LAB EXERCISE # 1B

ESTABLISHMENT OF VERTICAL
CONTROLS

Submitted by

GROUP # 1

Group Leader:
FACUN, Mark Allen V.

Assistant Leader:
LISBO, Princess Samira G.

Members:
CAMINOC, Joshua C.
DEBUQUE, Evangeline Marie G.
UGALINO, Mario Jr. G.

Submitted to

Engr. Karl Adrian P. Vergara

March 7, 2020
1. Objectives
In this laboratory exercise, the group conducted a leveling procedure around the UP
Academic Oval starting from the benchmark located at UP College of Engineering Sundial as
BM1. The following objectives were set to guide the group in performing this laboratory
exercise.
 Applied different procedures and concepts learned in setting up an autolevel.
 Determined the elevation of various points on UP Academic Oval using the established
benchmark, BM1, through three-wire, double set-up differential leveling.
 Achieved a primary vertical project control in performing leveling.
 Established two new control points with known elevations around UP Sunken Garden.
 Used all the data acquired from the laboratory exercise to create a control point recovery
form that can be used for future surveys.

2. Review of Related Literature (Vergara, 2020)

Control surveying is a process of determining the precise coordinates (northings, eastings
and elevation) of a specific station. Its main purpose is to create control points/benchmarks
that may be used in future engineering surveys. In establishing vertical controls, there is a need
of a benchmark, a point with known elevation referenced from a vertical datum, in order to
determine the elevations of the succeeding points. The process of measuring the elevation of a
point, directly or indirectly, is called leveling. Different leveling procedures such as differential
leveling, trigonometric leveling, reciprocal leveling, borrow-pit leveling and gravimetric
leveling can be utilized. In this laboratory exercise, the establishment of vertical control is done
using differential leveling.

Differential leveling is a leveling procedure performed using an autolevel and a stadia rod.
The process is called differential because the procedure uses the operations addition and
subtraction in order to determine the elevation of a point. In particular, the main formulas
involved are the following:
𝐻. 𝐼. = 𝐵. 𝑆. + 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑖−1 (ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡) (𝑖)
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑖 = 𝐻. 𝐼. − 𝐹. 𝑆. (𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡) (𝑖𝑖)
where B.S. is the backsight reading, F.S. is the foresight reading and Elevi-1 is the elevation
of the preceding point.

To determine the horizontal distance between two points, the concept of three-wire leveling
is necessary. In three-wire leveling, there will be three hair readings (upper, middle and lower).
The average of the three hair readings must be equal to the middle reading. Once accomplished,
the middle hair reading can now be used as a backsight/ foresight reading. Meanwhile, the
upper (U) and lower (L) hair readings are used in order to determine the backsight/foresight
distance indirectly between two points. In notation:
𝐷 = 100(𝑈 − 𝐿) (𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑠𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡/𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒) (𝑖𝑖i)
 The concept of double-setup leveling is also used in this laboratory exercise. In double-
setup leveling, sighting is done twice wherein at the second setup, the height is changed to
check if the difference in elevation is still the same for both setups.

Before applying corrections, it is important to determine first the error of closure (Ec) and
the distance of each point from benchmark (di). The formulas for Ec and di are the following:
𝐸𝑐 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑏𝑠 − 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜 (𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒) (𝑖𝑣)
𝑑𝑖 = 𝑑𝑖−1 + 𝐷𝐵𝑆 + 𝐷𝐹𝑆 (𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘) (𝑣)
where Elevobs is the observed elevation of the benchmark, Elevtheo is the theoretical
elevation of the benchmark, di-1 is the distance of the preceding point from the benchmark, DBS
is the backsight distance and DFS is the foresight distance.

After determining the error of closure, corrections must be applied to the raw data. The
corrections (Ci) on the elevation is given by
𝑑𝑖
𝐶𝑖 = −𝐸𝑐 (𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) (𝑣𝑖)
𝐿
where L is the total length of the level circuit.

