to determine the length of a string, as well as the position of each character
in a string.
Teaching Emphasize that the first position of a character in a string is 0, not 1. This will be
Tip helpful when manipulating both strings and arrays later on the text.
Variables, Assignment Statements, and Input Statements

1. Explain that data for a C++ program must be input into main memory. Mention the two-
step process to store data in the computer’s memory.
Allocating Memory with Constants and Variables
1. Emphasize that when allocating memory, the programmer must instruct the computer
which names to use for each memory location as well as what type of data to store in
those memory locations.
2. Define the term named constant and describe the syntax for declaring a named constant.
Use Example 2-11 to illustrate the naming conventions for named constants. Explain
why named constants are used in programs.
3. Define the term variable and use Example 2-12 to illustrate the syntax for declaring
single and multiple variables.
4. Give a formal definition of a simple data type.
Putting Data into Variables
1. Mention the two ways you can place data in a variable in C++.
Assignment Statement
1. Discuss the C++ assignment statement, including its syntax, variable initialization, and
the associativity rules of the assignment operator.
2. Step through Example 2-13 to illustrate how assignment statements operate in C++.
3. Use Example 2-14 to discuss the importance of doing a walk-through (tracing values
through a sequence of steps) when writing code.
Teaching Building a table showing the values of variables at each step of the program is
Tip very helpful for students to understand the nature of variables.
Saving and Using the Value of an Expression
1. Explain the steps involved in saving the value of an expression using Example 2-15.
Declaring and Initializing Variables
1. Explain that when a variable is declared, C++ may not automatically put a meaningful
value in it.
2. Emphasize that it is a good practice to initialize variables while they are being declared.
Use one or more examples to illustrate how to do this in C++.
Input (Read) Statement
1. This section teaches your students to read data into variables from a standard input
device. Define and explain the use of the C++ object cin and the stream
extraction operator >>.
2. Step through Examples 2-16 through 2-18 to illustrate how to read in numeric and string
data.
Variable Initialization
1. Reiterate that a variable can be initialized either through an assignment statement or a

read statement. Explain why the read statement option is more versatile. Use Example
2-19 to illustrate both types of initialization.
Programmers (and instructors) have various approaches or preferences regarding

variable declaration and initialization. Share your views on the topic. Do you
Teaching
think the best approach is to always initialize variables for consistency? Do you
Tip
prefer initializing variables directly before the block of code that uses them, or
initializing them during declaration?
Quick Quiz 3
1. What is a named constant?
Answer: A memory location whose content is not allowed to change during program
execution
2. What is the syntax for declaring single or multiple variables?

Answer: dataType identifier, identifier, …;
3. True or False: If you refer to an identifier without declaring it, the compiler will
generate an error message.
Answer: True
4. A variable is said to be _ the first time a value is placed in it.

Answer: initialized
Increment and Decrement Operators
1. Explain the purpose of the C++ increment (++) and decrement (--) operators.
2. Discuss how pre and post versions of these operators affect the results in a program.
Use Example 2-20 to help explain the difference between these versions.
Verify that students are comfortable with using pre- and post-
Teaching
increment/decrement operators correctly, as it will be useful when working with
Tip
control structures.
Output
1. Review how the C++ output statement is coded with the cout object and stream
insertion operator (<<). Review the role of the endl manipulator in output
statements as well.
2. Discuss the use of escape characters (see Table 2-4), such as the newline character, to
format output. Demonstrate how to format output with Examples 2-21 through 2-26.
Outputting strings can be confusing at first. Talk about the various methods to
Teaching deal with several lines of string output, and give your opinion as to the best
Tip approach. Emphasize that the Enter key cannot be used to break up a long string
into two lines.
Preprocessor Directives
1. Explain the role of the preprocessor in C++. Discuss the use of header files and the
syntax for including them in a C++ program.
Teaching Show your students some of the available operations in the <cmath>
Tip header. Here is one Web site with a description:
http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/cmath/
namespace and Using cin and cout in a Program
1. Briefly explain the purpose of the namespace mechanism in ANSI/ISO Standard

C++. Discuss the std namespace and how it relates to the <iostream>
header file.
2. Review the using namespace std; statement and its usefulness in

programs using cin and cout statements.
Using the string Data Type in a Program
1. Mention that the <string> header must be included in C++ programs using the
string data type.
Creating a C++ Program
1. Discuss the role of the function main in a C++ program. Go over the syntax of a
main function, including declaration, assignment, executable, and return statements.
Mention that named constant definitions and preprocessor directives are written before
the main function.
2. Spend some time stepping through Examples 2-27 through 2-29. Verify that students
understand each line of code in Example 2-29.
Debugging: Understanding and Fixing Syntax Errors

