CHAPTER 2: MATTER AND THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE CHEMISTRY FORM 4 (KSSM)

CHAPTER 2:
MATTER AND THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE

2.1 : Basic Concepts of Matter

1. Definition of Matter: Matter has mass and occupies space

2. Properties of Matter: Matter consists of particles that are tiny and discrete

3. Types of Particles → Atom, Molecules, Ions

Types of Particles
Atom Molecules Ions
Keyword: Usually metal and Keyword: Usually non metal or Keyword: Usually has ionic bond
exist as one symbol or inert gas or gases or covalent bond (positive and negative ion)
( Group 18)
Sodium, Na Oxygen gas, O2 Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH
Aluminium, Al Napthalene, C10H8 Potassium nitrate, KNO3
Zinc, Zn Tetrachloromethana, CCl4 Aluminium oxide, Al3O2
Helium, He Propanol, C3H7OH Sulphuric acid, H2SO4

3. Types of Matter → Solid, Liquid and Gas

Solid Liquid Gas

Draw arrangement of
particles

State Arrangement of Particles are closely Particles are closely Particles are far apart
particles packed in an orderly packed but not in an
manner orderly manner
Kinetic energy Kinetic energy of Kinetic energy of Kinetic energy of
particles is lower particles is higher than particles is very high
solid state
Attraction forces Attraction forces Attraction forces Attraction forces
between particles is between particles is between particles is
strongest strong than gas but less weaker
than solid state

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CHAPTER 2: MATTER AND THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE CHEMISTRY FORM 4 (KSSM)

4. Conversion between states of matter

C. Sublimation

B. Boiling/
A, Melting Evaporation

E. Freezing D. Condensation
liquid gas
solid

F. Deposition

Symbol Means Process

Heat Absorbed Melting, Boiling, Evaporation,
Sublimation
Heat Released Condensation, Freezing,
Deposition

5. Melting Point and Freezing Point

Experiment Naphthalene

Chemical formula naphthalene C10H8

Type of particles Molecule
Melting Point 78.0 0C -80.0 0C
Boiling Point 120.0 0C
Can replace with Ethanamide or Acetamide (C2H5NO)
1. Diagram

• Level naphthalene must below than level water (all napthanlene must immersed in
water)

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CHAPTER 2: MATTER AND THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE CHEMISTRY FORM 4 (KSSM)

2. Procedure
1. Fill up one third of a boiling tube with naphthalene, C10H8
Don’t give up
2. Place a thermometer in the boiling tube with Chemistry
3. Pour water into a beaker until it is half filled
Chemistry
4. Immerse the boiling tube into the beaker. Ensure the level of naphthalene in the boiling tube is
below the level of water in the beaker.
5. Heat water and stir the naphthalene slowly using the thermometer. When temperature of the
naphthalene reaches 600C start stopwatch.
6. Record the temperature and state of matter of naphthalene at 30 seconds intervals until the
temperature reached 900C.
7. Remove the boiling tube from the water bath. Dry the outer surface of the boiling tube and put it into
a conical flask.
8. Stir the naphthalene continuously.
9. Record the temperature at 30 seconds intervals until the temperature decreases to 600C.
10. Record observations.

3. Reason Procedure

Procedure: Reason
1. During the heating, why The boiling point of naphthalene is about 120 0C. If heat directly,
C10H8 not heated directly? naphthalene will sublimate producing poisonous and flammable
vapur.
2. During the heating, why use To ensure a uniform temperature can achieved.
water bath? The water bath can achieve the maximum temperature 1000C, this
is enough to melt the naphthalene. (The boiling point of water is
higher than melting point of naphthalene)
3. During the heating, why To ensure a uniform temperature can achieved
C10H8 stirred continuously
3. During cooling, why put To ensure a uniform temperature can achieved
boiling tube into conical flask?
4. During cooling, why C10H8 to avoid supercooling
stirred continuously

Supercooling occurs when liquid is cooled too

quickly and its temperature falls below its normal
freezing point without solidifying.

Oil bath is used to determine the melting point of substance which is higher then 100 0C

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CHAPTER 2: MATTER AND THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE CHEMISTRY FORM 4 (KSSM)

A to B E to F
Exist as Solid Exist as Liquid
Temperature Increases Temperature Decreases
Heat Energy Absorb heat energy Heat Energy Released heat energy
Movement Vibrate faster Movement Move slower
Kinetic energy Increases Kinetic energy Decreases

B to C F to G
Exist as Solid and Liquid Exist as Liquid and Solid
Temperature Constant Temperature Constant

Reason: Heat is absorbed by Reason: Heat lost to the

the particles is used to overcome surrounding is balanced by the
the attraction forces between heat released when particles
particles attract each other
Heat Energy Absorb heat energy Heat Energy Released heat energy
Movement Vibrate faster Movement Vibrate slower
Kinetic energy Increases Kinetic energy Decreases

Melting Point: Freezing Point:

Is the constant temperature when a substance Is the constant temperature when a substance
changes from solid state to liquid state at the changes from liquid state to solid state at the
specific pressure specific pressure

