Bachelor of Elementary Education (BEED)

LEARNING MODULE
Module Number 4 Water, Wind, Earthquakes

Subject Code:
Subject Description: EARTH SCIENCE
Term: 1st Semester Academic Year 2022-2023

I. Learning Objectives:

Upon completion of this module, the students will be able to:

● Describe the role water plays in the lithosphere, hydrosphere,
cryosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere, with emphasis on interactions.
between these reservoirs.

● Apply the scientific method to investigations of hydrologic processes, Earth

systems, and interactions among the various physical and biological realms
utilizing standard scientific field and laboratory methods.
● Explain the occurrence of earthquakes according to elastic rebound theory.

II. Learning Outcomes:

● will demonstrate an understanding of the hydrology of streams and lake systems and the
role water has in landscape-forming processes that act on the Earth's surface.
● Describe the two main scales for measuring the size of an earthquake

● Explain how earthquakes are used to reveal the deep structure of the earth,

particularly the liquid nature of the outer core

III. Learning Resources:

Required Learning Resources

● Textbooks.
● Software.
● Relevant reading materials.
● Videos.
● Recordings.

Additional Learning Resources

● https://www.keslerscience.com › earthquakes-lesson-pla.

.IV. Tasks to Complete

● Activities
● Quizzes
● Examination

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V. Content Items

Lesson 1 ; WATER

H2O" redirects here. For other uses, see H₂O (disambiguation)  and  Water
(disambiguation).

Water (chemical formula H2O) is an inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless,

and nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent
of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living organisms (in which it acts as
a solvent[1]). It is vital for all known forms of life, even though it provides neither food,
energy, nor organic micronutrients. Its chemical formula, H2O, indicates that each of
its molecules contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, connected by covalent
bonds. The hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45°.
[2]
 "Water" is also the name of the liquid state of H 2O at standard temperature and
pressure.

A number of natural states of water exist. It forms precipitation in the form of rain

and aerosols in the form of fog. Clouds consist of suspended droplets of water and ice,
its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in the form of snow.
The gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor.

Water covers about 71% of the Earth's surface, mostly in seas and oceans (about
96.5%).[3] Small portions of water occur as groundwater (1.7%), in the glaciers and
the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%), and in the air as vapor, clouds
(consisting of ice and liquid water suspended in air), and precipitation (0.001%).[4]
[5]
 Water moves continually through the water
cycle of evaporation, transpiration (evapotranspiration), condensation, precipitation,
and runoff, usually reaching the sea.

Water plays an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70% of the

freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture.[6] Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies
is a major source of food for many parts of the world, providing 6.5% of global protein.
[7]
 Much of the long-distance trade of commodities (such as oil, natural gas, and
manufactured products) is transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals.
Large quantities of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating, in industry
and homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of substances both mineral
and organic; as such it is widely used in industrial processes, and in cooking and
washing. Water, ice and snow are also central to many sports and other forms of
entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing, surfing, sport fishing,
diving, ice skating and skiing.

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PROPERTIES

A water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom

► Water (H2O) is a polar inorganic compound that is at room

temperature a tasteless and odorless liquid, nearly colorless with a hint of blue.
► This simplest hydrogen chalcogenide is by far the most studied chemical compound
and is described as the "universal solvent" for its ability to dissolve many substances. 
► This allows it to be the "solvent of life": indeed, water as found in nature almost
always includes various dissolved substances, and special steps are required to obtain
chemically pure water.
► Water is the only common substance to exist as a solid, liquid, and gas in normal
terrestrial conditions.

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The three common states of matter
Along with oxidane, water is one of the two official names for the chemical compound 
● H2O; it is also the liquid phase of H2O.
● The other two common states of matter of water are the solid phase, ice, and the
gaseous phase, water vapor or steam.
● The addition or removal of heat can cause phase transitions: freezing (water to
ice), melting (ice to water), vaporization (water to vapor), condensation (vapor to
water), sublimation (ice to vapor) and deposition (vapor to ice).

