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POON’s NEW TOURISM

In the past – having mass tourism : holodays in large volumes in the most cost-effective ways
To compete the others- try to achieve the lowest operating costs -> have a large scale
development (phát triển theo qui mô lớn)

MASS TOURISM
Advantages Disadvantage
- it brings money to the local economy - a lot of the profit made by large companies
- creates jobs for local people - jobs are badly paid and seasonal
- young people are more likely to stay in the - traffic caused by tourists
area - behavior of tourists can offend locals
- improve roads, infrastructure, - transporting people places causes global
communication which benefits local people. warming
- income from tourism can be reinvested in - tourism can increase litter and pollution
other projects. Ca also be reinvested into can lead to the destruction of natural
protecting the environment habitats

At the end of the twentieth century – having


1 New consumers
The differences b/w new and old consumers
Old consumers New consumers
Not experienced travel -> be confident when Have experiences in travelling
travelling in groups (inclusive tours) Want to manage and control their holidays/
be able to search information for travel
arrangements
Require tourism suppliers provide products/
services that be customized to the needs of
specific market segments

2 New technologies
Living in information-intensive industry and IT is indispensable tool (important)
IT is used in processing , storing , retrieval and distribution information
Is a key tool in transforming mass tourism b/c it facilitates the provision of high -quality,
flexible tourism experiences
3 Emergence of new global best practice
Mass production - reduced costs and generated profits through the production of large volumes
of identical products, allowing producers to compete on price.
flexible production emphasises product quality, the need to respond to, and satisfy, customer
needs through the development of customised products for specific market segments.
New tourism embraces/ uses the flexible production by providing quality tourism experiences
that closely match the needs of particular market segments, continuously try to improve
customer satisfaction levels to maintain customer loyalty and innovating in the development of
new products
There is competition between destinations and between suppliers
-> to survive in market, suppliers and destinations have to develop attractions and services that
stand out - and that will attract positive word-of-mouth recommendations and loyal customers -
perhaps by offering unique experiences, providing high levels of satisfaction, or actively seeking
to reduce the negative impacts of their activities on the host community, economy and
environment
4 Limit to growth
Mass tourism destroys exactly what it seeks - such things as quiet, cultures and landscapes,
unpolluted waters, intact (not be destroyed) reefs, fishes, turtles, mountains, ski slopes, wildlife
and virgin forests.
What happen to New Tourism?
New tourism requires environmentally tourism production and consumption, such as through
environmental planning and management in destination development, environmental sensitivity
in tourism suppliers’ operations, and through changes to consumer behaviour in their choice of
suppliers and their activities in destinations
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM
forms of tourism that take ‘full account of its current and future economic, social and
environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host
communities
people, planet and profits- the triple bottom line’
In a tourism context this requires tourism development and activities that: conserve natural
resources, biodiversity and ecological processes; respect the values and traditions of host
communities; increase understanding and tolerance between cultures; provide fair distribution of
socio-economic benefits to all stakeholders; ensure viable operations in the long term; provide
stable employment and business opportunities to host communities; and help to reduce poverty.
Sustainable tourism also provides strong tourist satisfaction and creates meaningful experiences
that raise tourists’ awareness of sustainability issues

