Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 27 views

    Ppeb 6

    Uploaded by

    PAULO FERREIRA
    Gliders are aircraft designed to glide after being launched or towed into the air. They consist of three main parts: the fuselage, wing, and tail. The fuselage houses crew and cargo, while the wing generates lift using airfoil design. The tail provides stability and control. For a glider to fly, lift must exceed weight and thrust must exceed drag. Wings produce lift through airflow being faster over the top airfoil surface, lowering pressure and generating upward force. Proper wing and aircraft design factors like aspect ratio, angle of attack, and weight distribution are important for achieving stable gliding flight.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Ppeb 6

    Uploaded by

    PAULO FERREIRA
    27 views31 pages
    Gliders are aircraft designed to glide after being launched or towed into the air. They consist of three main parts: the fuselage, wing, and tail. The fuselage houses crew and cargo, while the wing generates lift using airfoil design. The tail provides stability and control. For a glider to fly, lift must exceed weight and thrust must exceed drag. Wings produce lift through airflow being faster over the top airfoil surface, lowering pressure and generating upward force. Proper wing and aircraft design factors like aspect ratio, angle of attack, and weight distribution are important for achieving stable gliding flight.

    Original Title

    ppeb6

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Gliders are aircraft designed to glide after being launched or towed into the air. They consist of three main parts: the fuselage, wing, and tail. The fuselage houses crew and cargo, while the wing generates lift using airfoil design. The tail provides stability and control. For a glider to fly, lift must exceed weight and thrust must exceed drag. Wings produce lift through airflow being faster over the top airfoil surface, lowering pressure and generating upward force. Proper wing and aircraft design factors like aspect ratio, angle of attack, and weight distribution are important for achieving stable gliding flight.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    27 views31 pages

    Ppeb 6

    Uploaded by

    PAULO FERREIRA
    Gliders are aircraft designed to glide after being launched or towed into the air. They consist of three main parts: the fuselage, wing, and tail. The fuselage houses crew and cargo, while the wing generates lift using airfoil design. The tail provides stability and control. For a glider to fly, lift must exceed weight and thrust must exceed drag. Wings produce lift through airflow being faster over the top airfoil surface, lowering pressure and generating upward force. Proper wing and aircraft design factors like aspect ratio, angle of attack, and weight distribution are important for achieving stable gliding flight.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 31

    GLIDER BASICS

    WHAT IS GLIDER ?

    🞭Alight engineless aircraft designed to glide


    after being towed aloft or launched from a
    catapult.

    2
    PARTS OF GLIDER

    🞭A glider can be divided into three main parts:


    a)fuselage
    b)wing
    c)tail
    FUSELAGE

    🞭 It can be defined as the main body of a glider

    🞭 Comparing it with a conventional aircraft, the


    fuselage is the main structure that houses the flight
    crew, passengers, and cargo. Howsoever, in this case
    it is only a 2-D fuselage.

    🞭 It is cambered and in the middle portion, we attach


    the wing around the position where the camber is
    maximum by either making a slot in the fuselage, or
    by dividing in two parts and then attaching
    SLOT MADE IN FUSELAGE
    WITHOUT SLOT
    🞭 If we are breaking the wing in two parts then we have an
    advantage that we can give dihedral angle to the wing.

    🞭 But typically for first time users, it is advisable to cut a slot into
    the fuselage and then attach the wing.

    🞭 Since in this way the wing remains firmly attached and also since
    the model is of small size, dihedral is of little
    importance.(dihedral :explained in later slides)

    🞭 The front part of the fuselage is called nose. It is rounded in


    shape to avoid drag and to ensure smooth flow.
    WING

    🞭 It is the most essential part of a plane.

    🞭 When air flows past it, due to the difference in


    curvature of its upper and lower parts lift is
    generated, which is responsible for balancing
    the weight of the plane, and the body can thus
    fly.
    BASIC TERMINOLOGY OF WING
    🞭 Airfoil: Cross sectional shape of a wing

    🞭 Leading Edge: Front edge of wing

    🞭 Trailing Edge: Back edge of wing

    🞭 Chord Line: Line connecting LE to TE

    🞭 Camber line: A line joining the leading and trailing edges of an airfoil
    equidistant from the upper and lower surfaces . High camber found on
    slow flying high lift aircraft.