Density

Water differs from most liquids in that it becomes less dense as it freezes. In 1 atm
pressure, it reaches its maximum density of 1,000 kg/m3 (62.43 lb/cu ft) at 3.98 °C
(39.16 °F). The density of ice is 917 kg/m3 (57.25 lb/cu ft), an expansion of 9%. This
expansion can exert enormous pressure, bursting pipes and cracking rocks.
In a lake or ocean, water at 4 °C (39.2 °F) sinks to the bottom, and ice forms on the
surface, floating on the liquid water. This ice insulates the water below, preventing it
from freezing solid. Without this protection, most aquatic organisms would perish
during the winter.

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Magnetism

Water is a diamagnetic material. Though interaction is weak, with superconducting

magnets it can attain a notable interaction.

Phase transitions

At a pressure of one atmosphere (atm), ice melts or water freezes at 0 °C (32 °F) and

water boils or vapor condenses at 100 °C (212 °F). However, even below the boiling
point, water can change to vapor at its surface by evaporation (vaporization throughout
the liquid is known as boiling). Sublimation and deposition also occur on surfaces. For
example, frost is deposited on cold surfaces while snowflakes form by deposition on an
aerosol particle or ice nucleus. In the process of freeze-drying, a food is frozen and
then stored at low pressure so the ice on its surface sublimates.
The melting and boiling points depend on pressure. A good approximation for the rate
of change of the melting temperature with pressure is given by the Clausius–Clapeyron
relation:
where  and  are the molar volumes of the liquid and solid phases, and  is the
molar latent heat of melting. In most substances, the volume increases when melting
occurs, so the melting temperature increases with pressure. However, because ice is
less dense than water, the melting temperature decreases. In glaciers, pressure
melting can occur under sufficiently thick volumes of ice, resulting in subglacial lakes.

The Clausius-Clapeyron relation also applies to the boiling point, but with the liquid/gas
transition the vapor phase has a much lower density than the liquid phase, so the
boiling point increases with pressure. Water can remain in a liquid state at high
temperatures in the deep ocean or underground. For example, temperatures exceed
205 °C (401 °F) in Old Faithful, a geyser in Yellowstone National Park. In hydrothermal
vents, the temperature can exceed 400 °C (752 °F).

At sea level, the boiling point of water is 100 °C (212 °F). As atmospheric pressure
decreases with altitude, the boiling point decreases by 1 °C every 274 meters. High-
altitude cooking takes longer than sea-level cooking. For example, at 1,524 metres
(5,000 ft), cooking time must be increased by a fourth to achieve the desired
result. (Conversely, a pressure cooker can be used to decrease cooking times by raising
the boiling temperature.) In a vacuum, water will boil at room temperature.

Phase diagram of water

On a pressure/temperature phase diagram (see figure), there are curves separating
solid from vapor, vapor from liquid, and liquid from solid. These meet at a single point
called the triple point, where all three phases can coexist. The triple point is at a
temperature of 273.16 K (0.01 °C) and a pressure of 611.657 pascals (0.00604 atm); it
is the lowest pressure at which liquid water can exist. Until 2019, the triple point was
used to define the Kelvin temperature scale.

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The water/vapor phase curve terminates at 647.096 K (373.946 °C; 705.103 °F) and
22.064 megapascals (3,200.1 psi; 217.75 atm). This is known as the critical point. At
higher temperatures and pressures the liquid and vapor phases form a continuous
phase called a supercritical fluid. It can be gradually compressed or expanded between
gas-like and liquid-like densities, its properties (which are quite different from those of
ambient water) are sensitive to density. For example, for suitable pressures and
temperatures it can mix freely with nonpolar compounds, including most organic
compounds. This makes it useful in a variety of applications including high-
temperature electrochemistry and as an ecologically benign solvent or catalyst in
chemical reactions involving organic compounds. In Earth's mantle, it acts as a solvent
during mineral formation, dissolution and deposition.

