PARTICIPLE AND REDUCTIVE CLAUSE

1) ___________, I saw an old friend of mine.

a. While I walking home from work b. While walking home from work
c. While walked home from work d. While walking home work
2) ___________, I brushed my teech.
a. Before I leave my house b. Before I leaving my house
c. Before leaving my house d. Before my house I leaving
3) I fell asleep________________.
a. while I watch TV b. while watching TV
c. while watched TV d. during I was watching TV
4) ____________, a mild earthquake shook the classroom.
a. While the teacher lecturing about adverb clauses
b. While the teacher was lecturing about adverb clauses
c. While lecturing about adverb clauses
d. While lectured about adverb clauses
5) ___________, a dog chased us down the street.
a. While running b. While we were running
c. We were running while d. While running we were
6) ____________, Vanessa has made many friends.
a. Since coming back to her home village b. Since come back to her home village
c. Since she coming back to her home village d. Since comes back to her home village
7) ___, Hans has been offered a job as a finance manager of a company in Berlin.
a. Since he finishing his MBA studies b. Since finishing his MBA
studies
c. Since finished his MBA studies d. Since he finish his MBA
studies
8) Lee always watches TV______.
a. after finished his homework b. after he finished his homework
c. after finishing his homework d. after he finishing his homework
9) ______________, she took the bus to school every morning.
a. Because unable to buy a bicycle b. Because to be unable to buy a bicycle
c. Because to unable buy a bicycle d. Because she unable to buy a bicycle
10) _____________, I discovered that my stereo had been stolen.
a. On that looking into my car b. When I look into my car
c. Looking into my car when I d. On looking into my car
11) We should participate in the movements _________ the natural environment.
a. organizing to conserve b. organized conserving
c. which organize to conserve d. organized to conserve
12) Rubber _______ from vulcanized silicones with a high molecular weight is difficult
to distinguish from natural rubber.
a. is produced b. producing c. that produces d. produced

13) It is necessary to be careful ________your career.

a. when choosing b. when you will choose
c. when you have chosen d. when you chose
14) ________ he was sick, he still turned up for his guitar lesson.
a. Because b. Since c. Although d. Despite
15) ________I love you, I cannot let you have any more money.
a. Much as b. Whether c. Also d. However
16) After he ________work, he went straight home.
a. had finished b. had been finishing c. has finished d. would
finish
17) , the Americans are more concerned with physical attractiveness.
a. The choice of a wife or a husband b. When choosing a wife or a husband
c. However a wife or a husband d. Because of a wife or a husband
18) ____________ to the national park before, Sue was amazed to see the geyser.
a. Have not been b. Having not been c. Not having been d. Being not
19) ________ of the shop, my friend came in
a. On coming out b. When coming out c. Coming out d. As I came
out
20) We should participate in the movements ________ the natural environment.
a. organizing to conserve b. organized conserving
c. organized to conserve d. which organize to conserve
21) On _______ he had won, he jumped for joy.
a. telling b. having told c. he has told d. being told
22) ________ increases in population in underdeveloped countries, a lot of problems
arise including health care and social evils.
a. In spite of b. Instead of c. Despite d. Due to
18) Florida, ________ the Sunshine State, attracts many tourists every year.
a. is b. known as c. is known as d. that is known
as
23) While ______ to help Tim with his math, I got impatient because he wouldn’t pay
attention to what I was saying.
a. I am trying b. having tried c. I try d. trying
24) Lightweight luggage enables you to manage easily even when fully _______.
a. loaded b. crowded c. carried d. packed
25) ____________, she was not hired for the job.
a. Lacked the necessary qualifications b. When lacking the necessary qualifications
c. Lacking the necessary qualifications d. Because lacking the necessary qualifications

Reduce the following relative clauses

1. The man who is standing behind that counter can give you more information.
____________________________________________________________________
2. Luggage which is left unattended will be taken away by the police.
____________________________________________________________________
3. Who’s that pretty woman who is speaking to the teacher?
____________________________________________________________________
4. Letters which are posted before twelve noon will usually be delivered by the next day.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Are those your clothes that are hanging over the balcony?
________________________________________________________________________
6. The man who was accused of stealing the money refused to answer the police’s
enquiries.
_______________________________________________________________________
7. The nurse who is looking after my grandmother is very kind to her.
_______________________________________________________________________
8. All the rubbish that is floating in this canal is a real danger to health.
_______________________________________________________________________
9. Ham which is made in the traditional way costs more, but tastes better.
_______________________________________________________________________
10. Pauline has a very strange painting of a woman who is holding a small dog.
_______________________________________________________________________

Rewrite the following sentences

1. As there are no more questions, I think we can end the meeting.
=> There …………………………………………………………………….
2. It was a nice party when you take everything into consideration.
=> All things ………………………………………………………………
3. Julia won’t speak to the boy first as she is too shy.
=> Being …………………………………………………………………….
4. Mother left the room rather quickly because she didn’t want to wake us up.
=> Not …………………………………………………………………….
5. If the weather is fine, we may go camping at the weekend. (permitting)
=> ………………………………………………………………………….
6. Having replaced the flat lyre with a new one, we went on driving to the countryside.
=> After we ……………………………………………………………….
7. Bob feels uneasy whenever he has to dine with his superiors.
=> Having to ……………………………………………………………...
8. When we came back home we realized it had been broken into.
=> On ……………………………………………………………………
9. After I had introduced my guests to each other I made a long speech on the current changes in
the computer technologies.
=> Having …………………………………………………………………….
10. Jane was the first girl who joined our association. (to)
=> Jane ……………………………………………………………………….
11. A train leaves at 8 o’clock every morning.
=> There is …………………………………………………………………….
12. The town centre features an old hospital, imaginatively converted into flats. (been)
=> ……………………………………………………………………………..
13. A person who serves in a shop is called a shop assistant.
=> The person …………………………………………………………………

1. With his slight frame and boyish looks, Brown may look like a soft touch, but there’s a tough,
_______________________ obstinacy to him. (YIELD)
2. The description of Palestinian people is entirely inappropriate and they apologise
____________________________ for the offence caused. (RESERVE)
3. It is a complex, serious interpretation, thoughtful, honest and ______________________________.
(AUTHOR)
4. He may not understand what we are trying to do, or may _________________________ what we are
trying to do or say. (INTERPRET)
5. From an easy-going young girl, she had _________________________ into a neurotic middle-aged
woman. (MORPH)