The passage discusses coat color inheritance in Labrador dogs controlled by two genes, E and B. Each gene has a dominant and recessive allele that interact epistatically to produce black, chocolate, or yellow coats. The genotypes that produce each coat color are provided. A genetic cross between a black male (BbEe) and a yellow female (bbee) is shown, resulting in a 1:2:1 ratio of black:yellow:chocolate offspring. The passage explains how the bbee genotype produces yellow coat due to lack of enzyme to convert phaeomelanin, while BbEe produces black coat due to more eumelanin deposition from the E allele enzyme.
The passage discusses coat color inheritance in Labrador dogs controlled by two genes, E and B. Each gene has a dominant and recessive allele that interact epistatically to produce black, chocolate, or yellow coats. The genotypes that produce each coat color are provided. A genetic cross between a black male (BbEe) and a yellow female (bbee) is shown, resulting in a 1:2:1 ratio of black:yellow:chocolate offspring. The passage explains how the bbee genotype produces yellow coat due to lack of enzyme to convert phaeomelanin, while BbEe produces black coat due to more eumelanin deposition from the E allele enzyme.
The passage discusses coat color inheritance in Labrador dogs controlled by two genes, E and B. Each gene has a dominant and recessive allele that interact epistatically to produce black, chocolate, or yellow coats. The genotypes that produce each coat color are provided. A genetic cross between a black male (BbEe) and a yellow female (bbee) is shown, resulting in a 1:2:1 ratio of black:yellow:chocolate offspring. The passage explains how the bbee genotype produces yellow coat due to lack of enzyme to convert phaeomelanin, while BbEe produces black coat due to more eumelanin deposition from the E allele enzyme.
The passage discusses coat color inheritance in Labrador dogs controlled by two genes, E and B. Each gene has a dominant and recessive allele that interact epistatically to produce black, chocolate, or yellow coats. The genotypes that produce each coat color are provided. A genetic cross between a black male (BbEe) and a yellow female (bbee) is shown, resulting in a 1:2:1 ratio of black:yellow:chocolate offspring. The passage explains how the bbee genotype produces yellow coat due to lack of enzyme to convert phaeomelanin, while BbEe produces black coat due to more eumelanin deposition from the E allele enzyme.
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3.7.
1 Inheritance
Q1. Coat colour in Labrador dogs is controlled by two different genes. Each gene has a dominant and a recessive allele. The two genes are inherited independently but the effects of the alleles interact to produce three different coat colours. The table gives four genotypes and the phenotypes they produce.
Genotype Phenotype
BbEe black
bbEe chocolate
Bbee yellow
bbee yellow
(a) What colour coat would you expect each of the following genotypes to give?
(i) BBEe Black ✓
(ii) bbEE ___ chocolate_____ ✓_________
(2)
(b) A BbEe male was crossed with a bbee female. Complete the genetic diagram to show the ratio of offspring you would expect.
Parental phenotypes Black male × Yellow female
Parental genotypes BbEe bbee
Gametes BE Be be be
Offspring genotypes BbEe Bbee bbee bbEe
Offspring phenotypes 1 black 2 yellow 1 chocolate
Ratio of offspring 1:2:1
Phenotypes ✓✓✓ (3)
(c) The yellow coat colour of Labrador dogs is due to the presence of the pigment phaeomelanin in the hairs. The black and chocolate coat colours are due to different
Page 1 of 12 amounts of another pigment, eumelanin, deposited in these hairs. The more eumelanin there is, the darker the hair. The diagram shows the action of genes E and B in producing the different coat colours.
Use this information to explain how
(i) the genotype bbee produces a yellow coat colour;
No enzyme codes for when no dominant for allele E. phaeomelanin is not converted and remains yellow.
(2)
(ii) the genotype BbEe produces a black coat colour.
