Rolling Contact Bearings

MED: 06206 Machine Elements and Design IV Rolling Contact Bearings
CHAPTER TWO
ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS
2.1 Introduction
In the rolling contact bearings, the contact between the bearing surfaces is rolling instead of
sliding as in sliding contact bearings. The ordinary sliding bearing starts from rest with practically
metal – to – metal contact and has a high coefficient of friction. It is an outstanding advantage of
a rolling contact bearing over a sliding bearing that it has a low starting friction. Due to this low
friction offered by rolling contact bearings, these are called antifriction bearings
2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Rolling Contact Bearings over Sliding Contact
Bearings
The following are some advantages and disadvantages of rolling contact bearings over sliding
contact bearings.
Advantages
1. Low starting and running friction except at very high speed.
2. Ability to withstand momentary shock loads.
3. Accuracy of shaft alignment.
4. Low cost of maintenance, as no lubrication is required while in service.
5. Both radial and axial loads can be carried by same type of bearing.
6. Selection of bearing from manufacturer information is relatively simple.
7. Small overall dimension.
8. Reliability of service.
9. Easy to mount and erect.
10. Easy replacement ( can be purchased)
11. Cleanliness.
Disadvantages
1. More noisy at very high speed.
2. Low resistance to shock loading.
3. More initial cost. (because of the cost of the bearing, and the necessary provision for
mounting)
1
Prepared by: A. H. MKALI.
Instructor: Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering.
Karume Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Zanzibar
4. Design of bearing housing complicated.

5. Failure of the bearing can occur without warning and cause damage to machinery.
2.3 Types of Rolling Contact Bearings

There are two types of rolling contact bearings:
1. Ball bearings; and

2. Roller bearings
The ball and roller bearings consists of an inner race which is mounted on the shaft or journal and
an outer race which is carried by the housing or casing. In between the inner and outer race,
there are balls or roller. A number of balls or rollers are used and these are held at proper
distances by retainers so that they do not touch each other. The retainers are thin strips and are
usually in two parts which are assembled after the balls have been properly spaced. The ball
bearings are used for light loads and the roller bearings are used for heavier loads.
Fig. 2.1 Ball bearing

2
\
Fig. 2.2 Roller bearing
Fig 2.3 Ball and roller bearings
2.4 Classification of rolling contact bearings
Depending upon the load to be carried, rolling contact bearings are classified as;
(a) Radial bearings, and (b) Thrust bearings.
The radial and thrust ball bearings are

shown in Fig. 2.4 (a) and (b) respectively.
When a ball bearing supports only a radial
load (W R), the plane of rotation of the ball is
normally to the centre line of the bearing, as
shown in Fig.2.4 (a). The action of thrust
load (W A) is to shift the plane of rotation of
the balls, as shown in Fig.2.4 (b). The radial
and thrust loads both may be carried
simultaneously. Fig.2.4 Radial and thrust ball bearings.
3
2.5 Types of Radial Ball Bearings
1. Single row deep groove bearing.

During assembly of this bearing, the races are offset and
the maximum numbers of balls are placed between the
races. The races are then centered and the balls are
symmetrically located by the use of a retainer or cage.
The deep groove ball bearings are used due to their high
load carrying capacity and suitability for high running
speeds. The load carrying capacity of a ball bearing is
Fig.2.5 Deep groove bearing
related to the size and number of the balls
2. Filling notch bearing.
These bearings have notches in the inner and outer

races which permit more balls to be inserted than in a
deep groove ball bearings. The notches do not extend to
the bottom of the race way and therefore the balls
inserted through the notches must be forced in position.
Since this type of bearing contains large number of balls
than a corresponding unnotched one, therefore it has a
Fig.2.6 Filling notch bearing
large bearing load capacity.
3. Angular contact bearing

These bearings have one side of the outer
race cut away to permit the insertion of more
balls than in a deep groove bearing but
without having a notch cut into both races.
This permits the bearing to carry a relatively
large axial load in one direction while also
carrying a relatively large radial load. The
angular contact bearings are usually used in
pairs so that thrust loads may be carried in
either direction.
Fig.2.7 Angular contact bearing
4
4. Double row bearing.

