Internet Principles of Operations

1.2.
3 Internet principles of operation

 show understanding of the role of the browser
 show understanding of the role of an Internet Service Provider (ISP)
 show understanding of what is meant by hypertext transfer protocol (http and https) and
HTML
 distinguish between HTML structure and presentation
 show understanding of the concepts of MAC address, Internet Protocol (IP) address,
Uniform Resource Locator (URL) and cookies
Web Browser
A Web Browser is a software program used to access and view web pages. It allows users to
search for and view various kinds of information on the web, such as websites, videos, audio,
etc.
Examples of web browsers are:
 Internet Explorer
 Google Chrome
 Firefox
 Safari
Most web browsers have:
 A home page
 The ability to store websites or web pages
 A history of web pages visited
 The ability to go backwards and forwards through websites
Internet Service Provider (ISP)

An ISP is a company that provides the user with access to the internet; they usually charge a
monthly fee. The ISP gives the user an account and email address.
Examples:
 Orange
 Emtel
 MTML
Internet Server (Web Server)

It is a special computer on which websites are stored. Web Server is constantly switched on
and connected to the Internet so that each Internet user around the world can access website
at all times.
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Hypertext Transfer Protocol (http)
 HTTP is a set of rules which must be followed in transferring data across the Intenet
 When a type of security is used (such as SSL or encryption), then this becomes HTTPS
(where S refers to secure)
 Using HTTPS is slower than using HTTP
 HTTPS is usually used in the transfer of private data across the internet (such as credit
card information on a banking website)
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

HTML is a set of special codes that format a file for use as Web Page. The codes, also known
as tags, specify how text and other elements display in a browser and where the links lead.
A hyperlink , also called a link, is a built-in connection to another related Web Page or part of
a web page.
A web page is viewed as a combination of the following elements:
 Structure
 Presentation
 Behaviour
2
MAC (Media Access Control) Address
 A MAC address uniquely identifies a device connected to the internet.
 It is a unique 48-bit number assigned to a network interface card (NIC) to identify it on a
Local area Network.
 It is assigned to a network device by its manufacturer.
Format of a MAC Address
MM:MM:MM:SS:SS:SS
Identity number Serial number

of device of the device
manufacturer
Internet Protocol (IP)

 Each device is given an IP address as soon as it connects to the internet.
 The IP address will be different each time the device connects to the internet.
 It is a unique 32-bit reference number.
 A device is assigned an IP address by an ISP when it connects to the internet. It is unique
for only that internet session.
Format of an IP Address
nnn.nnn.nnn.nnn
Network Host
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Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
 A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is an address to a resource on the internet.
 Users can type in a URL or click on a link to go a web page. Example:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw49WgXcQ
 The web browser will translate the web server name into an IP address
 The HTML code is returned and is displayed as a correctly formatted page on the
device’s screen.
Cookies
 A cookie is a packet of data sent by a web server to a web browser. They are generated
every time a user visits a website.
 Every time a user visits a website, cookies will collect some information about the user.
 They can track users and save their preferences.
 Cookies are not programs. They are data; they cannot perform any functions. They only
detect pages visited by a user on websites and store preferences.
 The information which cookies gather forms an Anonymous User Profile

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1.2.

3 Internet principles of operation

Examples of web browsers are:

Most web browsers have:

Internet Service Provider (ISP)

Internet Server (Web Server)

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

A web page is viewed as a combination of the following elements:

Format of a MAC Address

Identity number Serial number

Internet Protocol (IP)

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