(Total 9 marks) E allele produced the enzyme producing eumelanin. For B allele more eumelanin is deposited in hairs
Q2. In fruit flies, the allele for grey body, G, is dominant to the allele for ebony body, g, and the allele for normal wings, N, is dominant to the allele for vestigial wings, n. Vestigial-winged flies, heterozygous for grey body colour, were crossed with ebony-bodied flies, heterozygous for normal wings.
Complete the genetic diagram to show the genotypes and phenotypes in this cross.
Parental phenotypes Grey body, vestigial wings Ebony body, normal wings
Q3. In a species of snail, shell colour is controlled by a gene with three alleles. The shell may be brown, pink or yellow. The allele for brown, CB, is dominant to the other two alleles. The allele for pink, CP, is dominant to the allele for yellow, CY.
(a) Explain what is meant by a dominant allele.
Dominant allele is always expressed in the phenotype
(1)
(b) Give all the genotypes which would result in a brown-shelled snail.
CBCB, CBCP and CBCY (1)
(c) A cross between two pink-shelled snails produced only pink-shelled and yellow-shelled snails. Use a genetic diagram to explain why.
(3)
(d) The shells of this snail may be unbanded or banded. The absence or presence of bands is controlled by a single gene with two alleles. The allele for unbanded, B, is dominant to the allele for banded, b.
A population of snails contained 51% unbanded snails. Use the Hardy-Weinberg equation to calculate the percentage of this population that you would expect to be heterozygous
Page 3 of 12 for this gene. Show your working.
Answer ____________________ % (3) (Total 8 marks)
Q4. The inheritance of body colour in fruit flies was investigated. Two fruit flies with grey bodies were crossed. Of the offspring, 152 had grey bodies and 48 had black bodies.
(a) Using suitable symbols, give the genotypes of the parents. Explain your answer.
(ii) There were 500 insects in the total population. In this population, 300 insects had Page 4 of 12 the genotype CM CM, 150 had the genotype CM CN and 50 had the genotype CN CN. Calculate the actual frequency of the allele CN by using these figures. Show your working.
Answer ____________________ (2)
(iii) Use your answer to (ii) and the Hardy-Weinberg equation to calculate the number of insects that would be expected to have the genotype CN CN.
Answer ____________________ (3) (Total 10 marks) Q5. (a) mutations; which are different / at different positions in the gene; 2
(b) (i)either dominant or recessive allele;
1
(ii) AhAh BB, AhaBB, AhAh Bb, AhaBb;
(allow 1 mark for 2 or 3 correct answers) 2
(iii) temperature lower at extremities;
enzyme active / not denatured; 2
(c) if allele A is present (normal) tyrosinase / enzyme is produced, so it does
not matter what other allele is present / explanation of why heterozygote is same phenotype as double dominant in terms of enzyme produced; phenotype / rabbit is black as both have alleles A and B; 2 [9]
Q6. (a) is always expressed(in the phenotype) / produces (functional) proteins; 1
(b) codominance; 1
(c) Parental geneotypes - hhCRCw, HhCwCw;
Gametes- Offspring geneotypes - HhCRCw, hhCRCw, HhCwCw, hhCwCw; Offspring pheneotypes - hornless horned hornless horned roan roan white white Ratio of offspring - 1 1 1 1; 4
(d) (i)sperm(with more DNA) have X chromosome; X
is larger / has more genes than Y; 2
Page 11 of 12 (ii) female for milk / males for meat / male or female for breeding; 1 [9]
Q7. (a) Only expressed in the homozygote / not expressed in the heterozygote / not expressed if dominant present; 1
(b) Tt Aa × tt aa ;
TA Ta tA ta ta ;
TA Ta tA ta ta TtAa Ttaa ttAa ttaa ; White Orange Orange White unstriped / ; striped unstriped striped snowy If parental genotype incorrect allow 1 mark for correct gametes based on given genotype and 1 mark for correct cross based on these gametes = 2 max MUST be clear link between F1 genotype and phenotype. 4
(c) (White) not camouflaged / not got stripes / white colour stands out;
Prey can take avoidance or are aware earlier / sooner;