These bearings may be made with radial or
angular contact between the balls and
races. The double row bearing is
appreciably narrower than two single row
bearings. The load capacity of such
bearings is slightly less than twice that of a
single row bearing.
Fig.2.8 Double row bearing
5. Self – aligning bearing

These bearings permit shaft deflections within 2 – 3
degrees. It may be noted that normal clearance in a ball
bearing are too small to accommodate any appreciable
misalignment of the shaft relative to the housing. If the
unit is assembled with shaft misalignment present, then
the bearing will be subjected to a load that may be in
excess of the design value and premature failure may
occur. Fig.2.9 Self – aligning bearing
There are two types of self – aligning bearings:
(a) Externally self – aligning bearing.

In an externally self – aligning
bearing, the outside diameter
of the outer race is ground to a
spherical surface which fits in
a mating spherical surface in
housing.
Fig.2.10 Externally self – aligning bearing
(b) Internally self – aligning bearing

In an internally self – aligning bearing, the inner surface of the outer race is ground to a spherical
surface. Consequently, the outer race may be displaced through a small angle without interfering
with the normal operation of the bearing. The internally self – aligning ball bearing is
interchangeable with other ball bearings.
5
2.6 Standard Dimensions and Designations of Ball Bearings

The dimensions that have been standardized on an international basis are shown in Fig.2.11.
These dimensions are a function of the bearing bore and the series of bearing. The standard
dimensions are given in millimeters. There is no standard for the size and number of steel balls.
Fig.2.11 Standard designations of ball bearings
The bearings are designated by a number. In general, the number consists of at least three digits.
Additional digits or letters are used to indicate special features e.g., deep groove, filling notch etc.
The last three digits give the series and the bore of the bearing. The last two digits from 04
onwards, when multiplied by 5, give the bore diameter in millimeters. The third from the last digit
designates the series of the bearing.
The most common ball bearings are available in four series as follows:
1. Extra light (100),

2. Light (200),
3. Medium (300),
4. Heavy (400).
 If a bearing is designated by the number 305, it means that:

The bearing is of medium series whose bore is 05 x 5, i.e., 25 mm.
 The extra light and light series are used where the loads are moderate and shaft sizes are
comparatively large and also where available space is limited.
 The medium series has a capacity 30 to 40 per cent over the light series.
 The heavy series has 20 to 30 per cent capacity over the medium series. This series is not
used extensively in industrial applications.
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Table: 2.1 Principal Dimensions for Radial Ball Bearings
Bearing No Bore (mm) Outside diameter Width (mm)

200 30 9
10
300 35 11
201 32 10
12
301 37 12
202 35 11
15
302 42 13
203 40 12
303 17 47 14
403 62 17
204 47 14
304 20 52 15
404 72 19
205 52 15
305 25 62 17
405 80 21
206 62 16
306 30 72 19
406 90 23
207 72 17
307 35 80 21
407 100 25
208 80 18
308 40 90 23
408 110 27
209 85 19
309 45 100 25
409 120 29
210 90 20
310 50 110 27
410 130 31
211 100 21
311 55 120 29
411 140 33
212 110 22
312 60 130 31
412 150 35
7
Bearing No Bore (mm) Outside diameter Width (mm)

213 120 23
313 65 140 33
413 160 37
214 125 24
314 70 150 35
414 180 42
215 130 25
315 75 160 37
415 190 45
216 140 26
316 80 170 39
416 200 48
217 150 28
317 85 180 41
417 210 52
218 160 30
318 90 190 43
418 225 54
2.7 Thrust ball bearings

The thrust ball bearings are used for carrying thrust loads exclusively and at speeds bellow 2000
r.p.m. At high speeds, centrifugal force causes the balls to be forced out of the races. Therefore
at high speeds, it is recommended that angular contact ball bearings should be used in place of
thrust ball bearings. A thrust ball bearing may be a single direction, flat face or a double direction
with flat face.
(a) Single direction thrust ball bearing (b) Double direction thrust ball bearing
Fig. 2.12 Thrust ball bearing
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2.8 Types of Roller Bearings
1. Cylindrical roller bearings.