Finally, the adjusted elevations (AdjElev) are determined by adding the corrections to the
raw values. In notations
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣 = 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑖 + 𝐶𝑖 (𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) (𝑣𝑖𝑖)

For accuracy and standard specifications, this survey work is considered as a project
control survey since the extent of this survey is limited and the curvature of the Earth surface
is not accounted. The standard for vertical project control survey can be determined by the
formula (viii) below:
𝐴 = 12𝑚𝑚√𝐿 (𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙) (𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖)

With the aforementioned theories and concepts above, the primary goal of this laboratory
exercise is to perform a three- wire, double-setup, differential leveling around UP Academic
Oval with an accuracy standard of primary project control.

3. Group Composition
Name of Member Role/s 02/04 02/06 02/08 02/25 02/27 02/29 03/03
Caminoc, Joshua C. Rod Man ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Debuque, Evangeline G. Instrument Man/Recorder ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Facun, Mark Allen V. Recorder/ Rodman ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Lisbo, Princess Samira G. Instrument Man ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Ugalino, Mario Jr. G. Rod Man/ Recorder ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Table 1. Roles and attendance of each members of the group.
4. Instruments and Accessories Used
The following instruments and accessories are used throughout the period of the fieldwork.
Quantity Instrument/Accessory Condition
1 Autolevel No damage
1 Tripod No damage
1 Tape Measure No damage
2 Stadia Rod No damage
2 Traffic Cones No damage
3 Radio No damage
5 Safety Vest No damage
Table 2. All instruments and accessories used in the laboratory exercise.

5. Methodology
The group, wearing safety vests, started the leveling procedure from benchmark BM1, with
an elevation of 64.390 meters, located at the UP College of Engineering Sundial. The group
performed three-wire, double set-up differential leveling.

For the first set-up, the instrument man set up the autolevel on an intermediary point
between BM1 and TP1. The rodmen then placed the stadia rod on the station marks BM1
(backsight) and TP1 (foresight). The rodmen also adjusted so that the backsight and foresight
distances were approximately equal, if not equal. After both of them were ready, the instrument
man looked at the eyepiece and read the backsight and foresight readings on the stadia rod.
The recorder noted down the readings obtained by the instrument man. The elevation
difference of BM1 and TP1 were calculated.

For the second set-up, the instrument man readjusted the height of the instrument so that it
was different from the height of the instrument of the first set-up. The rodmen remained in
their positions, BM1 and TP1. The instrument man then read the backsight and foresight
readings for the second set-up. The recorder took note of the foresight and backsight readings
obtained by the instrument man for the second set-up. Elevation difference of BM1 and TP1
were calculated.

If the elevation differences obtained from the two set-ups were not equal, the group
repeated the leveling procedure for both set-ups. Once the elevation differences obtained from
the two set-ups were equal, the group proceeded to the next double set-up with backsight at
TP1 and foresight at TP2. This procedure was repeated until the group went back to BM1. The
order of points are as follows:

BM1 TP1 TP2  TP3 TP4 TP5 TP6 TP7 TP8 TP9 TP10 TP11 TP12
TP13 TP14 TP15 TP16 TP17 TP18 TP19 G1-B EDUC VINZ TP20 TP21
TP22 ECON LAW G1-A TP23 TP24 TP25 TP26 BM1
 When all the needed data have been acquired, it was used to calculate the distance, height
of the instrument, and elevation of each points. Corrections were then applied on each points
on the level loop so that the experimental elevation of BM1 matched its theoretical elevation.

The level loop was run in a counterclockwise direction, as shown in the figure below. The
approximate horizontal distance between two consecutive turning points is 40 meters.

0 40 80 120 160 METERS

Figure 1. Turning points and control points established in UP Academic Oval for the level loop.

