𝝅

(1a) Show that the above equation has exactly one solution for 𝒙 ∈ [𝟎, ].
𝟕𝟕
#
To show that the above equation has exactly one solution between 𝑥 ∈ [0, ], we need to first
$$
prove that the following function has at least one solution by using the Bolzano’s Intermediate
Value Theorem.

Bolzano’s Intermediate Value Theorem:
Suppose that 𝑓: [𝑎, 𝑏] → ℝ is continuous, that 𝑓(𝑎) > 0 and that 𝑓(𝑏) < 0. Then there exists 𝑐 ∈
[𝑎, 𝑏] such that 𝑓(𝑐) = 0.

In our case, if we let the function 𝑓 be defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 %&' + 5 cos(77𝑥), then 𝑓(𝑥) is
#
continuous between 𝑥 ∈ [0, $$]. This is because 𝑓(𝑥) is composed of elementary functions that
#
are continuous between 𝑥 ∈ [0, $$]. Explicitly, if we let the function 𝑔 be defined by 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑒 %&'
and if we let the function ℎ be defined by ℎ(𝑥) = 5cos (77𝑥), then
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 %&' + 5 cos(77𝑥),
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) + ℎ(𝑥).

#
We know that 𝑔(𝑥) and ℎ(𝑥) are continuous between 𝑥 ∈ [0, $$], because exponential function
and cosine function are continuous for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ respectively.

# #
Now we know that 𝑓: `0,$$a → ℝ is continuous. Next, we will find 𝑓(0) and 𝑓 b$$c,
𝑓(0) = 𝑒 %&()) + 5 cos(77(0)),
𝑓(0) = 𝑒 ) + 5 cos(0),
𝑓(0) = 1 + 5 = 6,
𝑓(0) = 6 = 𝑓(𝑎) > 0.

!
# #
𝑓 b c = 𝑒 %&("") + 5 cos b77( )c,
$$ $$
#$!
#
𝑓 b$$c = 𝑒 ( "" ) + 5 cos(𝜋),
#
𝑓 b$$c ≈ 0.85 − 5, (2 d.p.)
#
𝑓 b$$c ≈ −4.15 ≈ 𝑓(𝑏) < 0. (2 d.p.)

# #
Since 𝑓: `0,$$a → ℝ is continuous and 𝑓(0) > 0 and 𝑓 b$$c < 0, according to the Bolzano’s
Intermediate Value Theorem, we know that there exists 𝑐 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏] such that 𝑓(𝑐) = 0. However,
the Bolzano’s Intermediate Value Theorem only proves that there exists at least one solution for
#
𝑥 ∈ [0, $$]. In order to know that there is exactly one solution, we must evaluate the derivative
of 𝑓,
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥) + ℎ(𝑥),
𝑓′(𝑥) = 𝑔′(𝑥) + ℎ′(𝑥),
𝑓′(𝑥) = −4𝑒 %&' − 385 sin(77𝑥).

#
We know that 𝑔′(𝑥) is always negative for 𝑥 ∈ [0, $$], because 𝑒 %&' is always positive for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ,
and therefore -4𝑒 %&' is always negative for 𝑥 ∈ ℝ. While we know that ℎ′(𝑥) is always negative
 #
or equal to zero for 𝑥 ∈ [0, ], because sin(77𝑥) is always positive or equal to zero for 𝑥 ∈
$$
# +# #
[0, $$]. This is because sin(77𝑥) has a period of $$ , therefore the domain 𝑥 ∈ [0, $$] represents
half a period of the sinusoidal function. This means that sin(77𝑥) is always positive or equal to
# #
zero for 𝑥 ∈ [0, $$], therefore -385sin(77𝑥) is always negative or equal to zero for 𝑥 ∈ [0, $$]. We
can conclude that 𝑓′(𝑥) is a sum of negative functions or the sum of a negative function and zero,
and therefore 𝑓 , (𝑥) is always negative,
#
𝑓 , (𝑥) < 0 for 𝑥 ∈ `0, $$a.

#
Now we know that 𝑓(𝑥) is a monotonically decreasing function and one to one for 𝑥 ∈ [0, $$].
#
Therefore 𝑒 %&' + 5 cos(77𝑥) = 0 has exactly one solution for 𝑥 ∈ [0, $$].