These bearings have short rollers guided in a cage. These bearings are relatively rigid against
radial motion and have the lowest coefficient of friction of any form of heavy duty rolling – contact
bearings. Such types of bearings are used in high speed service.
2. Spherical roller bearings

These bearings are self – aligning bearings. The self - aligning feature is achieved by grinding
one of the races in the form of sphere. These bearings can normally tolerate angular
0
1
misalignment in the order of ± 1 and when used with a double row of rollers, these can carry
2
thrust loads in either direction.
3. Needle roller bearings

These bearings are relatively slender and completely fill the space so that neither a cage nor a
retainer is needed. These bearings are used when heavy loads are to be carried with an
oscillatory motion, e.g., piston pin bearings in heavy duty diesel engines, where the reversal of
motion tends to keep the rollers in correct alignment.
4. Tapered roller bearings.

The roller and race ways of these bearings are truncated cones whose elements intersect at a
common point .such type of bearings can carry both radial and thrust loads. These bearings are
available in various combinations as double row bearings and with different cone angles for use
with different relative magnitudes of radial and thrust loads.
Fig.2.13 Types of roller bearings

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2.9 Bearing Loads

Before selecting a bearing one has to identify the basic mode of operation of the bearing.
Therefore a fundamental distinction should be made between loaded rotating, stationary and
oscillating bearings when determining the size of the bearing. In the first case the bearing is said
to be stressed dynamically, while in the other two cases the bearing is stressed statically.
2.10 Static Loading

When a bearing under load stands still , makes slow oscillating movements or operates at very
slow speeds , the load carrying capacity is determined by the permanent deformations at the
contacts between the rolling elements and raceways an not by fatigue of the bearing material.
2.11 Static load

Is the load carried by a bearing at stand still (non – rotating bearing) or make slow oscillating
movement or operate at very low speed.
2.11.1 Basic Static Load Rating (Co)

The basic static load rating is defined as the static radial load (in case of radial ball or roller
bearings) or axial load (in case of thrust ball or roller bearings) which corresponds to a total
permanent deformation of the ball (or roller) and race, at the most heavily stressed contact, equal
to 0.0001 times the ball (or roller) diameter.
Or
Is a load which can produce at one of the contact area of the most heavily stressed ball or roller a
permanent deformation of 0.0001 of the ball or roller diameter
In single row angular contact ball bearings, the basic static load relates to the radial component of
the load, which causes a purely radial displacement of the bearing rings in relation to each other.
2.11.2 Static Equivalent Load

The static equivalent load may be defined as the static radial load (in case of radial ball or roller
bearings) or axial load (in case of thrust ball or roller bearings) which, if applied, would cause the
same total permanent deformation at the most heavily stressed ball (or roller) and race contact as
that which occurs under the actual conditions of loading.
The static equivalent radial load ( W OR) for radial or roller bearings under combined radial and
axial or thrust loads is given by the greater magnitude of those obtained by the following two
equations, i.e.,
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W OR = Xo.W R + YO.W A ; and

W OR = W R
W R = Radial load,
W A = Axial or thrust load,
XO = Radial load factor, and
YO = Axial or thrust load factor.
The values of XO and YO for different bearings are given in the following table:
Table: 2.2 Values of Xo and Yo for different bearings

Single row bearing Double row bearing
S .No Type of bearing
Xo Yo Xo Yo
1. Radial contact groove ball bearing 0.60 0.50 0.60 0.50
2. Self aligning ball or roller bearings and 0.50 0.22 Cot θ 1 0.44Cot θ
tapered roller bearing.
3. Angular contact groove bearings:
 = 15o 0.50 0.46 1 0.92

 = 20o 0.50 0.42 1 0.84
 = 25o 0.50 0.38 1 0.76
 = 30o 0.50 0.33 1 0.66
 = 35o 0.50 0.29 1 0.58
 = 40o
0.50 0.26 1 0.52
0.50 0.22 1 0.44
 = 45o
Notes:
 The static equivalent radial load (W OR) is always greater than or equal to the radial load
(W R)
 For two similar single row angular contact ball bearings , mounted ‘face – to – face ‘ or
‘back – to – back’, use the values of XO and YO which apply to a double row angular
contact ball bearings. For two or more similar single row angular contact – ball bearings
mounted ‘in tandem’, use the values of XO and YO which apply to a single row angular
contact ball bearings.
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 The static equivalent radial load (W OR ) for all cylindrical roller bearings is equal to the
radial load (W R)
 This static equivalent axial or thrust (W OA) for thrust ball or roller bearings with angle of
contact   900 , under combined radial and axial loads is given by