TOURISM AND THE EXPERIENCE ECONOMY- nền KT trải nghiệm


experience economy’ to describe a new phase of economic development that began in the 1990s
In the experience economy, businesses compete on the type and quality of experience that they
create for their customers: the more unique and memorable the experience, the more
successful the business is likely to be.
James H. Gilmore Nền kinh tế trải nghiệm (Experience Economy) đơn giản là việc bán những trải
nghiệm đáng nhớ hay có ý nghĩa cho khách hàng.”
Post-tourism
In the early 2000s, the term ‘post-tourism’ developed to describe tourism experiences that are
created specifically to provide entertainment, fun
THE IMPACT OF TOURISM
Direct economic impacts-. the impacts that are generated directly via tourism expenditure.
Tourist income directly generates income and jobs in hotels, attractions, tour companies and
travel agencies. Tourists’ expenditure may also generate direct economic impacts in places that
are not strictly part of the tourism industries, such as health spas, clothing stores, cinemas and
internet cafes.
Indirect economic impacts-. This refers to where tourist expenditure indirectly to the local
economy, via purchases made by the businesses that cater for tourists. If a hotel, for example,
buys in foodstuffs from a local producer or wholesaler, it will increase its order if business is
going well: either because there are more tourists or because the tourists are spending more.
Similarly, if a local retail store attracts more customers because of tourism, it may need to
hire extra staff. In both cases businesses that are not within the tourism sector are benefitting
from tourism indirectly.
Induced economic impacts: This refers to the economic impacts that are the result of
expenditure by residents of the region, who have been directly or indirectly affected by tourist
expenditure. This type of economic impact is the least visible of the three: it refers to the
general economic situation of the region. If through tourism many residents of a region are
better off (because of income that is generated directly or indirectly), they are likely to spend
more and make many local businesses flourish. They may in turn hue more staff or pay more
taxes. The idea is therefore that because the region is generally better off due to tourism this
affects almost everybody, even people who do not benefit directly or indirectly from tourism
income.

THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TOURISM


What is the most important economic impact of tourism?
Tourism boosts the revenue of the economy, creates thousands of jobs, develops the
infrastructures of a country, and plants a sense of cultural exchange between foreigners
and citizens.

What are the 3 impact of tourism?


Tourism can generate positive or negative impacts under three main categories: economic,
social, and environmental

What is the positive and negative impact of tourism?


Tourism can have positive and negative effects on people and the environment. Tourism is
an important industry and can help the low-income countries’ development. Tourism
requires management or it can become unsustainable

Impact
+ Direct Impact : generate directly through tourism expenditure (chi tiêu)
Generate income and jobs in hotels/ tour companies/ TA….
Generate directly in places that are not strictly part of the tourism
industries (spa/ clothing stores/….)

+ Indirect impact
tourist expenditure indirectly affect to the local economy, via purchases made by the
businesses that cater for tourists. If a hotel, for example, buys in foodstuffs from a local
producer or wholesaler, it will increase its order if business is going well: either because
there are more tourists or because the tourists are spending more. Similarly, if a local
retail store attracts more customers because of tourism, it may need to hire extra staff.
In both cases businesses that are not within the tourism sector are benefitting from
tourism indirectly.
+ Induced impact: (tác động kt gây ra)
result of expenditure by residents of the region, who have been directly or indirectly
affected by tourist expenditure
it refers to the general economic situation of the region. If through tourism many
residents of a region are better off (because of income that is generated directly or
indirectly), they are likely to spend more and make many local businesses’ development

EMPLOYMENT GENERATION
As tourism plays an increasingly important role in the economy of many countries, its
role as a creator of jobs is becoming widely apparent. Tourism is often seen as particularly
suitable to tackle unemployment and underemployment by policy makers because:
- it is a growing sector in many destination
- it is varied and resilient (đa dạng và khả năng phục hồi cao)
- it is labour-intensive
it provides many jobs with low entry possibilities (not need high education background) -
many tourism jobs are relatively low-skilled, and employees do not need extensive training
or experience.
Worldwide, the tourism sector was estimated to directly and indirectly generate 292 million
global jobs in 2016.
By 2027, travel and tourism is expected to support more than 380 million jobs globally,
which equates to 1 in 9 of all jobs in the world, and the sector is expected to contribute
around 23 per cent of total global net job creation over the next decade.

The impact of tourism on employment can be measured by counting the number of


individuals employed, or the number of jobs generated.
The two figures can be different, as several people can be employed in a part-time capacity
to fill one job. The structure of tourism in a destination creates problems in measuring
employment because it is a heterogeneous sector, with a wide variety of types and sizes of
businesses.
Some jobs are directly generated by tourism (by businesses selling products and services
directly to tourists, e.g. travel agents and cruise operators), whereas other jobs are
indirectly created (with the suppliers of tourism businesses, e.g. food producers, wine
merchants or printers of promotional material).
Therefore it can be very difficult to get an overview of all the jobs directly and indirectly
linked to tourism. An added difficulty here is that tourism incorporates many sub-sectors:
accommodation, food and beverage, transport, retail and insurance, to name but a few.

How to deal with it?