6. Data Tables
Backsight (m) Foresight (m)
STATION Hair Mean H.I. (m) Hair Mean Elevation (m)
Rdg. Rdg. H.D. Rdg. Rdg. H.D.
0.758
BM1 0.669 0.669 17.8 65.059 64.390
0.580
1.294 2.373
TP1 1.126 1.126 33.6 63.901 2.284 2.284 17.8 62.775
0.958 2.195
1.617 1.739
TP2 1.417 1.417 40.0 63.747 1.571 1.571 33.6 62.330
1.217 1.403
1.515 1.610
TP3 1.315 1.315 40.0 63.652 1.410 1.410 40.0 62.337
1.115 1.210
1.855 1.591
TP4 1.655 1.655 40.0 63.916 1.391 1.391 40.0 62.261
1.455 1.191
0.890 2.160
TP5 0.690 0.690 40.0 62.646 1.960 1.960 40.0 61.956
0.490 1.760
0.847 2.300
TP6 0.705 28.4 61.251 2.100 40.0 60.546
0.705 2.100
 0.563 1.900
0.658 2.400
TP7 0.508 0.508 30.0 59.501 2.258 2.258 28.4 58.993
0.358 2.116
1.596 2.235
TP8 1.401 1.401 39.0 58.817 2.085 2.085 30.0 57.416
1.206 1.935
2.091 1.869
TP9 1.891 1.891 40.0 59.034 1.674 1.674 39.0 57.143
1.691 1.479
1.971 1.179
TP10 1.771 1.771 40.0 59.826 0.979 0.979 40.0 58.055
1.571 0.779
1.935 1.345
TP11 1.735 1.735 40.0 60.416 1.145 1.145 40.0 58.681
1.535 0.945
2.229 1.275
TP12 2.029 2.029 40.0 61.370 1.075 1.075 40.0 59.341
1.829 0.875
2.447 0.841
TP13 2.247 2.247 40.0 62.976 0.641 0.641 40.0 60.729
2.047 0.441
2.160 0.805
TP14 1.984 1.984 35.2 64.355 0.605 0.605 40.0 62.371
1.808 0.405
2.215 0.932
TP15 2.015 2.015 40.0 65.614 0.756 0.756 35.2 63.599
1.815 0.580
2.217 0.805
TP16 2.017 2.017 40.0 67.026 0.605 0.605 40.0 65.009
1.817 0.405
2.182 0.937
TP17 1.982 1.982 40.0 68.271 0.737 0.737 40.0 66.289
1.782 0.537
2.215 1.130
TP18 2.015 2.015 40.0 69.356 0.930 0.930 40.0 67.341
1.815 0.730
1.475 1.015
TP19 1.434 1.434 8.2 69.975 0.815 0.815 40.0 68.541
1.393 0.615
1.854 1.228
G1B 1.696 1.696 31.5 70.484 1.187 1.187 8.2 68.788
1.539 1.146
1.943 1.215
EDUC 1.801 1.801 28.3 71.228 1.057 1.057 31.5 69.427
1.660 0.900
1.811 1.224
VINZ 1.620 1.620 38.1 71.765 1.083 1.083 28.3 70.145
1.430 0.941
1.765 1.696
TP20 1.588 1.588 35.5 71.848 1.505 1.505 38.1 70.260
1.410 1.315
TP21 1.529 1.401 25.5 71.546 1.880 1.703 35.5 70.145
 1.401 1.703
1.274 1.525
1.576 1.424
TP22 1.436 1.436 28.0 71.686 1.296 1.296 25.5 70.250
1.296 1.169
0.878 1.705
ECON 0.740 0.740 27.6 70.861 1.565 1.565 28.0 70.121
0.602 1.425
1.026 2.313
LAW 0.939 0.939 17.4 69.625 2.175 2.175 27.6 68.686
0.852 2.037
0.715 1.902
G1A 0.520 0.520 39.0 68.330 1.815 1.815 17.4 67.810
0.325 1.728
0.505 2.500
TP23 0.300 0.300 41.0 66.325 2.305 2.305 39.0 66.025
0.095 2.110
0.999 2.470
TP24 0.826 0.826 34.7 64.886 2.265 2.265 41.0 64.060
0.652 2.060
1.433 2.186
TP25 1.309 1.309 24.9 64.182 2.013 2.013 34.7 62.873
1.184 1.839
2.428 1.714
TP26 2.286 2.286 28.5 64.879 1.589 1.589 24.9 62.593
2.143 1.465
0.646
BM1 0.504 0.504 28.5 64.375
0.361
Table 3. Data table for setup A