Phases of ice and water

The normal form of ice on the surface of Earth is Ice Ih, a phase that forms crystals
with hexagonal symmetry. Another with cubic crystalline symmetry, ice, can occur in
the upper atmosphere. As the pressure increases, ice forms other crystal structures. As
of 2019, 17 have been experimentally confirmed and several more are predicted
theoretically. The 18th form of ice, ice XVIII, a face-centred-cubic, superionic ice phase,
was discovered when a droplet of water was subject to a shock wave that raised the
water’s pressure to millions of atmospheres and its temperature to thousands of
degrees, resulting in a structure of rigid oxygen atoms in which hydrogen atoms flowed
freely. When sandwiched between layers of graphene, ice forms a square lattice.
The details of the chemical nature of liquid water are not well understood; some
theories suggest that its unusual behaviour is due to the existence of 2 liquid states.

Taste and Odor

Pure water is usually described as tasteless and odorless, although humans have

specific sensors that can feel the presence of water in their mouths, and frogs are
known to be able to smell it. However, water from ordinary sources (including bottled
mineral water) usually has many dissolved substances, that may give it varying tastes
and odors. Humans and other animals have developed senses that enable them to
evaluate the potability of water in order to avoid water that is too salty or putrid.

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Color and appearance

Pure water is visibly blue due to absorption of light in the region ca. 600 nm –
800 nm. The color can be easily observed in a glass of tap-water placed against a pure
white background, in daylight. The principal absorption bands responsible for the color
are overtones of the O–H stretching vibrations. The apparent intensity of the color
increases with the depth of the water column, following Beer's law. This also applies,
for example, with a swimming pool when the light source is sunlight reflected from the
pool's white tiles
In nature, the color may also be modified from blue to green due to the presence of
suspended solids or algae.
In industry, near-infrared spectroscopy is used with aqueous solutions as the greater
intensity of the lower overtones of water means that glass cuvettes with short path-
length may be employed. To observe the fundamental stretching absorption spectrum
of water or of an aqueous solution in the region around 3,500 cm−1 (2.85 μm) a path
length of about 25 μm is needed. Also, the cuvette must be both transparent around
3500 cm−1 and insoluble in water; calcium fluoride is one material that is in common
use for the cuvette windows with aqueous solutions.
The Raman-active fundamental vibrations may be observed with, for example, a 1 cm
sample cell.
Aquatic plants, algae, and other photosynthetic organisms can live in water up to
hundreds of meters deep, because sunlight can reach them. Practically no sunlight
reaches the parts of the oceans below 1,000 meters (3,300 ft) of depth.
The refractive index of liquid water (1.333 at 20 °C (68 °F)) is much higher than that of
air (1.0), similar to those of alkanes and ethanol, but lower than those
of glycerol (1.473), benzene (1.501), carbon disulfide (1.627), and common types of
glass (1.4 to 1.6). The refraction index of ice (1.31) is lower than that of liquid water.

Water cycle

The water cycle refers to the continuous exchange of water within the hydrosphere
between the Atmosphere, soil, water, surface water, groundwater and plants. Water
moves perpetually through each of these regions in the water cycle consisting of the
following transfer processes:

 Evaporation from oceans and other water bodies into the and transportation
from land pants and animals into the air.
 precipitation, from water vapor condensing from the air and falling to the earth
or ocean.
 runoff from the land usually reaching the sea.

Most water vapors found mostly in the ocean returns to it, but winds carry water vapor
over land at the same rate as runoff into the sea, about 47 Tt per year whilst
evaporation and transpiration happening in land masses also contribute another 72 Tt
per year. Precipitation, at a rate of 119 Tt per year over land, has several forms: most

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commonly rain, snow, and hail, with some contribution from fog and dew.[66] Dew is
small drops of

water that are condensed when a high density of water vapor meets a cool surface.
Dew usually forms in the morning when the temperature is the lowest, just before
sunrise and when the temperature of the earth's surface starts to increase. Condensed
water in the air may also refract sunlight to produce rainbows.
Water runoff often collects over watersheds flowing into rivers. A mathematical model
used to simulate river or stream flow and calculate water quality parameters is
a hydrological transport model. Some water is diverted to irrigation for agriculture.
Rivers and seas offer opportunities for travel and commerce. Through erosion, runoff
shapes the environment creating river valleys and deltas which provide rich soil and
level ground for the establishment of population centers. A flood occurs when an area
of land, usually low-lying, is covered with water which occurs when a river overflows its
banks or a storm surge happens. On the other hand, drought is an extended period of
months or years when a region notes a deficiency in its water supply. This occurs when
a region receives consistently below average precipitation either due to its topography
or due to its location in terms of latitude.

