Leadership and Political Structure Presentation

Political and
Leadership
Structures
Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics
OBJECTIVES
I. Analyze social and political structures

II. Differentiate the types of political organizations.
III. Differentiate the different forms of legitimacy of

authority.
CONTENTS
I. Discusses the types of political organizations

created by humans
II. Discusses the types of authority and

legitimacy present in human societies that
allow for the rise of leaders.
Political
Organization
POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
- is any entity that is participating in a political process.
Elman Service (1962)

- a political anthropologist
- identified four types of sociopolitical
organizations.
- argued that these political organizations
function in consideration of their economic
orientation.
FOUR TYPES:
BANDS
TRIBES
CHIEFDOMS
STATES AND NATIONS
BANDS
Is the least complex form of Typically consists of 20-50 individuals
political organization, as it has who are usually related to one another
neither a rigid form of governance by kinship. Due to the close ties between
nor a structured form of members of this group, coercion as form
leadership. of receiving compliance is not an option.
Individuals are made to follow This type of economic

group decision through social subsistence allows for
mechanisms such as gossiping, greater mobility of the
ostracizing, and being ridiculed. group as they follow animals
and other food sources.
Members of an Inuit
band in northern
Canada during the
late 19th century
This society is chiefly based on Decision-making is often made by the
foraging, which is also known as entire group, with the eldest member
hunting and gathering. acting as the facilitator.
Form of leadership is informal, as the extent of the leader's power lies only upon his or
capacity to influence the course of dialog in the group. He/She can, by no means, coerce
anyone in the group to do a task that the other does not want to perform.
Bands are egalitarian in social composition. This implies that individuals in the group
have equal access to resources and values.
Reciprocity is a primary form of exchange among the members. Individuals who have
lesser capacity to hunt or gather have equal access to the food that other members are
able to produce.
ECONOMIC SAFETY NET
- means that every member of the group is assured of basic needs such as food and water.
This is observed even if the member is not able to produce on a particular day, as food
and almost everything else is communally owned
FREE RIDERS
- those who would partake of their share of the community's resources without
any attempt to contribute
- where in such cases, bands would usually employ noncoercive tactics such as
ridiculing and gossiping
TRIBES
TRIBES
- is a political organization that consists of segmentary
lineages
- this type of kinship relation is marked by loyalty per family
cluster or segment
An individual's loyalty primarily lies on his or her cousins,

then his or her distant cousins. This type of kinship
grouping allows for the creation of interdependent
organizations. This means that the position of the father
in the family as the prime decision maker and his
position in society will most likely be similar.
The Maasai's have
strong segmentary
lineages that allow
for generational
solidarity of warriors
coming from the
same age group.
TRIBES
- The leaders that are chosen are individuals who are
believed to possess special skills or aptitudes that
relate to the economic activity.
- Hence, should a younger and an older hunter be in a

debate about a decision, the decision-making power shall
be accorded by the members of the society to the person
with greater skills in hunting without considering age.
- Similar to the leaders of bands, the leaders in a

tribe have no concrete political power over their
members, except in areas when group concerns are
in place.
TRIBES
Tribes are less mobile than bands, as their form of
economic subsistence requires a degree of settlement.
Most tribes are either:

Horticultural (shifting agriculture)
Pastoral (tending animals)
These types of economic systems require individuals to

settle in one area for a specific period either to let their
animals graze (pastoralism) or to harvest their crops
(horticultural). This supports the need to create an
informal form of leadership that is based on need.
TRIBES
A tribute is a form of gift
that may consist of wealth,
food, or other materials
given to a central figure who
in turn redistributes the
accumulated goods to the
other members of society.
Through this
process, the products of one
group is shared and
consumed by the other
groups.
CHIEFDOMS
CHIEFDOMS
- is more complex than a tribe, as this political organization consists of a
few local communities who subscribe to the power and rule of a leader
who has absolute power on them
- this absolute power is derived from the perceived relation of the leader
to supernatural forces and powers, which is a form of legitimizing factor
- as long as their leader is a direct descendant of their gods, this leader
maintains his or her sovereignty in the land
- once the belief of people shifts, this leader almost instantaneously loses
power
CHIEFDOMS
The ancient Mayans were know
for their complex and elaborate
political system that
incorporated religion, kinship
and politics. The Mayan political
organization embodied the
characteristics of a chiefdom,
that includes a political leader
with an advisory council, a leader
who exercises power that is
http://www.historyshistories.com/maya-government.html based on legitimacy, and the
existence of social stratification.
SIMILARITIES of TRIBE What distinguishes a
and CHIEFDOMS chiefdom from a tribe?
- Existence of social
- Tied with horticulture stratification that segregates
and pastoralism society into the elite and the
commoner.
- Economic distribution
- The elites are often relatives
through tribute of the ruler and are also
collection believed to have divinity or
connections to the
supernatural.
STATES and
NATIONS
STATE
- refers to a political organization united by a common set
of laws
NATION
- refers to a group of people sharing similar culture and
political history
STATES and NATIONS
A state :
- uses absolute power in directing the
path of a society
- uses complete political coerciveness to
attain societal goals and objectives,
which may come on the form of armed
personnel, stricter law, and rigid
governmental policies
STATES and NATIONS
The primary form of economic subsistence

in this political organization is market
exchange.
Standardized currencies are used
to exchange commodities, unlike in a band
where a commodity or service is
exchanged with another commodity or
service, which are often deemed by both
parties to be of similar value.
STATES and NATIONS
The differentiated access to production and capital creates the
formation and perpetuation of class and caste systems.
Pyramid of power in ancient states