Table 3 above displays the foresight and backsight upper, lower, and middle readings, as
well as the foresight and backsight distances, elevations, height of the instrument, and the mean
readings for Setup A.

Backsight (m) Foresight (m)

STATION Hair Mean H.I. (m) Hair Mean Elevation (m)
H.D. H.D.
Rdg. Rdg. Rdg. Rdg.
0.799
BM1 0.710 0.710 17.8 65.100 64.390
0.621
1.130 2.414
TP! 0.962 0.962 33.6 63.737 2.325 2.325 17.8 62.775
0.794 2.236
1.745 1.575
TP2 1.545 1.545 40.0 63.875 1.407 1.407 33.6 62.330
1.345 1.239
1.569 1.738
TP3 1.369 1.369 40.0 63.706 1.538 1.538 40.0 62.337
1.169 1.338
1.615 1.645
TP4 1.415 40.0 63.676 1.445 40.0 62.261
1.415 1.445
 1.215 1.245
0.855 1.920
TP5 0.655 0.655 40.0 62.611 1.720 1.720 40.0 61.956
0.455 1.520
0.811 2.265
TP6 0.668 0.668 28.6 61.214 2.065 2.065 40.0 60.546
0.525 1.865
0.833 2.364
TP7 0.683 0.683 30.0 59.676 2.220 2.221 28.6 58.993
0.533 2.078
1.456 2.410
TP8 1.261 1.261 39.0 58.677 2.260 2.260 30.0 57.416
1.066 2.110
2.011 1.729
TP9 1.811 1.811 40.0 58.954 1.534 1.534 39.0 57.143
1.611 1.339
1.954 1.099
TP10 1.754 1.754 40.0 59.809 0.899 0.899 40.0 58.055
1.554 0.699
1.920 1.328
TP11 1.720 1.720 40.0 60.401 1.128 1.128 40.0 58.681
1.520 0.928
2.263 1.260
TP12 2.063 2.063 40.0 61.404 1.060 1.060 40.0 59.341
1.863 0.860
2.416 0.875
TP13 2.216 2.216 40.0 62.945 0.675 0.675 40.0 60.729
2.016 0.475
2.200 0.774
TP14 2.025 2.025 35.0 64.396 0.574 0.574 40.0 62.371
1.850 0.374
2.245 0.973
TP15 2.045 2.045 40.0 65.644 0.797 0.797 35.2 63.599
1.845 0.621
2.250 0.835
TP16 2.050 2.050 40.0 67.059 0.635 0.635 40.0 65.009
1.850 0.435
2.207 0.970
TP17 2.007 2.007 40.0 68.296 0.770 0.770 40.0 66.289
1.807 0.570
2.240 1.155
TP18 2.040 2.040 40.0 69.381 0.955 0.955 40.0 67.341
1.840 0.755
1.430 1.040
TP19 1.389 1.389 8.2 69.930 0.840 0.840 40.0 68.541
1.348 0.640
1.813 1.183
G1B 1.656 1.656 31.3 70.444 1.142 1.142 8.2 68.788
1.500 1.101
2.035 1.175
EDUC 1.894 1.894 28.1 71.321 1.017 1.017 31.5 69.427
1.754 0.860
VINZ 1.760 1.570 38.0 71.715 1.317 1.176 28.3 70.145
 1.570 1.176
1.380 1.034
1.748 1.646
TP20 1.570 1.570 35.7 71.830 1.455 1.455 38.1 70.260
1.391 1.265
1.561 1.864
TP21 1.434 1.434 25.5 71.579 1.685 1.685 35.9 70.145
1.306 1.505
1.617 1.455
TP22 1.478 1.478 27.8 71.728 1.329 1.329 25.2 70.250
1.339 1.203
0.936 1.746
ECON 0.797 0.797 27.7 70.918 1.607 1.607 27.7 70.121
0.659 1.469
1.059 2.370
LAW 0.973 0.973 17.3 69.659 2.232 2.232 27.5 68.686
0.886 2.095
0.735 1.935
G1A 0.540 0.540 39.0 68.350 1.849 1.849 17.3 67.810
0.345 1.762
0.580 2.520
TP23 0.375 0.375 41.0 66.400 2.325 2.325 39.0 66.025
0.170 2.130
1.078 2.546
TP24 0.905 0.905 34.7 64.965 2.340 2.340 41.1 64.060
0.731 2.135
1.260 2.265
TP25 1.135 1.135 25.1 64.008 2.092 2.092 34.5 62.873
1.009 1.920
2.455 1.540
TP26 2.313 2.313 28.5 64.906 1.415 1.415 25.0 62.593
2.170 1.290
0.674
BM1 0.531 0.531 28.5 64.375
0.389
Table 4. Data table for setup B

