Test of Difference

This unit tackles statistical processes on the test of difference between two or more variables.
Just like in the previous unit, testing the null hypothesis (Ho) is a part of the lessons here.
This will provide you with better understanding of values obtained as they are applied in
your profession.

I. Topics:
A. Test of Difference Between Two Means
B. Friedman’s two-Way ANOVA

II. Objectives:

At the end of the unit, the student is expected to:

A. Calculate the values of statistical measures involving test of difference.

B. Give a simple analysis and interpretation of the values obtained after calculation.
C. Perform one’s work neatly and personally.

III. Presentation

A. Test of Difference

1. Test of Difference Between Two Means

Subong (2005) said that t-test is the most commonly used method to evaluate the
differences in means between two groups. There are two types of t-test: 1) t-test for one-
sample case, and 2) t-test for two-sample cases.

a. The t-test for one-sample case is used in determining the significant difference
between the sample mean from a standard mean.

Example:
Problem (adopted from Subong): Is there any significant difference on the sample mean
of the nicotine content in the blood stream of 100 patients who are cigarette smokers
 compared with that of the standard mean of nicotine content in the blood stream of
standard or normal cigarette smokers?

Data: Sample mean = 10 mg/i.u.

sd = 15 mg/i.u.
sd of sample mean = 4.58
n = 100
Illustration of Calculation:

sd −M sdm 4.58 4.58

SEm = = = = 0.458
15−10 √ n √100 10
t-ratio = SEm ¿ = ¿ 10.92
¿ 0.458
¿
df=n-2 = 98; level of significance: 0.05 =1.98 0.01 = 2.62

Analysis: Computed value is greater than the critical value

Decision: Ho is rejected.
Conclusion: There is a significant difference in the nicotine content in the blood stream of
cigarette smokers compared with that of the standard or normal cigarette smokers.

b. Types of t-test for 2-sample cases:

1) t-test for independent samples. This is used when there are 2 data taken from 2
distinct or different groups. The formula is:

M 1−M 2
t=
√ √
2
Model 1 ( n 1−1 ) ( s 1 ) +(n 2−1)(s 2)² 1 1
+
n 1+n 2−2 n1 n2

Data: M1 = 47.62 M2 = 35.15

s1 = 2.23 s2 = 2.51

n1 = 30 n2 = 32
 47.62−35.15
t=
√ √
2
( 30−1 )( 2.23 ) +(32−1)(2.51) ² 1 1
+
30+32−2 30 32

12.47 M1 = mean of the first sample

=
( 2.38 ) (0.25) s1 = standard deviation of the first
sample
12.47 n1 = number of cases or sample
= M2 = mean of the second sample
0.60
S2 = standard deviation of the second
sample
= 20.78
n2 = number of cases or sample

computed value

Interpretation:
Degree of freedom (df) = 60
Level of significance = 0.05
Critical value = 2.0
Decision: Ho is rejected.
Conclusion: There is significant difference . . .

Model 2

The performance of Accountancy students their individual grades in Research was

obtained. The results showed the following:

Category Clinical Performance Sum of

A B C D E F Total Squares Mean Variance sd
Male 79 83 90 81 93 89 515 44361 86 31.4 5.6
Female 91 90 87 93 79 85 525 46065 88 25.8 5.08

To determine the sum of squares: square all the scores and get the total.
 79² + 83² + 90² + 81² + 93² +89² = 44 361

To get the mean: add all the scores and divide it by n (round-off the mean to the nearest whole
number. 79 + 83 + 90 + 81 + 93 + 89 = 515 515/6 = 85.8 (86)

∑d ² 157
To get the variance: N −1 = 6−1 =31.4

To get sd: Subtract mean from score, then square the difference and add them together. Divide

the sum by n-1 to obtain the square root. Sd =

√ 157
6−1
= 5.6

X M D D²

79 86 -7 49

83 86 -3 9

90 86 4 16

81 86 -5 25

93 86 7 49

89 86 3 9____

∑d²=157

M 1−M 2 ❑
¿
t-ratio
√ s 1+ s 2 1
+
√1
n 1+n 2−2 n 1 n 2
=
√ √
❑ ❑+❑ =
❑ ❑ ❑
computed value

m1=86; m2=88; s1=5.6; s2=5.08 n1=6; n2= 6

df = 10; level of significance: 0.05 = 2.228

Analysis: Computed value is ______ than the critical value.

Decision: Ho is ______________.
Conclusion: There _______ significant difference in the clinical
performance.
of the Clinical Nutrition students in their Internship year.

2) t-test for dependent samples – this is used when 2 data are taken from the same
group.
 Example: You want to determine the significant difference between the Theoretical
and Practical performance of the Male and Female students in Statistics.

2. Friedman’s Two-Way ANOVA

This statistical tool uses data which are arranged in a two-way table, the rows and
the columns. The formula is:

² 12 2
X r= ∑ ( Ri ) −3 N ( K +1)
NK (K + 1)
²
Where: X ris the Friedman’s two-way ANOVA by ranks

N is the number of rows

K is number of columns

Example:

Problem: Is there a significant difference in the ranks on the levels of performance of

students in performing different statistical processes?

Ho. There is no significant difference in the ranks on the levels of performance of

Accountancy students in performing statistical processes.