Social rules are implemented in the form of : LAWS
Laws are created to manage the interaction among

individuals and between the individuals and the state.
As a citizen of a country, an individual is subjected to

the legal norms in the territory. These norms may
include paying taxes, rendering military service, and
contributing to the political life in the society.
In South Korea, all males are required to render military service
and undergo training for 21 months despite their gender or social
status.
In the Philippines, some of the obligations of its citizens include:

1.) Payment of at most 32% of one's income as income tax to the
government
2.) Payment of 12% value added tax (VAT) for all commodities and
services purchased
3.) Completion of the National Service Training Program (NSTP) or

the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) while in college
4). Recognition of the authority of government officials
(e.g., police officers, lawmakers)
Being a citizen of a country also entails the enjoyment of certain
privileges that are labelled as RIGHTS
TWO TYPES OF RIGHTS
1. Natural Rights
- those that are expected to be enjoyed
by all individuals, regardless of citizenship. These rights
are derived from the basic elements of individuals being
humans. Some of these rights include: the right to life,
the right to liberty or freedom, and the right to
property
TWO TYPES OF RIGHTS
2. Legal Rights
- are those that are awarded to an individual
by the state as part of its culture, traditions, and
norms
Hence, a Muslim-dominated state will provide
its citizens a different set of legal rights as compared
to a Christian-dominated state.
Some examples include: the right to vote, the
right to privacy and the right to join formal
organizations.
AUTHORITY and
LEGITIMACY
AUTHORITY AND LEGITIMACY
The extent of leader's power relies on how much his or

her followers accord him or her with it. This leads to a
discussion on the reasons that leaders rise and how they
maintain power over individuals.
According to Max Weber, a 20th century
sociologist, every leader has some form of justification as
to why he or she should be accorded with such power. He
organized these reasons into three categories of
legitimacy of authority: legal, traditional, and
charismatic.
Legal authority Traditional authority

Achieved by a leader is achieved by a
through the process of following leadership legitimacy that
established codes and procedures highlights the right of a leader to
governing the allocation and rule based on inheritance of the
distribution of power and resources title.
within a society. People under the
Leader who are ruling leadership of a ruler with
under the clout of this authority have traditional authority accept the
been either elected or appointed to latter's exercise of power as it has
office following the existing laws of the been the status quo in the society
land. The extent as to which this type since their forefathers.
of leaders can wield power is limited to The rules of monarchs
what the codified laws of the society and their allies in both patrimonial
accords him or her. and feudal regimes are examples of
this.
Charismatic authority These types of authority and

Creates a type of legitimacy are not mutually
leadership that is based on the exclusive, as some can be combined
personal attachment of the to produce other forms of
subordinates to the ruler whose leadership justification.
characteristics, experiences, or even
skills are believed to be INSTITUTIONAL CHARISMA
extraordinary, or maybe even = Charismatic authority
supernatural. + Legal authority
Due to this, most of the
= Observed among
ruler's followers are devoted to him or
religious institutions where leaders
her without regard as to whether the
authority is accepted based on his
authority of the ruler is accepted
or her charisma, but his exercise of
within the legal work of the society or
that he or she has not been part of a
power is limited by legal structures
royal lineage. of the church
FAMILIAL CHARISMA
= Traditional authority
+ Charismatic authority
= observed in kingship
rules as individuals recognize
the right of the king to rule
based on his inheritance of the
position and his innate
extraordinary capacities
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Political and

I. Analyze social and political structures

III. Differentiate the different forms of legitimacy of

I. Discusses the types of political organizations

II. Discusses the types of authority and

Elman Service (1962)

Individuals are made to follow This type of economic

An individual's loyalty primarily lies on his or her cousins,

- Hence, should a younger and an older hunter be in a

- Similar to the leaders of bands, the leaders in a

Most tribes are either:

These types of economic systems require individuals to

The primary form of economic subsistence

Pyramid of power in ancient states

Laws are created to manage the interaction among

As a citizen of a country, an individual is subjected to

In the Philippines, some of the obligations of its citizens include:

3.) Completion of the National Service Training Program (NSTP) or

TWO TYPES OF RIGHTS

The extent of leader's power relies on how much his or

Legal authority Traditional authority

Charismatic authority These types of authority and

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