Table 4 above displays the foresight and backsight upper, lower, and middle readings, as
well as the foresight and backsight distances, elevations, height of the instrument, and the mean
readings for Setup B.

Consecutive ΔElevA ΔElevB ΔElevA - Consecutive ΔElevA ΔElevB ΔElevA -

Stations (m) (m) ΔElevB (m) Stations (m) (m) ΔElevB (m)
BM1-TP1 1.615 1.615 0 TP17-TP18 -1.052 -1.052 0
TP1-TP2 0.445 0.445 0 TP18-TP19 -1.200 -1.200 0
TP2-TP3 -0.007 -0.007 0 TP19-G1B -0.247 -0.247 0
TP3-TP4 0.076 0.076 0 G1B-EDUC -0.639 -0.639 0
TP4-TP5 0.305 0.305 0 EDUC-VINZ -0.718 -0.718 0
TP5-TP6 1.410 1.410 0 VINZ-TP20 -0.115 -0.115 0
TP6-TP7 1.553 1.553 0 TP20-TP21 0.115 0.115 0
TP7-TP8 1.577 1.577 0 TP21-TP22 -0.105 -0.105 0
TP8-TP9 0.273 0.273 0 TP22-ECON 0.129 0.129 0
 TP9-TP10 -0.912 -0.912 0 ECON-LAW 1.435 1.435 0
TP10-TP11 -0.626 -0.626 0 LAW-G1A 0.876 0.876 0
TP11-TP12 -0.660 -0.660 0 G1A-TP23 1.785 1.785 0
TP12-TP13 -1.388 -1.388 0 TP23-TP24 1.965 1.965 0
TP13-TP14 -1.642 -1.642 0 TP24-TP25 1.187 1.187 0
TP14-TP15 -1.228 -1.228 0 TP25-TP26 0.280 0.280 0
TP15-TP16 -1.410 -1.410 0 TP26- BM1 -1.782 -1.782 0
TP16-TP17 -1.280 -1.280 0
Table 5. Differences of elevations of setup A and setup B

Lastly, Table 5 above displays the deviation of difference in elevation of two consecutive
points observed from both Setup A to Setup B. The deviation must always be equal to zero in
order to minimize the possibilities of accumulation of error.

7. Computations
Table 6 shows the computations for the elevations, distance from BMI, corrections, and
corrected elevations. To arrive at these values, the elevations and distances from BM1 were
first computed (as seen from Table 3 and Table 4). The height of the instrument was calculated
using equation (i). From the value obtained, the value for the elevation was obtained from
equation (ii). From the readings on the stadia, the horizontal distance was deduced using
equation (iii). These steps were repeated for each setup in the exercise, obtaining values in
continuation to each station.