W OA = 2.3 W R . tan  + W A
This formula is valid for all ratios of radial to axial load in the case of direction bearings.
WR
For single direction bearings, it is valid where  0.44 cot
WA
 The thrust ball or roller bearings with   900 can support axial loads only. The static
equivalent axial load for this type of bearing is given by
W OA = W A
2.12 Dynamic Loads
2.12.1 Basic Dynamic Load Rating (C)

The basic dynamic load rating is defined as the constant stationary radial load (in case of radial
ball or roller bearings) or constant axial load (in case of thrust ball or roller bearings) which a
group of apparently identical bearings with stationary outer ring can endure for a rating life of one
million revolutions (which is equivalent to 500 hours of operation at 33.3 r.p.m) with only 10 per
cent failure.
Or
Is the load with which 90% of the group of bearings under test will survive one million revolutions
without evidence of fatigue. (Catalogue value)
2.12.2 Dynamic Equivalent Load (W)

The dynamic equivalent load may be defined as the constant stationary radial load (in case of
radial ball or roller bearings) or axial load (in case of thrust ball or roller bearings) which, if applied
to a bearing with rotating inner ring and stationery outer ring, would give the same life as that
which the bearing will attain under the actual conditions of load and rotation.
This is a load calculated and used in cases of simultaneous radial and thrust loads .With radial
bearings or thrust bearings, it is a fictitious load of the same effect on the bearing life as an
applied combined radial and thrust load. (Design actual load)
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The dynamic equivalent radial load (W) for radial and angular contact bearings, except the filling
slot types, under combined constant radial load (W R) and constant axial or thrust load (W A) is
given by
W = X.V.W R + Y.W A
Where:
V = A rotation factor,
= 1, for all types of bearings when the inner race is rotating,
= 1, for self – aligning bearings when inner race is stationary,
= 1.2, for all types of bearings except self – aligning, when inner race is stationary.
The values of radial load factor (X) and axial or thrust load factor (Y) for the dynamically loaded
bearings may be taken from the following table:
Table: 2.3 Values for X and Y for dynamically loaded bearings
WA WA
≤e ≥e
Type of bearing Specification WR WR e
X Y X Y
Deep groove ball bearing
WA 2.0 0.22
= 0.025 1.8 0.24
CO 1 0 0.56 1.6 0.27
= 0.04 1.4 0.31
= 0.07 1.2 0.37
= 0.13 1.0 0.44
= 0.25
= 0.50
Angular contact ball bearing Single row 0 0.35 0.57 1.14
Two rows in tandem 0 0.35 0.57 1.14
Two rows back to back 1 0.55 0.57 0.93 1.14
Double row 0.73 0.62 1.17 0.86
Self – aligning bearings
Light series: for bores 1.3 2.0 0.50
1.7 2.6 0.37
10 – 20 mm 1 0.65
2.0 3.1 0.31
25 – 35
2.3 3.5 0.28
40 – 45
2.4 3.8 0.26
50 – 65
2.3 3.5 0.28
70 – 100
105 – 110
Medium series: for bores 1.0 0.65 1.6 0.63

1.2 1.9 0.52
12 mm
1.5 2.3 0.43
15 – 20
1.6 2.5 0.39
25 – 50
55 -- 90
Spherical roller bearings For bores:
25 – 35 mm 2.1 3.1 0.32
0.67
40 – 45 2.5 3.7 0.27
1
50 – 100 2.9 4.4 0.23
100 – 200 2.6 3.9 0.26
Taper roller bearings For bores:

30 – 40 mm 1.60 0.37
1 0 0.4
45 – 110 1.45 0.44
120 – 150 1.35 0.41
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2.13 Life of a Bearing

