Research Design - Fania Diah - 1902109006 - 6A

Name : Fania Diah Putri Rosyanti
Class : 6A
NIM : 1902109006
RESEARCH ON ELT
Research Design (Approaches)
There are two types, namely:
1. Quantitative Research
- Experimental Design
Is a traditional approach to conducting quantitative research. In an experiment, you test
an idea (or practice or procedure) to determine whether it influences an outcome or
dependent variable. You use an experiment when you want to establish possible cause
and effect between your independent and dependent variables. This means that you
attempt to control all variables that influence the outcome except for the independent
variable
- Correlational Design
In educational research, the goal is about linking variables, not manipulating independent
variables as in experiments. Investigators use the correlation statistical test to describe
and measure the degree of association (or relationship) between two or more variables or
sets of scores.
- Survey Design
Is quantitative research methods in which a researcher surveys a sample or an entire
population to explain population attitudes, opinions, behaviors, or characteristics. In this
method, researchers use questionnaires to collect numbered quantitative data. Survey
design differs from experimental research in that it does not involve participant guidance
by researchers. Researchers cannot explain cause and effect because they do not
manipulate conditions experimentally while experimental researchers can.
2. Qualitative Research
- Basic Interpretive Studies
Basic interpretative studies also called Basic qualitative studies by some, provide rich
descriptive accounts targeted to understanding a phenomenon, a process, or a particular
point of view from the perspective of those involved. The central purpose of these studies
is to understand the world or the experience of another.
- Case Studies
This studies emerging from approaches in business, law, and medicine. A case study
focuses on a single unit to produce an in-depth description that is rich and holistic. As
indicated, case studies provide an in-depth description of a single unit. The “unit” can be
an individual, a group, a site, a class, a policy, a program, a process, an institution, or a
community. Case studies can answer descriptive questions (what happened) or attempt to
explain why something happened by looking at a process.
- Document or Content Analysis
Is a research method applied to written or visual materials for the purpose of identifying
specified characteristics of the material. The materials analyzed can be textbooks,
newspapers, web pages, speeches, television programs, advertisements, musical
compositions, or any of a host of other types of documents. Content analysis is widely
used in education. The purpose is:
1) To identify bias, prejudice, or propaganda in textbooks.
2) To analyze types of errors in students’ writings.
3) To discover the level of difficulty of material in textbooks or other publication.
- Grounded Theory Design
Grounded theory has its roots in sociology. Its goal is to inductively build a theory about
a practice or phenomenon using interviews and observation as the primary data collection
tools. This research approach focuses on gathering data about peoples’ experiences in a
particular context and then inductively building a theory “from the bottom up.” Grounded
theory moves beyond description to generate or discover a theory that emerges from the
data and that provides an explanation of a process, action, or interaction.
In education, an example of a grounded theory study is that of Brott and Myers (1999),
who conceptualized the development of professional school counselor identity.
- Ethnography
Is the in-depth study of naturally occurring behavior within a culture or entire social
group. Ethnographers typically describe, analyze, and interpret culture over time using
observations and feldwork as the primary data collecting strategies. The ethnographic
research method was developed by anthropologists such as Margaret Mead as a way of
studying and describing human cultures. Creswell (2007) describes two approaches to
ethnography, namely:
1) Realist ethnography
Is the more traditional approach. In realist ethnography, the researcher tries to provide
an objective account of the situation, typically from a third-person point of view.
2) Critical ethnography
The researcher takes an advocacy perspective and has a value-laden orientation.
- Historical Research Design
Historical research is included in qualitative research because of its emphasis on
interpretation and its use of nonnumeric data. Historical research is the attempt to
establish facts and arrive at conclusions concerning the past. The historian systematically
locates, evaluates, and interprets evidence from which people can learn about the past.
Although historians have no choice concerning what documents, relics, records, and
artifacts survive the passage of time, they do have some limited control over what
questions they will ask of these sources and what measures they will apply to them.
- Narrative Research Design
Narrative research has its roots in different humanities disciplines and focuses on stories
(spoken or written) told by individuals about their lives. The researcher emphasizes
sequence and chronology and a collaborative re- storying process and seeks to understand
the lived experience of an individual or small group. Narrative research is not designed to
be an historical record but, rather, it is designed to understand the perspective of the
storyteller in the context of his or her life. Data in narrative research may come from
primary sources (direct participant recollection) or secondary sources (documents written
by the participant)
- Phenomenological Studies
Is designed to describe and interpret an experience by determining the meaning of the
experience as perceived by the people who have participated in it.
The central research question aims to determine the essence of the experience as
“perceived by the participants.” Phenomenology addresses questions about common
human experience. Phenomenologists are interested in showing how complex meanings
are built out of simple units of direct experience” (Merriam & Associates, 2002, p. 7).
The distinguishing data collection method in a phenomenological study is the personal,
unstructured interview.

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Name : Fania Diah Putri Rosyanti

Research Design (Approaches)

There are two types, namely:

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