PROBLEM SOLVING AND

PROGRAM
Looping statements
Executing steps many times
 LOOPING
 What if there are a number of steps that must be
done several times, would you re-write those steps for
each time you needed them to be executed?

 What if you wanted to calculate the total of a set of

numbers ( say 15 different numbers), would you
create a variable for each one?

 What if you wanted to perform an operation as long

as a condition exists, how would you know that the
condition continues to exist and perform these loops?

 These are some of the questions that the looping

structure was created to answer.
LOOPING

 So what is a Loop?
 Any number of steps that are being executed a
number of times

 How do we govern a loop?

 A condition (or number of conditions)
 A number of times ( iterations )
LOOPING
 Real World Examples:
 A Condition
 While my ring is not found, search the house
 While shoes are dirty, buff with cloth

 A number of times
 Scrub floor 10 times for sheen
 Knock door three times
PSEUDO CODE CONSTRUCTS
 A Condition – The While or Repeat Until Loop
 Condition must be satisfied for loop to continue to be
executed.

 A Number of iterations – The FOR Loop

 A number of exact times for the loop to be executed
THE FOR LOOP
 The FOR loop construct syntax (of course this is Pseudo code)

}
FOR <variable> = <beginning value> to <ending value>
Do something
END FOR

Pseudo code:
FOR i = 1 to 5 - loop begins here

ACTION –
this action may be any number of other statements ( IF, PRINT, READ, etc)

NEXT i - tells loop to go to next value of i

END FOR - end the for loop

*Reserved words are in RED

PSEUDO CODE EXAMPLE – FOR LOOPS
START
READ name

FOR i = 1 to 5
PRINT name

NEXT i
END FOR
STOP

 What does the above code do?

 What is the first and last value of the variable i?
 When does the code come stop printing person name?
PASCAL EXAMPLES – ONE LINE
 For Counter := 1 to 7 do
 writeln('for loop');

This code prints the string ‘for loop’ seven times in different lines
PASCAL EXAMPLES – MORE THAN ONE
LINE

 For Counter := 1 to 5 do
 Begin
 gotoxy(25, 5 + Counter);
 Writeln('I');
 End;

This code causes the program to print the letter ‘I’ at different x
and y positions

Try these codes in Pascal and see how they work

THE FOR LOOP – ADDING STEPS
 The FOR loop construct syntax (of course this is Pseudo code)

}
FOR <variable> = <beginning value> to <ending value> STEP <incremental value>
Do something
END FOR

Pseudo code:
FOR i = 1 to 10 step 2 - counts by 2: 1 => 1, 3, 5, 7, 9

ACTION –
this action may be any number of other statements ( IF, PRINT, READ, etc)

NEXT i - tells loop to go to next value of i

END FOR - end the for loop

Note that the number after step can be any particular number
even a variable if you so choose
*Reserved words are in RED
THE FOR LOOP – ADDING STEPS
Example:
Print a table to find the square and cube

Pseudo code:
FOR i = 1 to 10 step 2 - counts by 2: 1 => 1, 3, 5, 7, 9
ACTION –
this action may be any number of other statements ( IF, PRINT, READ, etc)

NEXT i - tells loop to go to next value of i

END FOR - end the for loop

Note that the number after step can be any

particular number even a variable if you so
choose
*Reserved words are in RED
PSEUDO CODE EXAMPLE – FOR LOOPS
Print a table finding the square and cube of all even numbers
between 2 and 20 inclusive

START
Print “Number”, “Square”, “Cube” {prints the table headings}

FOR i = 2 to 20 STEP 2
Print i , i^2 , i^3

NEXT i
END FOR
STOP

 Notice that the beginning value for the loop is 2 and the ending is 20.
 Notice that the incremental value is 2.
 Try to do a trace table for this example
PSEUDO CODE EXAMPLE – FOR LOOPS
Try this one :

Print a table finding the square

and cube of all odd numbers
between 1 and 20 inclusive
PSEUDO CODE EXAMPLE – FOR LOOPS

START

FOR i = 0 to 20 STEP 5
Print i

NEXT i
END FOR
STOP

 What does the above code do?