The life of an individual ball (or roller )bearing may be defined as the number of revolutions ( or
hours at some given constant speed) which the bearing runs before the first evidence of fatigue
develops in the material of one of the rings or any of the rolling elements.
The rating life of a group of apparently identical ball or roller bearings is defined as the number of
revolutions (or hours at some given constant speed) that 90 per cent of a group of bearings will
complete or exceed before the first evidence of fatigue develops (i.e. ., only 10 per cent of a
group of bearings fail due to fatigue).
The life equation is given by

k
C
L10  10  
6
(rev)
W 
Where:
L10 – Basic rating life
C – Basic dynamic load rating
W – Equivalent dynamic bearing load
k = 3 – For ball bearings
= 10/3 - For roller bearings
2.13.1 Basic Rated or Nominal Life (L10)

Is the life which 90% of a sufficiently large group of apparently identical bearings can be expected
to attain or exceed. The term minimum life is also used to denote the rating life.
2.13.2 The median or Average Life (LA)

It has been found that the life which 50 per cent of a group of bearings will complete or exceed is
approximately 5 times the life which 90 per cent of the bearings will complete or exceed. In other
worlds, we may say that the average life of a bearing is 5 times the rating life (or minimum life).
LA = 5 L10
It may be noted that the longest life of a single bearing is seldom longer than the 4 times the
average life and the maximum life of a single bearing is about 30 to 50 times the minimum life.
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2.14 Dynamic Load Rating for Rolling Contact Bearings under Variable Loads
The approximate rating (or service) life of ball or roller bearings is based on the fundamental
equation
1
k
C  L k
L     106 revolutions or C W 6 
W   10 
Where:
L = Rating life,
C = Basic dynamic load rating,
W = Equivalent dynamic load, and
k = 3, for ball bearings,
10
= , for roller bearings
3
The relationship between the life in revolutions (L) and the life in working hours (L h) is given by
L  60N .Lh revolutions
Where:
N is the speed in r.p.m
Now consider a rolling contact bearing subjected to variable loads

Let W 1, W 2, W 3 etc., be the loads on the bearing for successive n1, n2, n3 etc., number of
revolutions respectively.
If the bearing is operated exclusively at the constant load W 1, then its life is given by
k
C
L     106 revolutions
W 
 Fraction of life consumed with load W 1 acting for n1 number of revolutions is
k
n1  W1  1
n1    6
L1  C  10
Similarly, fraction of life consumed with load W 2 acting for n2 number of revolutions is
k
n 2  W2  1
n2    6
L2  C  10
and fraction of life consumed with load W 3 acting for n3 number of revolutions is
k
n3  W3  1
n3    6
L3  C  10
15
n1 n2 n3
But + + + ……. = 1
L1 L2 L3
k k k
W  1 W  1 W  1
Or n1  1   6 + n2  2   6 + n3  3   6 + ……..= 1
 C  10  C  10  C  10
 n1 W1  + n2 W2  + n3 W3  + ……..= C k  10 6

k k k
If an equivalent constant load (W) is acting for n number of revolutions, then
k
C
n     106
W 
 nW  = C k  10 6
k
Where:
n = n1+n2+n3+..
From equation (i) and (ii), we have
n1 W1  + n2 W2  + n3 W3  + ……..= n(W ) k

k k k
1
 n1 W1 k  n2 W2 k  n3 W3 k  ...  k
W  
 n 
Substituting n = n1 + n2 + n3 +….., and k = 3 for ball bearings, we have
1
 n W k  n2 W2 k  n3 W3 k  ...  3
W  1 1 
 n1  n2  n3  .... 
Note:
The above expression may also be written as
1
 L W k  L2 W2 k  L3 W3 k  ...  3
W  1 1 
 n1  n2  n3  .... 
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2.15 Reliability of a Bearing (R)

The reliability is defined as the ratio of the number of bearings which have successfully completed
L million revolutions to the total number of bearings under test.
Sometimes, it becomes necessary to select a bearing having a reliability of more than 90%.
According to Wiebull, the relation between the bearing life and the reliability is given as:
1
L   1 
b
 1  L b
loge      or  loge  
R a a   R 
Where
L is the life of the bearing corresponding to the desired reliability R and
a and b are constants whose values are
a = 6.84, and
b = 1.17
If L90 is the life of a bearing corresponding to a reliability of 90% (i.e., R90), then
1
L90   1 
b
 loge  
a   R90 
Dividing equation (i) by equation (ii), we have
1