1. Review the sample program on page 84 and the compiler output that is generated when
compiling the program. Walk through the various syntax errors and explain how each
one should be fixed. Note that a syntax error on one line may be the cause of a compiler
error on the following line.
Debugging is one of the most important skills a professional programmer

Teaching
acquires. Stress to students the importance of learning how to debug their own
Tip
programs, including the verification of the results.
Program Style and Form

1. This section covers basic C++ syntax and semantic rules. Review these rules with your
students in order for them to feel comfortable writing a complete functioning C++
program.
Syntax
1. Remind students that syntax rules define what is legal and what is not.
2. Discuss some common syntax errors. Emphasize that syntax errors should be corrected
in the order in which the compiler lists them.
Use of Blanks
1. Discuss when blanks should and should not be used in a C++ program.
Use of Semicolons, Brackets, and Commas
1. Explain the purpose and meaning of semicolons, brackets, and commas in C++
programs. Define the term statement terminator.
Semantics
1. Define the term semantics.
2. Reiterate that a program may run without compiler errors and still have semantic errors
that generate incorrect results. Use the example in the text to illustrate.
Naming Identifiers
1. Mention the conventions for naming identifiers, including self-documenting identifiers

and run-together words.
Prompt Lines
1. Define the term prompt lines.
2. Explain why well-written prompt lines are essential for user input.
Documentation
1. Discuss why documenting a program through comments is critical to understanding and

modifying the program at a later time.
Form and Style
1. Explain the purpose behind formatting and indentation conventions in source code. Use
Example 2-30 to illustrate.
As with naming conventions, discuss your own preferences in terms of form and
Teaching style in programming. Use the programming examples at the end of the chapter
Tip to talk about various stylistic elements. Discuss the value of the “art” of
programming.
Quick Quiz 4
1. True or False: The semantic rules of a language tell you what is legal and what is not
legal.
Answer: False
2. The semicolon is also called the .

Answer: statement terminator
3. How can you make run-together words easier to understand?

Answer: Capitalizing the beginning of each new word; or inserting an underscore before
each new word
4. Why are comments important in a program?

Answer: A well-documented program is easier to understand and modify, even a long
time after you originally wrote it. You use comments to document programs. Comments
should appear in a program to explain the purpose of the program, identify who wrote
it, and explain the purpose of particular statements.
More on Assignment Statements

1. Define the terms simple assignment statement and compound assignment statement.
2. Define the C++ compound operators (+=, -=, *=, /=, and %=) and explain how and
why compound assignment statements are used in C++ programs. Use Example 2-31 to
illustrate this.
3. Step through the “Convert Length” and “Make Change” Programming Examples to
help the students consolidate all the information from this chapter.
Class Discussion Topics

1. As mentioned in this chapter, C++ predefined identifiers such as cout and cin can
be redefined by the programmer. However, why is it not wise to do so?
2. The text mentioned that the char data type can be cast into an int. What are
some possible uses of this functionality?
Additional Projects
1. Learn and report on various compiler errors by modifying one or two of the programs in
this chapter. Try to compile the program. What happens when you fail to initialize a
value for a named constant? What are the error messages when you use a numeric or
string constant in an expression without first giving it a value? Finally, what happens
when you initialize a char data type with a character enclosed in double quotes?
2. Use one of the programs in this chapter to test for invalid user input. The program
should compile with no errors. What happens when you enter an unexpected value
(such as an incorrect data type) when prompted for user input? Test with several sets of
invalid data and document your findings.
Additional Resources
1. C++ Examples:
https://developers.google.com/edu/c++/getting-started
2. Basic Input/Output:
http://www.cplusplus.com/doc/tutorial/basic_io/
3. C++ Programming Style Guidelines:

http://geosoft.no/development/cppstyle.html
4. Strong vs. Weak Typing:

http://www.artima.com/intv/strongweak.html
Key Terms
 Arithmetic expression: an expression constructed using arithmetic operators and
numbers
 Assignment operator: =; assigns whatever is on the right side to the variable on the left
side
 Associativity: the associativity of arithmetic operators is said to be from left to right
 Binary operator: an operator that has two operands
 Cast operator (type conversion, type casting): used to explicitly convert one data type
to another data type
 Character arithmetic: arithmetic operation on char data
 Collating sequence: a predefined ordering for the characters in a set
 Compound assignment statement: statements that are used to write simple assignment
statements in a more concise notation
 Computer program: a sequence of statements whose objective is to accomplish a task
 Data type: a set of values together with a set of operations
 Declaration statements: statements that are used to declare things, such as variables
 Decrement operator: --; decreases the value of a variable by 1
 Double precision: values of type double
 Enumeration: a user-defined data type
 Executable statements: statements that perform calculations, manipulate data, create
output, accept input, and so on
 Floating-point: a data type that deals with decimal numbers
 Floating-point (decimal) expression: an expression in which all operands in the
expression are floating-point numbers
 Floating-point notation: a form of scientific notation used to represent real numbers
 Function (subprogram): a collection of statements; when activated, or executed, it
accomplishes something
 Identifier: a C++ identifier consists of letters, digits, and the underscore character (_); it
must begin with a letter or underscore
 Implicit type coercion: when a value of one data type is automatically changed to
another data type
 Increment operator: ++; increases the value of a variable by 1
 Initialized: the first time a value is placed in the variable
 Input (read) statement: a statement that places data into variables using cin and >>
 Integral: a data type that deals with integers, or numbers, without a decimal part
 Integral expression: an expression in which all operands are integers
 Keyword: a reserved word
 Mixed expression: an expression that has operands of different data types
 Named constant: a memory location whose content is not allowed to change during
program execution
 Null (empty) string: a string containing no characters
 Operands: numbers appearing in an arithmetic expression
 Output statement: an output on the standard output device via cout and <<
 Post-decrement: has the syntax variable--

 Post-increment: has the syntax variable++
 Precision: the maximum number of significant digits
 Pre-decrement: has the syntax –-variable
 Predefined (standard) function: a function that is already written and provided as part
of the system
 Pre-increment: has the syntax ++variable
 Preprocessor: a program that carries out preprocessor directives
 Programming: the process of planning and creating a program
 Programming language: a set of rules, symbols, and special words
 Prompt lines: executable statements that inform the user what to do
 Reserved words (keywords): word symbols in a programming language that cannot be
redefined in any program
 Run-together word: an identifier that is composed of two or more words that are
combined without caps or underscores
 Self-documenting identifiers: identifiers that describe the purpose of the identifier
through the name
 Semantic rules: rules that determine the meaning of the instructions
 Semantics: a set of rules that gives meaning to a language
 Simple assignment statement: a statement that uses only the assignment operator to
assign values to the variable on the left side of the operator
 Simple data type: the variable or named constant of that type can store only one value
at a time
 Single precision: values of type float
 Source code: consists of the preprocessor directives and program statements
 Source code file (source file): a file containing source code
 Statement terminator: the semicolon
 Stream extraction operator: >>; takes information from a stream and puts it into a
variable
 Stream insertion operator: <<; takes information from a variable and puts it into a
stream
 String: a sequence of zero or more characters
 Syntax rules: rules that describe which statements (instructions) are legal, or accepted
by the programming language, and which are not legal
 Token: the smallest individual unit of a program written in any language
 Unary operator: an operator that has only one operand
 Variable: a memory location whose content may change during program execution
 Walk-through: the process of tracing values through a sequence
Chapter 2
1. a. false; b. false; c. true; d. true; e. false; f. false; g. true; h. true; i. false; j. false; k. true; l. false
2. b, d, e, f
3. b, e
4. A keyword is a reserved word and is defined by the system. A keyword cannot be redefined in
a program. A user-defined identifier can be redefined.
5. The identifiers quizNo1 and quizno1 are not the same. C++ is case sensitive. The fifth letter
of quizNo1 is uppercase N while the fifth character of quizno1 is lowercase n. So these
identifiers are different
6 . a. 22
b. 2
c. 14
d. 8
e. 7.00
f. 21
g. 20
h. 0.00
i. 15.50
7. a. 7
b. 5.50
c. -1.00
d. Not possible. Both the operands of the operator % must be integers. y + z is of type double.
Both operands, y + z and x, of %V must be integers.
e. 13.50
f. 1
g. Not possible. Both the operands of the operator % must be integers. Because the second operand,
z, is a floating-point value, the expression is invalid.
h. 3.00
8. a, b, c, e, i, j, and k are valid;