Consider the calculations between BM1 and TP1 from Table 5. The following are sample
computations for the calculations mentioned in equations (i), (ii) and (iii):
𝐻. 𝐼. = 0.669 𝑚 + 64.390 𝑚 = 𝟔𝟓. 𝟎𝟓𝟗 𝒎 by eq (𝑖)
𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑇𝑃1 = 65.059 𝑚 − 2.284 𝑚 = 𝟔𝟐. 𝟕𝟕𝟓 𝒎 by eq (𝑖𝑖)
𝐷 = 100(0.758 𝑚 − 0.58 𝑚) = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟖 𝒎 by eq (𝑖𝑖𝑖)

Max. Error of Closure ± 17.897 mm Error of Closure -15 mm

Station Elevation (m) Distance from BM1 (m) Corrections (m) Corrected Elevation (m)
BM1 64.390 0.0 0.000000 64.390000
TP1 62.775 35.6 0.000240 62.775240
TP2 62.330 102.8 0.000693 62.330693
TP3 62.337 182.8 0.001233 62.338233
TP4 62.261 262.8 0.001772 62.262772
TP5 61.956 342.8 0.002312 61.958312
TP6 60.546 422.8 0.002851 60.548851
TP7 58.993 479.6 0.003234 58.996234
TP8 57.416 539.6 0.003639 57.419639
TP9 57.143 617.6 0.004165 57.147165
TP10 58.055 697.6 0.004704 58.059704
TP11 58.681 777.6 0.005244 58.686244
TP12 59.341 857.6 0.005783 59.346783
TP13 60.729 937.6 0.006323 60.735323
TP14 62.371 1017.6 0.006862 62.377862
 TP15 63.599 1088.0 0.007337 63.606337
TP16 65.009 1168.0 0.007876 65.016876
TP17 66.289 1248.0 0.008416 66.297416
TP18 67.341 1328.0 0.008955 67.349955
TP19 68.541 1408.0 0.009495 68.550495
G1B 68.788 1424.4 0.009605 68.797605
EDUC 69.427 1487.4 0.010030 69.437030
VINZ 70.145 1544.0 0.010412 70.155412
TP20 70.260 1620.2 0.010926 70.270926
TP21 70.145 1691.2 0.011404 70.156404
TP22 70.250 1742.2 0.011748 70.261748
ECON 70.121 1798.2 0.012126 70.133126
LAW 68.686 1853.4 0.012498 68.698498
G1A 67.810 1888.2 0.012733 67.822733
TP23 66.025 1966.2 0.013259 66.038259
TP24 64.060 2048.2 0.013812 64.073812
TP25 62.873 2117.6 0.014280 62.887280
TP26 62.593 2167.4 0.014616 62.607616
BM1 64.375 2224.4 0.015000 64.390000
Table 6. Corrections applied in raw data.

To compute for the error of closure, equation (iv) was used. Equation (v) determined the
distance of the point from BMI. From the values obtained, the corrections were attained from
equation (vi). From the value computed from equation (vi), the corrected elevations were
computed using equation (vii). Equation (viii) was used to calculate the value from the
maximum accepted error of closure.

The following are sample computations for equations (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), and (viii):
𝐸𝑐 = 63.375 𝑚 − 63.390 𝑚 = −𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓 𝒎 by eq (𝑖𝑣)
𝑑𝑇𝑃1 = 0 𝑚 + 17.8 𝑚 + 17.8 𝑚 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟔 𝒎 by eq (𝑣)
35.6 𝑚
𝐶𝑇𝑃1 = 0.015 𝑚( ) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟒 𝒎 by eq (𝑣𝑖)
2224.4 𝑚
𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑣−𝑇𝑃1 = 62.775 𝑚 + 0.00024 𝑚 = 𝟔𝟐. 𝟕𝟕𝟓𝟐𝟒 𝒎 by eq (𝑣𝑖𝑖)
𝐴 = 12 𝑚𝑚√2.2244 𝑘𝑚 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟖𝟗𝟕 𝒎𝒎 by eq (𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖)