    🞭 Camber: It is the asymmetry between the top and the bottom curves of
    an aerofoil in cross-section.
    SHAPE OF AN AEROFOIL
    🞭 The point in airfoil where the lift can be supposed to be
    concentrated upon is called the centre of pressure.

    🞭 Generally it is located at c/4, where c is the chord length.

    🞭 The point where the weight of the glider acts is termed as centre
    of gravity (CG).

    🞭 For weight balance, the centre of gravity must coincide with the
    centre of pressure.

    🞭 To bring the CG to c/4 we add some weight at the nose in the


    form of coins and paper clips.
    TAIL

    🞭A tail or a stabilator is attached at the rear end of the


    glider.

    🞭 It is composed of two parts a horizontal stabilizer and a


    vertical stabilizer to provide stability and control to the
    vertical up down movement of the nose.

    🞭 This up-down movement of the glider is termed pitching.


    HOW AIRPLANES FLY?

    🞭 Essentially there are 4 aerodynamic forces that act


    on an airplane in flight
    🞭 These are:
    a) lift: upward force(generated by wing)
    b) gravity: downward force(due to weight of the
    plane)
    c) thrust: forward force(power of the airplane’s
    engine
    d) drag: backward force(resistance of air)
    🞭 So for airplanes to fly, the thrust must be greater than the drag
    and the lift must be greater than the gravity (so as you can see,
    drag opposes thrust and lift opposes gravity).

    🞭 This is certainly the case when an airplane takes off or climbs.

    🞭 However, when it is in straight and level flight the opposing forces


    of lift and gravity are balanced.

    🞭 During a descent, gravity exceeds lift and to slow an airplane


    drag has to overcome thrust.
    HOW WINGS GENERATE LIFT?

    A cross section of a typical airplane wing will show the top surface to be
    more curved than the bottom surface. This shaped profile is called
    an 'airfoil' (or 'aerofoil').
    HOW WINGS GENERATE LIFT?

    🞭 As the fluid elements approach the wing, they


    split at the leading edge and meets again at the
    trailing edge
    🞭 As a result, the air must go faster over the top
    of wing since this distance traveled is larger
    🞭 Bernoulli’s equation implies that pressure will
    be lower on the upper surface
    🞭 This net pressure difference causes lift
    🞭 Arrows
    A and B is air getting split at the same
    moment, and meeting up again at the same
    moment
    SOME TERMINOLOGIES

    🞭 Wing loading is defined as the weight of the aircraft divided by the wing
    area.

    🞭 The glide ratio is the distance travelled in a horizontal direction


    compared with the vertical distance dropped on a normal glide.

    🞭 A 20 to 1 glide ratio means that the aircraft would lose one foot of
    altitude for every twenty feet of distance travelled

    🞭 Ballast is extra weight added to a glider to help it penetrate better in


    windy weather or to increase its speed.

    🞭 We generally add paper clips and/or coins on the nose in balsa gliders.
    ANGLE OF ATTACK

    🞭 It is the angle the wind makes with the wing (relative


    wind).

    🞭 As the angle of attack increases, so more lift is


    generated -but only up to a point until the smooth
    airflow over the wing is broken up and so the
    generation of lift cannot be sustained.

    🞭 When this happens, the sudden loss of lift will result


    in the airplane entering into a stall, where the weight
    of the airplane cannot be supported any longer
    The graph below shows how lift and drag changes with the angle of
    attack for a typical wing design.
    ASPECT RATIO
    It is the ratio of the wing span to the wing’s chord length(c).
    SOME USEFUL TIPS

    🞭 Try to streamline the body as far as possible, in order to reduce drag.

    🞭 The weight of the model is kept as minimum as possible. For this


    purpose we use balsa wood.

    🞭 The special quality of this wood is that is very light and hence
    adequate for our purpose along with the fact that it has good enough
    strength to not to breakdown away in wind.

    🞭 All the ends are rounded, again to minimize the effect of drag.
    DIMENSIONING

    🞭 Aspect Ratio =9-10

    🞭 Wing span = 50-60 cm.

    🞭 Angle of attack = 3-4 deg.

    🞭 Horizontal Stabilizer = 20-25% of wing area

    🞭 Vertical Stabilizer = 40% to 50% of Horizontal Stabilizer area.

    🞭 Dihedral = 2-3 deg.

    🞭 Length of fuselage = 65%-75% of span


    Thank You

    You might also like