- is often measured by translating expenditure or consumption into a number of jobs
using a labour coefficient or ratio (hệ số hay tỉ lệ lao động). This means that the
total expenditure of tourists is divided by a figure that is calculated to represent
how many direct jobs this expenditure would normally generate. The result of this
calculation is an approximate number of full-time equivalent jobs. The ratio can
then be used to predict how many extra jobs an increase in tourism expenditure
would create. It can also be used as the basis of an estimate of indirect employment
(OECD, 2008b: 137).
- It is important to note here that by using a ratio of tourist expenditure one can
only estimate the number of jobs in the sector: although this process will lead to a
rigorous estimate, it is important to remember that it is an estimate nonetheless.
THE TAX REVENUE GENERATION

Tourism can be a source of income for the government via taxes.


A tax, is an involuntary payment (khoảng thanh toán khg tự nguyện) to the government
that does not entitle the payer to receive a direct benefit or equivalent value in return
(không cho phép người trả tiền nhận lại lợi ích trực tiếp hoặc giá trị tương đương (Mak,
2004: 149).
Taxes related to tourism can be levied on tourism businesses, or directly on tourists - có
thể được đánh vào các cơ sở kinh doanh du lịch, hoặc đánh trực tiếp vào khách du lịch

Although most taxes are payable by residents of a country and tourists alike, some are
specifically targeted at tourists. A common example is entry/exit charges and visa fees-
phí xuất nhập cảnh và phí thị thực.

Taxation aims to create revenue- Đánh thuế nhằm mục đích tạo ra doanh thu
Tourists, for example, use a range of public goods that they do not pay for: they use roads,
pavements, parks and beaches; their rubbish and waste needs to be collected; they expect
certain security measures to be in place at free events, and require the provision of
signage, parking facilities and information about the destination. While tourists generate
costs for the destination economy, the local population pays for them via taxation: it is
clear that here the market system is ‘failing’ to divide these costs fairly. This is why taxes
targeting tourists can be seen as a justified way to recuperate these costs.

BALANCED OF PAYMENTS
A country’s balance of payments is ‘a systematic record of all transactions between
residents of one country and the rest of the world’ (Begg et al., 1994: 513).
bản ghi có hệ thống về tất cả các giao dịch giữa cư dân của một quốc gia và phần còn lại của
thế giới

In this re cord money coming into the country is entered as ‘credits’ CÓ , whereas money
leaving the country is entered as ‘debits’ NỢ.
A balance of payments record can be compiled specifically for tourism: in this case, the
money foreign tourists spend in a country will be compared to the money residents of that
country spend on holidays abroad- số tiền khách du lịch nước ngoài chi tiêu ở một quốc gia
sẽ được so sánh với số tiền mà cư dân của quốc gia đó chi tiêu cho các kỳ nghỉ ở nước ngoài.
In some countries, the tourism balance of payments will be positive (dương) because
inbound tourists’ expenditure is greater than that of outbound tourists- chi tiêu của khách
du lịch trong nước lớn hơn chi tiêu của khách du lịch nước ngoài

This economic impact refers to the contribution one industry or sector can make to other
sectors in the economy of the host community. Tourism can be seen as a sector with a lot
of 'backward linkages’ to other sectors in the destination’s economy (Wall and Mathieson,
2006: 84).

Tourism development, however, is not a guaranteed way to bring widespread economic


improvements to regions.

Although the development of tourism can bring a range of economic benefits to a region,
not all the economic impacts are always positive. Tourism development is also associated
with a number of economic disadvantages

COSTS

While tourism may be able to bring money into the economy, there are also certain costs
to the local community associated with it. These are usually paid by public money, which in
turn is often reliant / rely on taxes paid by the local community. These costs can be divided
into three categories: direct, indirect and opportunity costs.

Direct costs are costs that are directly linked to the supply of tourism products or
services. A museum, for example, that is run by the local government needs to be staffed,
cleaned, marketed and maintained. Most destinations have a tourist office or tourism
information centre; again, this is mostly funded by public money, although in many
destinations tourism suppliers may contribute voluntarily through membership. The
reasoning is that the provision of these goods and services stimulates the local economy,
resulting in higher consumption by tourists and increases in employment. As stated in the
previous section, some of these costs can be recouped via taxation on tourist activities.

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