 Notice that the beginning value for the loop is 0 and the ending is 20.
 Notice that the incremental value is 5.
 What will be the various values for i?
THE WHILE LOOP
 The FOR loop construct syntax (of course this is Pseudo code)

Pseudo code:
while some condition exists
Do something
Change value
END While }
a=0 - priming the loop
While (a < 10) - starting while loop

ACTION –
this action may be any number of other statements ( IF, PRINT, READ, etc)

a = a +1 - manipulating loop condition

END WHILE - ending while loop

*Reserved words are in RED / IMPORTANT statements

PSEUDO CODE EXAMPLE – WHILE LOOP
START
i=0
READ name
WHILE (i<10)
PRINT NAME
i=i+1
END WHILE
STOP

 What does the above code do?

 What is the first and last value of the variable i?
 When does the code come stop printing person name?
PSEUDO CODE EXAMPLE – WHILE LOOP
START
READ name
WHILE (name<> “end”)
Print “Hello “, name
Print “Please enter your age”
Read age

If age > 50 then

Print “You qualify for the golden citizen account”
(Else)
EndIf

READ name
END WHILE
STOP

 What does the above code do?

 When does the code come stop?
PASCAL EXAMPLES – MORE THAN ONE
LINE

While Ch <> 'q' do

Begin
Writeln('I told you press ''q'' to exit!!');
Ch := Readkey;
End;

 What does this code do?

 What is the purpos of the Readkey statement?
THE REPEAT…UNTIL LOOP
 The FOR loop construct syntax (of course this is Pseudo code)

Repeat
Do something
Change value
Until some condition is satisfied

Pseudo code:
a=0
Repeat

ACTION –
this action may be any number of other statements ( IF, PRINT, READ, etc)

a = a +1
Until a = 10

*Reserved words are in RED / IMPORTANT statements

THE REPEAT…UNTIL LOOP

a=1
Repeat
Read Name, Age
Print “My name is “, Name
Print “I am “, Age
a = a +1
Until a = 10

*Reserved words are in RED / IMPORTANT statements

THE REPEAT…UNTIL LOOP
Read student_name
Repeat
Read grade_1, grade_2, grade_3
average = (grade_1+ grade_2+ grade_3)/3
Print student_name, “ - “ , average
Read student_name
Until Name = End

*Reserved words are in RED / IMPORTANT statements

THE REPEAT…UNTIL LOOP –
PASCAL EXAMPLE
Program Repeat_until_example:
Var YN : String;
Begin
Writeln('Y(YES) or N(NO)?');

Repeat {repeat the code for at least one time}

YN := Readkey ; {reads a key stroke}
If YN = 'y' then Halt; {Halt - exit}
If YN = 'n' then Writeln('Why not? Exiting...');
Delay(1800); { wait a second plus 800 milliseconds }

Until (YN = 'y') OR (YN = 'n');

End.
COUNTING AND RUNNING TOTALS
 One of the most powerful uses of the Loops
 For example:
 What if you wanted to find the sum or average of 30
numbers? Would you use 30 different variables?
 What if the amount of numbers were unknown but
you still have to find their sum or average etc?

 The answer:
 Use a variable to count
 Use a variable to add the numbers as they are entered
 PSEUDOCODE EXAMPLE – FOR LOOPS
 Here is a simple example:
 Write a pseudocode to add 10 numbers:

START
sum = 0 {this will store the sum}

FOR i = 1 to 10
READ number
sum = sum + number {remember work out the right hand side first}

NEXT i
END FOR
Print sum
STOP

 NB
 sum = sum + number
 The starting value of sum is 0. therefore if we entered 10 for the number
then we would have
 sum = 0 + 10.

 At which point sum now becomes 10

 PSEUDOCODE EXAMPLE – FOR LOOPS
 Here is a simple example:
 Write a pseudocode to find the average 10 numbers:

START
sum = 0
average =0 {this will store the sum}

FOR i = 1 to 10
READ number
sum = sum + number {remember work out the right hand side first}

NEXT i
END FOR
average = sum / 10
PRINT average
STOP

 NB
 average = sum / 10
 Note that the average has to calculate after the sum
WHAT IF YOU WERE UNCERTAIN
ABOUT THE AMOUNT OF
NUMBERS TO BE ENTERED?