Lecture 2

CNT122
Lecture 2-overview cont.

Residential access: cable modems
 Does not use telephone infrastructure

 Instead uses cable TV infrastructure
 HFC: hybrid fiber coax
 asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream, 2 Mbps upstream
 network of cable and fiber attaches homes to ISP router
 homes share access to router
 unlike DSL, which has dedicated access
CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 2

Residential access: cable modems

Cable Network Architecture: Overview
Typically 500 to 5,000 homes
cable headend
home
cable distribution
network (simplified)

server(s)
cable headend
cable distribution home

network

cable headend

network (simplified)
CNT122- Computer Communications and Networks I 6

FDM (more shortly):
C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Channels
cable headend

network

Fiber to the Home
ONT
Internet optical
fibers
ONT
optical
fiber
OLT
optical
central office splitter
ONT
 Optical links from central office to the home
 Two competing optical technologies:
 Passive Optical network (PON)
 Active Optical Network (AON)
 Much higher Internet rates; fiber also carries television and phone
services

Ethernet Internet access
100 Mbps Institutional
router
Ethernet To Institution’s
switch ISP
100 Mbps
1 Gbps
100 Mbps
server
 Typically used in companies, universities, etc
 10 Mbs, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps Ethernet
 Today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet switch

Wireless access networks
 shared wireless access network connects
end system to router
 via base station aka “access
point” router
 wireless LANs:
 802.11b/g (WiFi): 11 or 54 Mbps base
station
 wider-area wireless access
 provided by telco operator
 ~1Mbps over cellular system
(EVDO, HSDPA)
 next up (?): WiMAX (10’s Mbps) mobile
over wide area hosts

Home networks
Typical home network components:
 DSL or cable modem
 router/firewall/NAT
 Ethernet
 wireless access
point
wireless
to/from laptops
cable router/
cable
modem firewall
headend
wireless
access
Ethernet point
Physical Media
Twisted Pair (TP)
 Bit: propagates between  two insulated copper wires
transmitter/rcvr pairs
 Category 3: traditional
 physical link: what lies between phone wires, 10 Mbps
transmitter & receiver Ethernet
 guided media:
 Category 5:
 signals propagate in solid 100Mbps Ethernet
media: copper, fiber, coax
 unguided media:
 signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio

Physical Media: coax, fiber
Coaxial cable: Fiber optic cable:
 glass fiber carrying light pulses,
 two concentric copper
conductors each pulse a bit
 bidirectional  high-speed operation:
 baseband:  high-speed point-to-point
 single channel on cable transmission (e.g., 10’s-
 legacy Ethernet 100’s Gps)
 broadband:  low error rate: repeaters spaced
 multiple channels on far apart ; immune to
cable electromagnetic noise
 HFC

Physical media: radio
Radio link types:
 signal carried in
electromagnetic spectrum  terrestrial microwave
 no physical “wire”  e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels

 bidirectional  LAN (e.g., Wifi)
 propagation environment  11Mbps, 54 Mbps

effects:  wide-area (e.g., cellular)
 reflection  3G cellular: ~ 1 Mbps
 obstruction by objects  satellite
 interference  Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or
multiple smaller channels)
 270 msec end-end delay
 geosynchronous versus low
altitude

The Network Core
 mesh of interconnected routers
 the fundamental question: how is
data transferred through net?
 circuit switching: dedicated
circuit per call: telephone net
 packet-switching: data sent
thru net in discrete “chunks”

Network Core: Circuit Switching
End-to-end resources
reserved for “call”
 link bandwidth, switch
capacity
 dedicated resources: no
sharing
 circuit-like (guaranteed)
performance
 call setup required

Network Core: Circuit Switching
network resources  dividing link bandwidth into
“pieces”
(e.g., bandwidth)
 frequency division
divided into “pieces”  time division
 pieces allocated to calls
 resource piece idle if not used
by owning call (no sharing)

Circuit Switching: FDM and TDM
FDM Example:
4 users
frequency
time
TDM
frequency
time
Numerical example
 How long does it take to send a file of
640,000 bits from host A to host B over a
circuit-switched network?
 All links are 1.536 Mbps
 Each link uses TDM with 24 slots/sec
 500 msec to establish end-to-end circuit
Let’s work it out!

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CNT122

Lecture 2-overview cont.

 Does not use telephone infrastructure

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 2

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 3

Typically 500 to 5,000 homes

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 4

cable distribution home

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 5

cable distribution home

CNT122- Computer Communications and Networks I 6

FDM (more shortly):

cable distribution home

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 7

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 8

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 9

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 10

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 12

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 13

 no physical “wire”  e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels

 propagation environment  11Mbps, 54 Mbps

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 14

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 15

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 16

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 17

Let’s work it out!

CNT122 - Computer Communications and Networks I 19

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