C to D G to H
Exist as Liquid Exist as Solid
Temperature Increases Temperature Decreases
Heat Energy Absorb heat energy Heat Energy Released heat energy
Movement Move faster Movement Vibrate slower
Kinetic energy Increases Kinetic energy Decreases

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CHAPTER 2: MATTER AND THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE CHEMISTRY FORM 4 (KSSM)

Ways to determine the physical state of substances based on

melting and boiling point

Room temperature → 24 OC Questions

Table below shows the melting point and boiling point of substances. States
physical state of each substance at room temperature.
Substances Melting Point (OC) Boiling Point (OC)
J -35 130
K 600 1140
L -300 -50

Solution: Room temperature → 24 OC

Substances solid Melting Point liquid Boiling Point Gas
(OC) (OC)
Solid + liquid Liquid +gas
J -35 24 130
K 24 600 1140
L -300 -50 24

Answer:

J is liquid, K is solid,
L is gas

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CHAPTER 2: MATTER AND THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE CHEMISTRY FORM 4 (KSSM)

2.2 : The Development of Atomic Structure

History Development of Atomic

Structure
1. John Dalton → atom
Questions
2. J.J Thomson → electron (Objective)

3. Ernest Rutherford → nucleus

4. Neils Bohr → shells

5. James Chadwick → neutrons

Subatomic Particles
Proton Neutron Electron
Symbol p n e
Relative +1 Neutral (0) -1
charge
Relative mass 1 1 1/1840

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CHAPTER 2: MATTER AND THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE CHEMISTRY FORM 4 (KSSM)

2.3 : Atomic Structure

Element means atom = neutral molecule = no charge

number of proton = number of electron

Nucleon number Proton number

The total number of protons and The number of protons in the nucleus
neutrons in the nucleus of an atom of an atom

Nucleon number = Number of proton + Number of neutron

Nucleon number 23

Proton number
Al Symbol of
element
13
Atomic structure Electron arrangement Ion Structure
Nucleon number 23 23 23
Number of proton 13 13 13
Number of 13 13 10
electron
Electron 2.8.3 2.8.3 2.8
arrangement
Valence electrons 3 3 8
Number of 23-13=20 23-13=20 23-13=20
neutron
Draw

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 CHAPTER 2: MATTER AND THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE CHEMISTRY FORM 4 (KSSM)

2.4: Isotopes and Its Uses

A. Meaning of Isotopes

Isotopes are ATOMS of the same element with the same

number of protons but different number of neutrons

Isotopes has Same Chemical Properties but Difference Physical Properties

Why isotopes have differences physical properties?

Answer:
Number of valences electrons occupied shell are not same
Questions

Isotopes Atomic Number of Number of Number of

standard protons neutrons electrons
Chlorine-35 35 17 18 17
17Cl

Chlorine-37 37 17 20 17
17Cl

The number belongs to Nucleon Same number of protons

Number or atomic mass

B. Relative atomic Mass of Isotopes

Formula = ∑ (% isotope x mass of isotope)
------------------------------------
100
Chlorine consists of two isotopes 𝟑𝟓 𝟑𝟕 𝟑𝟓 𝟑𝟕
𝟏𝟕𝐂𝐥 and 𝟏𝟕𝐂𝐥. The natural undanced 𝟏𝟕𝐂𝐥 is 75 % and 𝟏𝟕𝐂𝐥
is 25 %. Calculate the relative atomic mass of chlorine.
Solution: (75 x 35) + ( 25 x 37) = 35.5
----------------------------
100

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CHAPTER 2: MATTER AND THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE CHEMISTRY FORM 4 (KSSM)

C. Uses of Isotopes

Field Isotopes Uses

Medicine Cobalt-60 • In a radiotherapy to kill cancer cells without surgery
• Sterilizing surgical tools
Iodine-131 • Treatment of thyroid disorders
Agriculture Phosphorus-32 • Study plant metabolism
Nuclear Uranium-235 • Generating electricity through nuclear power
generator
Archaeology Carbon-14 • Estimates of artifacts of fossils’ age
Lead-210 • In determining the age of sand and earth layers up to
80 years
Industry Hydrogen-3 • As a detector to study sewage and liquid wastes
Engineering Sodium-24 • In detecting leakage in underground pipes

RECAP

Types of Subatomic
Types of matter: • Proton
• Solid • Electron
• Liquid Types of Particles:
• Neutron
• Gas • Atom
• Molecules
• Ions

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CHAPTER 2: MATTER AND THE ATOMIC STRUCTURE CHEMISTRY FORM 4 (KSSM)

Definition

Terms Definition
1. Matter Matter has mass and occupies space
2. Melting Point Is the constant temperature when a substance changes from solid
state to liquid state at the specific pressure
3. Boiling Point/ Is the constant temperature when a substance changes from
Evaporation Point liquid state to Gas state at the specific pressure
4. Freezing Point Is the constant temperature when a substance changes from
liquid state to solid state at the specific pressure
5. Condensation Point Is the constant temperature when a substance changes from gas
state to liquid state at the specific pressure
6. Nucleon number The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an
atom
7. Proton Number The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
8. Isotopes Isotopes are ATOMS of the same element with the same
number of protons but different number of neutrons

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