Water resources

Water occurs as both "stocks" and "flows". Water can be stored as lakes, water
vapor, groundwater or aquifers, and ice and snow. Of the total volume of global
freshwater, an estimated 69 percent is stored in glaciers and permanent snow
cover; 30 percent is in groundwater; and the remaining 1 percent in lakes, rivers,
the atmosphere, and biota]The length of time water remains in storage is highly
variable: some aquifers consist of water stored over thousands of years but lake

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 volumes may fluctuate on a seasonal basis, decreasing during dry periods and
increasing during wet ones.

Seawater and tides

Seawater contains about 3.5% sodium chloride on average, plus smaller amounts of

other substances. The physical properties of seawater differ from fresh water in
some important respects. It freezes at a lower temperature (about −1.9 °C
(28.6 °F)) and its density increases with decreasing temperature to the freezing
point, instead of reaching maximum density at a temperature above freezing. The
salinity of water in major seas varies from about 0.7% in the Baltic Sea to 4.0% in
the Red Sea. (The Dead Sea, known for its ultra-high salinity levels of between 30
and 40%, is really a salt lake.)
Tides are the cyclic rising and falling of local sea levels caused by the tidal forces of
the Moon and the Sun acting on the oceans. Tides cause changes in the depth of
the marine and estuarine water bodies and produce oscillating currents known as
tidal streams. The changing tide produced at a given location is the result of the
changing positions of the Moon and Sun relative to the Earth coupled with
the effects of Earth rotation and the local bathymetry. The strip of seashore that is
submerged at high tide and exposed at low tide, the intertidal zone, is an important
ecological product of ocean tides.

HIGH TIDE

LOW TIDE

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 

Lesson 2: EARTHQUAKE

An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the

surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in
the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in intensity,
from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt, to those violent enough to propel
objects and people into the air and wreak destruction across entire cities. The seismic
activity of an area is the frequency, type, and size of earthquakes experienced over a
particular time period. The seismicity at a particular location in the Earth is the average
rate of seismic energy release per unit volume. The word tremor is also used for non-
earthquake seismic rumbling.
At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and displacing or
disrupting the ground. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore,
the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also
trigger landslides.
In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event—
whether natural or caused by humans—that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are
caused mostly by rupture of geological faults but also by other events such as volcanic
activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. An earthquake's point of initial
rupture is called its hypocenter or focus. The epicenter is the point at ground level
directly above the hypocenter.

Earthquake fault types

There are three main types of fault, all of which may cause an interplate earthquake:
► normal, reverse (thrust), and strike-slip.
► Normal and reverse faulting are examples of dip-slip, where the displacement along
the fault is in the direction of dip and where movement on them involves a vertical
component.
► Normal faults occur mainly in areas where the crust is being  extended such as
a divergent boundary.
► Reverse faults occur in areas where the crust is being  shortened such as at a
convergent boundary. 

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► Strike-slip faults are steep structures where the two sides of the fault slip horizontally
past each other; transform boundaries are a particular type of strike-slip fault. Many
earthquakes are caused by movement on faults that have components of both dip-slip
and strike-slip; this is known as oblique slip.
► Reverse faults, particularly those along  convergent plate boundaries, are associated
with the most powerful earthquakes, megathrust earthquakes, including almost all of
those of magnitude 8 or more.
► Megathrust earthquakes are responsible for about 90% of the total seismic moment
released worldwide. Strike-slip faults, particularly continental transforms, can produce
major earthquakes up to about magnitude 8. Earthquakes associated with normal faults
are generally less than magnitude 7. For every unit increase in magnitude, there is a
roughly thirtyfold increase in the energy released. For instance, an earthquake of
magnitude 6.0 releases approximately 32 times more energy than a 5.0 magnitude
earthquake and a 7.0 magnitude earthquake releases 1,000 times more energy than a
5.0 magnitude earthquake. An 8.6 magnitude earthquake releases the same amount of
energy as 10,000 atomic bombs of the size used in World War II