Data:

Performance of Students as Rated by

Statistical Program Chairman
Processes Professor Dean
Wm Rank Wm Rank Wm Rank
Central 3.18 2 3.20 3 3.11 1
Tendency
Measures of
Variability 2.27 3 2.20 2 2.15 1
Measure of
Correlation 3.09 3 1.65 2 1.57 1
Test of
Difference 3.36 2 2.96 1 3.88 3
Ri 10 8 6
(Ri)² 100 64 36
∑(Ri)²= 200
 Illustration of Calculation:

² 12 12
X r= 200-3(4)(4) = 48 200 - 48 = 0.25 (200) -48 = 50 – 48 =2
( 4) ( 3 )( 4 )
Computed value
df= (k-1) = 3 – 1 = 2 Level of significance: 0.05= 5.991

Analysis: Computed value is lesser than the critical value

Decision: Ho is accepted.
Conclusion: There is no significant difference in the ranks of the level of

performance of Accountancy students in performing

different statistical processes.

Score

Practicum Paper Test of Difference

Name: _Angel Ella R Pascuhin BSA -3A____ 30

Gbox: _aepascuhin@gbox.ncf.edu.ph__Date: __________________________

Part I. Determine the differences of the two means of the following cases and test the Ho given.

A. Independent Samples
Model 1:
Problem: Is there a significant difference in the performance of Accountancy students in AEC
22 (Biostatistics) final examination when categorized according to gender?

Ho. There is no significant difference in the performance of Accountancy students in 220

DRD (Biostatistics) final examination when categorized according to gender .

Data:
Male: 32; 29; 27; 30; 18; 21; 31; 28; 25; 23; 24; 15
Female: 40; 37; 28; 16; 12; 32; 32; 26; 25; 23; 21; 33; 34; 19
 df = 12 + 14 – 2 = 24; Critical value: 0.05 = 2.064

Model 1:

Data: M1 = 25 M2 = 27
M1 = 303/12 = 25.25 or 25
s1 = 5.30 s2 = 8.14 M2 = 378/14 = 27
s1 = √ 309/11 = 5.30
n1 = 12 n2 = 4 s2 = √861/13 = 8.14
n1 = 12
n2 = 14

M 1−M 2

√
T ratio = ( n 1−1 ) ( s 1 )2 +(n 2−1)(s 2)²
n 1+n 2−2 √ 1 1
+
n1 n2

25−27

√
= ( 12−1 ) ( 5.30 ) +(14−1)(8.14) ²
√
2
1 1
+
12+14−2 12 14
−2
=
√ ( 11 ) (28.09)+(13)(66.26)
24
√ 0.085+0.071

−2
=
√ ( 308.99 ) +( 861.40)
24
√0.154

−2
=
√ (1,170.4 )
24
√ 0.154

−2
=
√ 48.8 √ 0.154
−2
= ( 6.98 ) (0.39)
 −2
= 2.72
= 0.74 computed value

Analysis: Computed value is lesser than the critical value

Decision: Ho is accepted
Conclusion: There is no significant difference in the performance of Accountancy
students in 220 DRD (Biostatistics) final examination when categorized according to
gender.

Model 2

Performance Evaluation of Health Sum of

Category Amenities Total Squares Mean Variance Sd
A B C D E

Hospitals 96 95 92 95 95
Polyclinics 95 87 85 92 95

Do your calculations below.

Practicum Paper 30

Friedman’s Two-Way ANOVA

Name : ___________________________________________________________

Gmail: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

Problem: Is there a significant difference in the perceptions of three groups of business owners
on oil price increase?

Ho: There is no significant difference in the perceptions of three groups of business owners on
oil price increase.

Weights and Interpretation; 3=Agree 2=Uncertain 1= Disagree

Raw Data;

A. Food Industries

Total
Perceptions 3 2 1 Points Wm Rank Interpretation
1. It goes with
inflation. 32 16 2
2.It is the result of lack
of production. 11 27 12
3.There is economic
sabotage. 29 18 3
4.Application of the
Law of Supply and 8 26 16
Demand.
5. It is the result of
conflicts among oil 31 9 10
exporting countries.
Overall Weighted Mean

Note: Use this scale for your interpretation:

1.00 – 1.66= Low; 1.67-2.33 = Moderate; 2.34-3.00 = High

B. Bakeries

Total
Perceptions 3 2 1 Points Wm Rank Interpretation
1. It goes with
inflation. 7 12 16
2.It is the result of lack
of production. 5 18 12
 3.There is economic
sabotage. 21 7 7
4.Application of the
Law of Supply and 6 23 6
Demand.
5. It is the result of
conflicts among oil 7 7 21
exporting countries.
Overall Weighted Mean

C. Agricultural products

Total
Perception 3 2 1 Points Wm Rank Interpretation
1. It goes with
inflation. 9 21 10
2.It is the result of lack
of production. 17 12 11
3.There is economic
sabotage. 5 8 27
4.Application of the
Law of Supply and 13 13 14
Demand.
5. It is the result of
conflicts among oil 19 14 7
exporting countries.
Overall Weighted Mean

Do your calculations here.

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Remaining lessons will be on electronic devices in

computation.