(1b) Use Matlab to plot the left-hand side of the above equation and explain how the plot
illustrates your result in part (a). Include both your Matlab code and your plot in your
assignment.
The function 𝑓 can be inputted into Matlab by using the following code.
>> x = linspace(0,pi/77,10000);
>> y = exp(-4.*x) + 5.*(cos77.*x)
>> plot(x,y)
>> xlabel(“x”)
>> ylabel(“exp(-4.*x)+5.*cos(77.*x)”)
>> title(“Question 2b”)
>> grid on

The Matlab plot illustrates the following observations:
#
1. 𝑓: `0,$$a → ℝ is continuous,
2. 𝑓(0) > 0,
#
3. 𝑓 b c < 0,
$$
#
4. 𝑓(𝑥) is a monotonically decreasing function and one to one for 𝑥 ∈ `0, $$a.
#
These observations show that 𝑒 %&' + 5 cos(77𝑥) = 0 has exactly one solution for 𝑥 ∈ [0, $$].
(2a) Find vectors 𝐧𝟏 and 𝐧𝟐 that are normals to 𝚷𝟏 and 𝚷𝟐 respectively and explain how you
can tell without performing any extra calculations that 𝚷𝟏 and 𝚷𝟐 must intersect in a line.
The cross product between the non-parallel direction vectors of Π/ is the normal vector 𝐧𝟏 ,
𝑥/ −3 1 3
𝑥
Π/ : u + v = u 2 v + 𝜆/ u−1v + 𝜆+ u 1 v, where 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝜆/ , 𝜆+ 𝜖 ℝ,
𝑥0 0 −1 −2
1 3
𝐧𝟏 = u−1v × u 1 v,
−1 −2
(−1)(−2) − (−1)(1) 3
𝐧𝟏 = z (−1)(3) − (1)(−2) { = u−1v.
(1)(1) − (−1)(3) 4

The cross product between the non-parallel direction vectors of Π+ is the normal vector 𝐧𝟐 ,
𝑥/ 0 1 3
Π+ : u𝑥+ v = u−1v + 𝜇/ u−1v + 𝜇+ u1v, where 𝑥$ , 𝑥% , 𝑥& , 𝜇1 , 𝜇2 𝜖 ℝ,
𝑥0 1 1 0
1 3
𝐧𝟐 = u−1v × u1v,
1 0
(−1)(0) − (1)(1) −1
𝐧𝟐 = z (1)(3) − (1)(0) { = u 3 v.
(1)(1) − (−1)(3) 4
Since 𝐧𝟏 ≠ 𝛼𝐧𝟐 , where 𝛼 ∈ ℝ, therefore 𝐧𝟏 and 𝐧𝟐 are not parallel. This implies that Π/ and Π+
are not parallel, therefore Π/ and Π+ must intersect in a line.

(2b) Find Cartesian equations for the planes 𝚷𝟏 and 𝚷𝟐 .
Firstly, we will find the Cartesian equation for Π/ by the dot product of the normal vector 𝐧𝟏 and
a direction vector on Π/ ,
3 𝑥/ −3
𝑥
u−1v ∙ zu + v − u 2 v{ = 0,
4 𝑥0 0
3(𝑥/ + 3) − 1(𝑥+ − 2) + 4(𝑥0 − 0) = 0,
3𝑥/ + 9 − 𝑥+ + 2 + 4𝑥0 = 0,
Π/ : 3𝑥/ − 𝑥+ + 4𝑥0 = −11.

Secondly, we will find the Cartesian equation for Π+ by the dot product of the normal vector 𝐧𝟐
and a direction vector on Π+ ,
−1 𝑥/ 0
u 3 v ∙ zu𝑥+ v − u−1v{ = 0,
4 𝑥0 1
−1(𝑥/ − 0) + 3(𝑥+ + 1) + 4(𝑥0 − 1) = 0,
−𝑥/ + 3𝑥+ + 3 + 4𝑥0 − 4 = 0,
Π+ : 𝑥/ − 3𝑥+ − 4𝑥0 = −1.



(2c) For your first method, assign one of 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒙𝟑 to be the parameter 𝝎 and then use your
two Cartesian equations for 𝚷𝟏 and 𝚷𝟐 to express the other two variables in terms of 𝝎 and
hence write down a parametric vector form of the line of intersection 𝑳𝟏 .
In order to express 𝑥+ and 𝑥0 in terms of the parameter 𝜔, we let 𝑥/ = 𝜔,
3𝜔 − 𝑥+ + 4𝑥0 = −11 (1),
𝜔 − 3𝑥+ − 4𝑥0 = −1 (2).

We will find 𝑥+ by adding (1) with (2),
4𝜔 − 4𝑥+ + 12 = 0,
𝑥+ = 𝜔 + 3.