Shallow-focus and deep-focus earthquakes

Collapsed Gran Hotel building in the San Salvador metropolis, after the shallow 1986 San Salvador earthquake

The majority of tectonic earthquakes originate in the ring of fire at depths not
exceeding tens of kilometers. Earthquakes occurring at a depth of less than 70 km
(43 mi) are classified as "shallow-focus" earthquakes, while those with a focal-depth
between 70 and 300 km (43 and 186 mi) are commonly termed "mid-focus" or
"intermediate-depth" earthquakes. In Subduction zones, where older and colder oceanic
crust descends beneath another tectonic plate, deep-focus earthquakes may occur at
much greater depths (ranging from 300 to 700 km (190 to 430 mi)). These seismically
active areas of subduction are known as Wadati–Benioff zones. Deep-focus earthquakes
occur at a depth where the subducted lithosphere should no longer be brittle, due to
the high temperature and pressure. A possible mechanism for the generation of deep-
focus earthquakes is faulting caused by olivine undergoing a phase transition into
a spinel structure.

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Earthquake clusters

Most earthquakes form part of a sequence, related to each other in terms of location
and time. Most earthquake clusters consist of small tremors that cause little to no
damage, but there is a theory that earthquakes can recur in a regular pattern.

FREQUENCY OCCURRENCE

It is estimated that around 500,000 earthquakes occur each year, detectable with
current instrumentation. About 100,000 of these can be felt. Minor earthquakes occur
nearly constantly around the world in places like California and Alaska in the U.S., as
well as in El Salvador, Mexico, Guatemala, Chile, Peru, Indonesia, the Philippines, Iran,
Pakistan, the Azores in Portugal, Turkey, New Zealand, Greece, Italy, India, Nepal and
Japan. Larger earthquakes occur less frequently, the relationship being exponential; for
example, roughly ten times as many earthquakes larger than magnitude 4 occur in a
particular time period than earthquakes larger than magnitude 5. In the (low seismicity)
United Kingdom, for example, it has been calculated that the average recurrences are:
an earthquake of 3.7–4.6 every year, an earthquake of 4.7–5.5 every 10 years, and an
earthquake of 5.6 or larger every 100 years.[40] This is an example of the Gutenberg–
Richter law.

The Messina earthquake and tsunami took as many as 200,000 lives on December 28,

1908, in Sicily and Calabria.

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The number of seismic stations has increased from about 350 in 1931 to many
thousands today. As a result, many more earthquakes are reported than in the past,
but this is because of the vast improvement in instrumentation, rather than an increase
in the number of earthquakes. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) estimates
that, since 1900, there have been an average of 18 major earthquakes (magnitude 7.0–
7.9) and one great earthquake (magnitude 8.0 or greater) per year, and that this
average has been relatively stable. In recent years, the number of major earthquakes
per year has decreased, though this is probably a statistical fluctuation rather than a
systematic trend. More detailed statistics on the size and frequency of earthquakes is
available from the United States Geological Survey. A recent increase in the number of
major earthquakes has been noted, which could be explained by a cyclical pattern of
periods of intense tectonic activity, interspersed with longer periods of low intensity.
However, accurate recordings of earthquakes only began in the early 1900s, so it is too
early to categorically state that this is the case.
Most of the world's earthquakes (90%, and 81% of the largest) take place in the
40,000-kilometre-long (25,000 mi), horseshoe-shaped zone called the circum-Pacific
seismic belt, known as the Pacific Ring of Fire, which for the most part bounds
the Pacific Plate. Massive earthquakes tend to occur along other plate boundaries too,
such as along the Himalayan Mountains.
With the rapid growth of mega-cities such as Mexico City, Tokyo and Tehran in areas of
high seismic risk, some seismologists are warning that a single quake may claim the
lives of up to three million people.