d, f, and g are invalid because the left side of an expression must be a variable. h is invalid because
the operands of the mod operator must be integers.
9. x = 9, y = 5, z = 3, w = -3
10. Variable declarations in Lines 1, 6, and 7 are correct.
Variable declaration in Line 2 is incorrect. Now, B+ is a string, so it must be enclosed in double
quotes mark. Also, grade is a char variable and a string cannot be assigned to a char variable.
A correct declaration is:
7
char grade = 'B'; //Line 2
Variable declaration in Line 3 is incorrect because the left side of the assignment operator must be
a variable, and the semicolon at the end of the statement is missing. A correct declaration is:
double num = 28.5; //Line 3
The variable declaration in Line 4 is incorrect because strings are enclosed in double quotation
marks. A correct declaration is:
string message = "First C++ course"; //Line 4
The variable declaration in Line 5 is incorrect because the value assigned to age must be an int
value. A correct declaration is:
int age = 18; //Line 5
11. a and c are valid

12. a. int x, y;
x = 25;
y = 18;
b. int temp = 10;
char ch = 'A';
c. x = x + 5;
d. double payRate = 12.5;
e. tempNum = firstNum;
f. temp = x;
x = y;
y = temp;
g. cout << x << " " << y << " " << x + 12 / y - 18 << endl;
h. char grade = 'A';
i. int num1, num2, num3, num4;
j. x = static_cast<int>(z + 0.5);
13. a. 9.0 / 5 * C + 32
b. static_cast<int>('+')
c. static_cast<int>(x + 0.5)
d. str = "C++ Programming is exciting"
e. totalInches = 12 * feet + inches
f. i++, ++i, or i = i + 1;
g. v = 4 / 3 * (3.1416 * r * r *r);
h. s = 2* (3.1416 * r * *r) + 2 * (3.1416 * r) * h;
i. a + (b – c) / d * (e * f – g * h)
j. (–b + (b * b – 4 * a * c)) / (2 * a)
8
14. x = 1
y = 102
z = 15
w = 44
15. x = 101
y = 11
z = 104
w = 159.00
t = 81.50
16. a. x = 18, y = 5, z = 4
b. 5 * x - y = 85
c. Product of 18 and 4 is 72
d. x - y / z = 17
e. 18 square = 324
17. a. 1000
b. 42.50
c. 1.25
d. 11.00
e. 9
f. 88.25
g. -2.00
18. a. cout << endl; or cout << "\n"; or cout << '\n';
b. cout << "\t";
c. cout << "\"";
19. a and c are correct

20.
a. char grade = '*';
b. double salesTax = 0.05;
c. int numOfJuiceBottles = 0;
d. double billingAmount = 0.0;
e. double gpa = 0.0;
9
21. a. int num1;
int num2;
b. cout << "Enter two numbers separated by spaces." << endl;
c. cin >> num1 >> num2;
d. cout << "num1 = " << num1 << ", num2 = " << num2
<< ", 2 * num1 – num2 = " << 2 * num1 – num2 << endl;
22. A correct answer is:

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
const double DECIMAL = 5.50;

const string blanks = " ";
double PAY_RATE = 10.75;
int main()
{
int height, weight;
double discount;
double billingAmount;
double bonus;
int hoursWorked = 45;
double price;
height = 6;
weight = 156;
cout << height << " " << weight << endl;
discount = (2 * height + weight) % 10;

price = 49.99;
billingAmount = price * (1 - discount) - DECIMAL ;

// DECIMAL = 7.55;
cout << price << blanks << "$" << billingAmount << endl;
bonus = hoursWorked * PAY_RATE / 50;
cout << "Bonus = " << bonus << endl;
return 0;
}

#include <iostream>
const char STAR = '*';

const int PRIME = 71;
10
int main()
{
int count, sum;
double x;
int newNum; //declare newNum
count = 1;
sum = count + PRIME;
x = 25.67; // x = 25.67;
newNum = count * 1 + 2; //newNum = count * ONE + 2;
sum++; //(x + sum)++;
sum = sum + count; //sum + count = sum;
x = x + sum * count; // x = x + sum * COUNT;
sum += 3; //sum += 3--;
cout << " count = " << count << ", sum = " << sum
<< ", PRIME = " << PRIME << endl;
return 0;
}
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
int main()
{
int num1, num2;
string str1;
cout << "Enter a string without any blanks in it : ";

cin >> str1;
cout << endl;
cout << "Enter two integers: ";

cin >> num1 >> num2;
cout << endl;
cout << str1 << " "

<< "num1 * num2 = " << num1 * num2 << endl;
return 0;
}
25. An identifier must be declared before it can be used.