We will find 𝑥0 by substituting 𝑥+ = 𝜔 + 3 back to (1),
𝜔 − 3(𝜔 + 3) − 4𝑥0 = −1,
𝜔 − 3𝜔 − 9 − 4𝑥0 = −1,
−4𝑥0 = 2𝜔 + 8,
/
𝑥0 = − 𝜔 − 2.
+

Now we can find the equation of the line of intersection, 𝐿/ ,
𝜔
𝐿/ : 𝑥 = z / + 3 {,
𝜔
−+𝜔 − 2

0 1
𝐿/ : 𝑥 = u 3 v + 𝜔 z 1/{, where 𝜔 ∈ ℝ.
−2 −
+

(2d) For your second method, substitute expressions for 𝒙𝟏 , 𝒙𝟐 and 𝒙𝟑 from the parametric
form of 𝚷𝟐 into your Cartesian equation for 𝚷𝟏 and hence find a parametric vector form of
the line of intersection 𝑳𝟐 .
From the question, we are given the parametric form of Π+ . Also, from part (2b) we know the
Cartesian equation of Π/ ,
𝑥/ 0 1 3 𝜇/ + 3𝜇+
Π+ : u𝑥+ v = u−1v + 𝜇/ u−1v + 𝜇+ u1v = u−1 − 𝜇/ + 𝜇+ v, where 𝑥$ , 𝑥% , 𝑥& , 𝜇1 , 𝜇2 𝜖 ℝ,
𝑥0 1 1 0 1 + 𝜇/
Π/ : 3𝑥/ − 𝑥+ + 4𝑥0 = −11.

We will substitute expressions for 𝑥/ , 𝑥+ or 𝑥0 from the parametric form of Π+ into Cartesian
equation of Π/ ,
3(𝜇/ + 3𝜇+ ) − (−1 − 𝜇/ + 𝜇+ ) + 4(1 + 𝜇/ ) = −11,
3𝜇/ + 9𝜇+ + 1 + 𝜇/ − 𝜇+ + 4 + 4𝜇/ = −11,
8𝜇/ + 8𝜇+ = −16,
𝜇+ = −𝜇/ − 2.



Then by substituting 𝜇+ = −𝜇/ − 2 into Π+ , we can find the equation of the line of intersection,
𝐿+ ,
0 1 3
𝐿+ : 𝑥 = u−1v + 𝜇/ u−1v + (−𝜇/ − 2) u1v,
1 1 0
−6 −2
𝐿+ : 𝑥 = u−3v + 𝜇/ u−2v, where 𝜇/ ∈ ℝ.
1 1

(2e) Now, use Matlab to help find the line of intersection of 𝚷𝟏 and 𝚷𝟐 .
(i)
From the question, we are given the parametric form of Π/ ,
𝑥/ −3 1 3
𝑥
Π/ : u + v = u 2 v + 𝜆/ u−1v + 𝜆+ u 1 v, where 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝜆/ , 𝜆+ 𝜖 ℝ,
𝑥0 0 −1 −2
𝑥/ = −3 + 𝜆/ + 3𝜆+ ,
𝑥+ = 2 − 𝜆/ + 𝜆+ ,
𝑥0 = −𝜆/ − 2𝜆+ .

From the question, we are given the parametric form of Π+ ,
𝑥/ 0 1 3
Π+ : u𝑥+ v = u−1v + 𝜇/ u−1v + 𝜇+ u1v, where 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝜇/ , 𝜇+ 𝜖 ℝ,
𝑥0 1 1 0
𝑥/ = 𝜇/ + 3𝜇+ ,
𝑥+ = −1 − 𝜇/ + 𝜇+ ,
𝑥0 = 1 + 𝜇/ .

We can equate the parametric forms of Π/ and Π+ ,
−3 + 𝜆/ + 3𝜆+ = 𝜇/ + 3𝜇+ ,
2 − 𝜆/ + 𝜆+ = −1 − 𝜇/ + 𝜇+ ,
−𝜆/ − 2𝜆+ = 1 + 𝜇/ .

Now, we will be rearranging the linear equations, so that the parameters are on the left-hand
side and the constants are on the right-hand side.
−𝜇/ − 3𝜇+ + 𝜆/ + 3𝜆+ = 3,
𝜇/ − 𝜇+ − 𝜆/ + 𝜆+ = −3,
−𝜇/ − 𝜆/ − 2𝜆+ = 1.

(ii)
From the linear equations, we can form the following two matrices,
−1 −3 1 3 3
𝐴 = u 1 −1 −1 1 v, 𝑏 = u−3v.
−1 0 −1 −2 1

Now, we can find the augmented matrix A by appending the given matrices,
−1 −3 1 3 3
[𝐴|𝑏] = ‰ 1 −1 −1 1 Š−3‹.
−1 0 −1 −2 1
Then by using the command rref() on Matlab, we can find the reduced row echelon form of the
augmented matrix.
>> A=[[-1,-3,1,3,3];[1,-1,-1,1,-3];[-1,0,-1,-2,1]];
>> rref(A)

The reduced row echelon form of the augmented matrix is
1 0 0 1 −2
[𝑈|𝑦] = ‰0 1 0 −1Š 0 ‹.
0 0 1 1 1

(iii)
By letting 𝜆+ = 𝑘, we can find the general solution for 𝜆/ , 𝜇+ and 𝜇/ . Firstly, we will finding 𝜆/ by
using the 3rd row of the augmented matrix,
𝜆/ + 𝜆+ = 1,
𝜆/ = 1 − 𝑘.