Measuring and Locating Earthquakes

Main articles:  Seismic magnitude scales  and  Seismology

The instrumental scales used to describe the size of an earthquake began with
the Richter magnitude scale in the 1930s. It is a relatively simple measurement of an
event's amplitude, and its use has become minimal in the 21st century. Seismic
waves travel through the Earth's interior and can be recorded by seismometers at great
distances. The surface wave magnitude was developed in the 1950s as a means to
measure remote earthquakes and to improve the accuracy for larger events.
The moment magnitude scale not only measures the amplitude of the shock but also
takes into account the seismic moment (total rupture area, average slip of the fault,
and rigidity of the rock). The Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity scale,
the Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale, and the Mercalli intensity scale are based on
the observed effects and are related to the intensity of shaking.
Every tremor produces different types of seismic waves, which travel through rock with
different velocities:

 Longitudinal P-waves (shock- or pressure waves)

 Transverse S-waves (both body waves)
 Surface waves – (Rayleigh and Love waves)
Propagation velocity of the seismic waves through solid rock ranges from approx.
3 km/s (1.9 mi/s) up to 13 km/s (8.1 mi/s), depending on the density and elasticity of
the medium. In the Earth's interior, the shock- or P-waves travel much faster than the
S-waves (approx. relation 1.7:1). The differences in travel time from the epicenter to
the observatory are a measure of the distance and can be used to image both sources
of quakes and structures within the Earth. Also, the depth of the hypocenter can be
computed roughly.
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In the upper crust, P-waves travel in the range 2–3 km (1.2–1.9 mi) per second (or
lower) in soils and unconsolidated sediments, increasing to 3–6 km (1.9–3.7 mi) per
second in solid rock. In the lower crust, they travel at about 6–7 km (3.7–4.3 mi) per
second; the velocity increases within the deep mantle to about 13 km (8.1 mi) per
second. The velocity of S-waves ranges from 2–3 km (1.2–1.9 mi) per second in light
sediments and 4–5 km (2.5–3.1 mi) per second in the Earth's crust up to 7 km (4.3 mi)
per second in the deep mantle. As a consequence, the first waves of a distant
earthquake arrive at an observatory via the Earth's mantle.
On average, the kilometer distance to the earthquake is the number of seconds
between the P- and S-wave times 8.[55] Slight deviations are caused by
inhomogeneities of subsurface structure. By such analysis of seismograms, the Earth's
core was located in 1913 by Beno Gutenberg.

Human impacts

An earthquake may cause injury and loss of life, road and bridge damage,
general property damage, and collapse or destabilization (potentially leading to future
collapse) of buildings. The aftermath may bring disease, lack of basic necessities,
mental consequences such as panic attacks, depression to survivors, [63] and higher
insurance premiums.

Landslides

Earthquakes can produce slope instability leading to landslides, a major geological

hazard. Landslide danger may persist while emergency personnel are attempting rescue
work.

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Fires

Earthquakes can cause fires by damaging electrical power or gas lines. In the event of
water mains rupturing and a loss of pressure, it may also become difficult to stop the
spread of a fire once it has started. For example, more deaths in the 1906 San
Francisco earthquake were caused by fire than by the earthquake itself.

Tsunami

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Tsunamis are long-wavelength, long-period sea waves produced by the sudden or
abrupt movement of large volumes of water—including when an earthquake occurs at
sea. In the open ocean, the distance between wave crests can surpass 100 kilometres
(62 mi), and the wave periods can vary from five minutes to one hour. Such tsunamis
travel 600–800 kilometers per hour (373–497 miles per hour), depending on water
depth. Large waves produced by an earthquake or a submarine landslide can overrun
nearby coastal areas in a matter of minutes. Tsunamis can also travel thousands of
kilometers across open ocean and wreak destruction on far shores hours after the
earthquake that generated them.[16]
Ordinarily, subduction earthquakes under magnitude 7.5 do not cause tsunamis,
although some instances of this have been recorded. Most destructive tsunamis are
caused by earthquakes of magnitude 7.5 or more.

VI. Summary:

1. What are the objectives of earthquake?

2. What is the lesson of earthquake?
3. Why is it important for students to learn about earthquakes?
4. What is the conclusion of earthquake?
5. Why is water important to life?

VII. Review Question:

1. How much water should we drink a day?

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2. Which water is good for health?

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3. What would happen without water?

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4. How water is precious in our life?

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5. Why is water called life?

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6. What is water made up of?

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7. What is earthquake explain?

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8. What causes an earthquake?

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9. Is a 10.5 earthquake possible?

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 10. What is earthquake and its effects?
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