 
 b
 loge 1 R 
6.85loge 1 R 
L

1 1.17
 =  b = 1.17
L90  log  1  
 
 e  R90  
This expression is used for selecting the bearing when the reliability is other than 90%.
Note:
If there are n numbers of bearings in the system each having the same reliability R, then the
reliability of the complete system will be
Rs =Rp
Where:
Rs = indicates the probability of one out of p number of bearings failing during its life time.
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Example 2.1
A shaft rotating at constant speed is subjected to variable load. The bearing supporting the shaft
are subjected to stationary equivalent radial load of 3 KN for 10 percent of the time , 2 KN for 20
percent of time, 1 KN for 30 percent of time and no load for remaining time of cycle . If the total
life expected for the bearing is 20 X 106 revolutions at 95 percent reliability, calculate dynamic
load rating of the ball bearing.
(Ans: 5.54 KN)
Example 2.2
The rolling contact ball bearings are to be selected to support the overhung countershaft. The
shaft speed is 720 r.p.m. The bearings are to have 99% reliability corresponding to a life of
24,000 hours. The bearing is subjected to an equivalent radial load of 1 KN. Consider life
adjustment factors for operating condition and material as 0.9 and 0.85 respectively. Find the
basic dynamic load rating of the bearing from manufacturer‘s catalogue, specified at 90%
reliability.
(Ans: 21.62 KN)
2.16 Selection of Radial Ball Bearings

In order to select a most suitable ball bearing, first of all, the basic dynamic radial load is
calculated. It is then multiplied by the service factor (Ks) to get the design basic dynamic radial
load capacity. The service factor for the ball bearings is shown in table
Table: 2.4 Value of service factor (Ks)

Service factor (Ks) for radial ball
S.No Type of service
bearings
1. Uniform and steady load 1.0
2. Light shock load 1.5
3. Moderate shock load 2.0
4. Heavy shock load 2.5
5. Extreme shock load 3.0
After finding the design basic dynamic radial load capacity, the selection of bearing is made from
the catalogue of a manufacturer. The following table shows the basic static and dynamic
capacities for various types of ball bearings.
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Table: 2.5 Basic static and dynamic capacities of various types of radial ball bearings
Basic Capacities in kN
Bearing
No Single row deep Single row angular Double row angular Self- aligning ball
Groove ball bearing contact ball bearing contact ball bearings bearing
Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic

(Co) (C) (Co) (C) (Co) (C) (Co) (C)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
200 2.24 4 - - 4.55 7.35 1.80 5.70
300 3.60 6.3 - - - - - -
201 3 5.4 - - 5.6 8.3 2.0 5.85
301 4.3 7.65 - - - - 3.0 9.15
202 3.55 6.10 3.75 6.30 5.6 8.3 2.16 6
302 5.20 8.80 - - 9.3 14 3.35 9.3
203 4.4 7.5 4.75 7.8 8.15 11.6 2.8 7.65
303 6.3 10.6 7.2 11.6 12.9 19.3 4.15 11.2
403 11 18 - - - - - -
204 6.55 10 6.55 10.4 11 16 3.9 9.8
304 7.65 12.5 8.3 13.7 14 19.3 5.5 14
404 15.6 24 - - - - - -
205 7.1 11 7.8 11.6 13.7 17.3 4.25 9.8
305 10.4 16.6 12.5 19.3 20 26.5 7.65 19
405 19 28 - - - - - -
206 10 15.3 11.2 16 20.4 25 5.6 12
306 14.6 22 17 24.5 27.5 35.5 10.2 24.5
406 23.2 33.5 - - - - - -
207 13.7 20 15.3 21.2 28 34 8 17
307 17.6 26 20.4 28.5 36 45 13.2 30.5
407 30.5 43 - - - - - -
208 16 22.8 19 25 32.5 39 9.15 17.6
308 22 32 25.5 35.5 45.5 55 16 35.5
408 37.5 50 - - - - - -
209 18.3 25.5 21.6 28 37.5 41.5 10.2 18
309 30 41.5 34 45.5 56 67 19.6 42.5
409 44 60 - - - - - -
210 21.2 27.5 23.6 29 43 47.5 10.8 18
310 35.5 48 40.5 53 73.5 81.5 24 50
410 50 68 - - - - - -
19
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
211 26 34 30 36.5 49 53 12.7 20.8