Then we will be finding 𝜇+ by using the 2nd row of the augmented matrix,
𝜇+ − 𝜆+ = 0,
𝜇+ = 𝑘.

Subsequently, we will be finding 𝜇/ by using the 1st row of the augmented matrix,
𝜇/ + 𝜆+ = −2,
𝜇/ = −2 − 𝑘.

Now, we will be substituting 𝜇/ = −2 − 𝑘 into Π/ to find the equation of the line of intersection,
𝐿0 ,
−3 1 3
𝐿0 : 𝑥 = u 2 v + (1 − 𝑘) u−1v + (𝑘) u 1 v,
0 −1 −2
−2 2
𝐿0 : 𝑥 = u 1 v + 𝑘 u 2 v, where 𝑘 ∈ ℝ.
−1 −1

(2f) If your parametric forms in parts (2c), (2d) and (2e) are different, check that they
represent the same line.
The parametric forms of the line of intersection in parts (c), (d) and (e) are different but all
represent the same line,
0 1
𝐿/ : 𝑥 = u 3 v + 𝜔 z 1/{, where 𝜔 ∈ ℝ,
−2 −+
−6 −2
𝐿+ : 𝑥 = u−3v + 𝜇/ u−2v, where 𝜇/ ∈ ℝ,
1 1
 −2 2
𝐿0 : 𝑥 = u 1 v + 𝑘 u 2 v, where 𝑘 ∈ ℝ.
−1 −1

Firstly, we will show that 𝐿/ , 𝐿+ and 𝐿0 are parallel, by proving that the direction vectors of 𝐿/ ,
𝐿+ and 𝐿0 are scalar multiple of each other,
1 −2
1
z /{ = 𝑎 u−2v, where 𝑎 = −2,
−+ 1
𝐿/ is parallel to 𝐿+ ,

1 2
z 1/{ = 𝑏 u 2 v, where 𝑏 = 2,
−+ −1
𝐿/ is parallel to 𝐿0 ,

−2 2
u−2v = 𝑐 u 2 v, where 𝑐 = −1,
−1 −1
𝐿+ is parallel to 𝐿0 .

Now, we need to show that 𝐿/ , 𝐿+ and 𝐿0 share a common point 𝑋(0,3, −2), which is the
coordinate vector of 𝐿/ transposed.
0 1 0
𝐿/ : u 3 v + 𝜔 z 1/{ = u 3 v, where 𝜔 = 0,
−2 −+ −2
point 𝑋 lies on 𝐿/ ,

−6 −2 0
𝐿+ : u−3v + 𝜇/ u−2v = u 3 v, where 𝜇/ = −3,
1 1 −2
point 𝑋 lies on 𝐿+ ,

−2 2 0
𝐿0 : u 1 v + 𝑘 u 2 v = u 3 v, where 𝑘 = 1,
−1 −1 −2
point 𝑋 lies on 𝐿0 .
Since 𝐿/ , 𝐿+ and 𝐿0 are parallel and they share a common point 𝑋, therefore 𝐿/ , 𝐿+ and 𝐿0 must
be the same line.

(2g) Find 𝒎 = 𝒏𝟏 × 𝒏𝟐 and show that 𝒎 is parallel to the line you found in parts (2c), (2d) and
(2e).
Firstly, we will find 𝑚 by solving for the cross product of 𝐧𝟏 and 𝐧𝟐 ,
3 −1
𝒎 = u−1v × u 3 v,
4 4
 (−1)(4) − (4)(3) −16
𝒎 = z (4)(−1) − (3)(4) { = u−16v.
(3)(3) − (−1)(−1) 8

We will show that 𝒎 is parallel to 𝐿/ , 𝐿+ and 𝐿0 by proving that the direction vectors of 𝐿/ , 𝐿+
and 𝐿0 are scalar multiple of 𝒎.
−16 1
/
𝒎 = u−16v = 𝛽 z 1/{, where 𝛽 = − /4 ,
8 −+
𝒎 is parallel to 𝐿/ in part (c),

−16 −2
/
𝒎 = u−16v = 𝛾 u−2v, where 𝛾 = & ,
8 1
𝒎 is parallel to 𝐿+ in part (d),

−16 2
/
𝒎 = u−16v = δ u2v, where δ = − & ,
8 1
𝒎 is parallel to 𝐿0 in part (e).

(2h) Give a geometric explanation of the result in part (2g).
In part (a), we know that n/ and n+ is perpendicular to Π/ and Π+ respectively. While in part(g),
we know that 𝒎 is perpendicular to 𝐧𝟏 and 𝐧𝟐 as it is the normal of the span(n/ , n+ ). Therefore
𝒎 is parallel to the line of intersection between Π/ and Π+ .