8. Results and Interpretation

The following tables below represent the summary of the relevant results from all the data
that has been gathered from the leveling procedure conducted by the group.
Error of Closure -15 mm
Total Distance of the Level Loop 2.2244 km
Maximum Error of Closure ± 17.897 mm
Order of Accuracy Primary Project Control
Table 7. Vertical accuracy of raw data

Table 7 shows the order of accuracy that the group targeted to achieve and the total
deviation of the resulting data from the original elevation. Given an error of closure of -15 mm
 and a maximum error of closure at around ± 17.897 mm, it can be concluded that the group
has met the standard, required for the order of accuracy, primary project control, of the survey
performed.

Established Control Points Raw Elevation (m) Adjusted Elevation (m)

G1-A 67.810 67.822733
G1-B 68.788 68.797605
Table 8. Elevations of established control points

Known Control Points Raw Elevation (m) Adjusted Elevation (m)

EDUC 69.427 69.437030
VINZ 70.145 70.155412
ECON 70.121 70.133126
LAW 68.686 68.698498
Range of Error/ Deviation
3.5mm to 16 mm
from Theoretical Values
Table 9. Elevations of known control points

Table 8 and Table 9 show the raw elevation of the established and known control points
gathered by the group during the survey as well as the adjusted elevations of the same points
after applying the corrections necessary in the computations section of the report. The
deviation of elevation of the following known control points ranged from 3.5 mm to 16 mm
according to Mr. Karl Vergara, the group’s instructor for the survey conducted. The range of
error of the known control points, as expected, is close to the error of closure taken from the
level loop. Hence, for a primary vertical project control, the calculated elevations of the control
points are generally acceptable.

9. Errors and Problems Encountered

There are various factors that may have had a contribution to the accumulated error of 15
mm by the group. The error of the rod not being held plumb occurred most often since the
rodmen tends to hold the rod incorrectly due to the lack of a rod level which makes it harder
for them to hold the rod straight and plumb. The other errors often observed by the group was
due to the instrument man adjusting to the height of instrument by bending over in order to
read measurements, therefore possibly causing the error related to parallax wherein the
instrument man’s sight on the crosshairs was not set straight. Lastly, there were the errors
regarding the stadia rod becoming unreadable due to erasures in the measurements of the rod
itself and the occasional error of the sight being distorted and warped due to the heat in the
field.

The errors stated above can be avoided in the next survey to be conducted by: (1) always
setting the height of the instrument properly in accordance to the chest height of the instrument
man; (2) making sure that the apparatus used are always levelled and fully labeled(or without
erasures); (3) always double checking the plumbness of rod before sighting, and ; (4) avoiding
 measuring/sighting during the peak hours when it gets too hot to the point that the observed
sights become warped and distorted.

10. Conclusion
The group was able to conduct a vertical project control survey of the UP Academic Oval
through the application of concepts learned in setting up an autolevel. Also, the group was able
to determine the elevation of various arbitrary points through three-wire, double set-up
differential leveling. Data gathered yielded a vertical project control result with 15 millimeters
of error which was below the allowable error of closure, 17 millimeters. Therefore the group
was able to conduct a vertical control project which was enough to achieve a primary vertical
project control.

Furthermore, the group was able to establish two new control points with known elevations
namely the points G1-A and G1-B. These new control points could now be used for future
surveys.

11. References
Vergara, K. (2020). Lecture 1A-Review on Horizontal and Vertical Positioning [PowerPoint
Presentation] (Accessed: 1 March 2020)
Vergara, K. (2020). Lecture 1B-Techniques for Vertical Distance Measurements [PowerPoint
Presentation] (Accessed: 1 March 2020)
Vergara, K. (2020). Lecture 2-Control Surveying [PowerPoint Presentation] (Accessed: 1
March 2020)

12. Documentation

Levelling procedure near Quezon Hall Creative picture for attendance