26. b.
27. a. x += 5;
b. x *= 2 * y
c. totalPay += currentPay;
d. z *= (x + 2);
11
e. y /= x + 5;
28. a. x = x + 5 – z;
b. y = y * (2 * x + 5 – z);
c. w = w + 2 * z + 4;
d. x = x – (z + y – t);
e. sum = sum + num;
29.
a b c
a = (b++) + 3; 8 3 und
c = 2 * a + (++b); 8 2 12
b = 2 * (++c) – (a++); 9 -3 11
30.
a b c sum
sum = static_cast<int>(a + b + c); 6 3 2.2 11
b += c * a; 6 16 2.2 11
c -= a; 6 16 -3.8 11
a *= 2 * b - c; 214 16 -3.8 11
31. (The user input is shaded.)

firstNum = 62
Enter three numbers: 35 10.5 27
The numbers you entered are 35, 10.5, and 27

z = 33
Enter grade: B
The letter that follows your grade is: C
32. (The user input is shaded.)

Enter last name: Miller
Enter a two digit integer: 34
Enter a decimal number: 62.5
Name: Miller
Id: 34
Mystery number: -5.14286
33.
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
12
const double X = 13.45;
const int Y = 18;
const char STAR = '*';
int main()
{
string employeeID;
string department;
int num;
double salary;
cout << "Enter employee ID: ";

cin >> employeeID;
cout << endl;
cout << "Enter department: ";

cin >> department;
cout << endl;
cout << "Enter a positive integer less than 80: ";

cin >> num;
cout << endl;
salary = num * X;
cout << "ID: " << employeeID << endl;

cout << "Department " << department << endl;
cout << "Star: " << STAR << endl;
cout << "Wages: $" << salary << endl;
cout << "X = " << X << endl;
cout << "X + Y = " << X + Y << endl;
return 0;
}
34. The program requires four inputs in the following order:

string decimal_number decimal_number integer
13

C++ Programming

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

C++ Programming

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

C++ Programming

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Eighth Edition 2-1

1. C++ Programming From Problem Analysis to

Instructor’s Manual Table of Contents

• Class Discussion Topics

A Quick Look at a C++ Program

2. Discuss the purpose of an output statement and what it produces.

3. Point out the use of comments.

4. Briefly introduce the #include directive.

5. Use Figure 2-1 to describe the various parts of a C++ program.

The Basics of a C++ Program

2. Describe the two forms of comments shown in the textbook.

The importance of documenting a program cannot be underestimated. It is highly

2. Go over some of the special symbols in C++, including mathematical symbols,

Reserved Words (Keywords)

3. Use Table 2-1 to review the rules of identifier naming.

Simple Data Types

4. Explain the purpose of the bool data type.

Floating-Point Data Types

2. Define the terms precision, single precision, and double precision.

Demonstrate how to find the values of float and double on a particular

2. The maximum number of significant digits in a number is called the

4. The data type, the smallest integral data type, is used to

Data Types and Variables, and Assignment Statements

2. Explain the concept and syntax of an assignment.

Arithmetic Operators, Operator Precedence, and Expressions

1. This section discusses integral and floating-point expressions in detail.

2. Describe the three types of arithmetic expressions in C++.

2. You can use to override the order of precedence rules.

3. Describe the associativity of arithmetic operators.

4. An expression that has operands of different data types is called a(n)

Type Conversion (Casting)

2. Define the terms null string or empty string.

Variables, Assignment Statements, and Input Statements

Allocating Memory with Constants and Variables

4. Give a formal definition of a simple data type.

Putting Data into Variables

Saving and Using the Value of an Expression

Declaring and Initializing Variables

Input (Read) Statement

1. Reiterate that a variable can be initialized either through an assignment statement or a

Programmers (and instructors) have various approaches or preferences regarding

2. What is the syntax for declaring single or multiple variables?

4. A variable is said to be _ the first time a value is placed in it.

Increment and Decrement Operators

namespace and Using cin and cout in a Program

1. Briefly explain the purpose of the namespace mechanism in ANSI/ISO Standard

2. Review the using namespace std; statement and its usefulness in

Using the string Data Type in a Program

Creating a C++ Program

Debugging: Understanding and Fixing Syntax Errors

Debugging is one of the most important skills a professional programmer

Program Style and Form

Use of Semicolons, Brackets, and Commas

1. Define the term semantics.

1. Mention the conventions for naming identifiers, including self-documenting identifiers

1. Define the term prompt lines.

1. Discuss why documenting a program through comments is critical to understanding and

Form and Style

2. The semicolon is also called the .