311 42.5 56 47.5 62 80 88 28.5 58.5
411 60 78 - - - - - -
212 32 40.5 36.5 44 63 65.5 16 26.5
312 48 64 55 71 96.5 102 33.5 68
412 67 85 - - - - - -
213 35.5 44 43 50 69.5 69.5 20.4 34
313 55 72 63 80 112 118 39 75
413 76.5 93 - - - - - -
214 39 48 47.5 54 71 69.5 21.6 34.5
314 63 81.5 73.5 90 129 137 45 85
414 102 112 - - - - - -
215 42.5 52 50 56 80 76.5 22.4 34.5
315 72 90 81.5 98 140 143 52 95
415 110 120 - - - - - -
216 45.5 57 57 63 96.5 93 25 38
316 80 96.5 91.5 106 160 163 58.5 106
416 120 127 - - - - - -
217 55 65.5 65.5 71 100 106 30 45.5
317 88 104 102 114 180 180 62 110
417 132 134 - - - - - -
218 63 75 76.5 83 127 118 36 55
318 98 112 114 122 - - 69.5 118
418 146 146 - - - - - -
219 72 85 88 95 150 137 43 65.5

319 112 120 125 132 - - - -
220 81.5 96.5 93 102 160 146 51 76.5

320 132 137 153 150 - - - -
221 93 104 104 110 - - 56 85

321 143 143 166 160 - - - -
222 104 112 116 120 - - 64 98

322 166 160 193 176 - - - -
20
Example 2.3
Select a single row deep groove ball for a radial load of 4000 N and an axial load of 5000 N,
operating at a speed of 1600 r.p.m. for an average life of 5 years at 10 hours per day. Assume
uniform and steady load.
(Ans: The bearing number 319 having C = 120 KN, may be selected)
Example 2.4
A single row angular contact ball bearing number 310 is used for an axial flow compressor. The
bearing is to carry a radial load of 2500 N and an axial or thrust load of 1500 N. Assuming light
shock load , determine the rating life of the bearing.
(Ans: 2823 x 106)
Example 2.5
Design a self – aligning ball bearing for a radial load of 7000 N and a thrust load of 2100 N . The
desired life of the bearing is 160 millions of revolutions at 300 r.p.m. Assume uniform and steady
load
(Ans: Select bearing number 219 having C =65.5 KN)
Example 2.6
Select a single row deep groove ball bearing with the operating cycle listed below, which will have
a life of 15000 hours.
Fraction of Radial Thrust Speed Service

Type of load
cycle (N) (N) (R.P.M) factor
1/10 Heavy Shocks 2000 1200 400 3.0
1/10 Light Shocks 1500 1000 500 1.5
1/5 Moderate Shocks 1000 1500 600 2.0
3/5 No Shock 1200 2000 800 1.0
Assume radial and axial load factors to be 1.0 and 1.5 respectively and inner race rotates
(Ans: The single row deep groove ball bearing number 215 having C = 52 KN)
21
2.17 Materials and Manufacture of Ball and Roller Bearings

Since the rolling elements and the races are subjected to high local stresses of varying
magnitude with each revolution of the bearing, therefore the materials of the rolling element (i.e.
Steel) should be of high quality. The balls are generally made of high carbon chromium steel. The
material of both the balls and races are heat treated to give extra hardness and toughness.
The balls are manufactured by hot forging or hammers from steel rods. They are then heat –
treated, ground and polished. The races are also formed by forging and then heat – treated,
ground and polished.
2.18 Lubrication of Ball and Roller Bearings

The ball and roller bearings are lubricated for the following purposes:
1. To reduce friction and wear between the sliding parts of the bearing,
2. To prevent rusting or corrosion of the bearing surfaces,
3. To protect the bearing surfaces from water , dirt etc, and
4. To dissipate the heat.
In general, oil or light grease is used for lubricating ball and roller bearings. Only pure mineral oil
or calcium – base grease should be used. If there is a possibility of moisture contact, then
potassium or sodium – base greases may be used. Another additional advantage of the grease is
that it forms a seal to keep out dirt or any other foreign substance. It may be noted that too much
oil or grease cause the temperature of the bearing to rise due to churning. The temperature
should be kept bellow 90oC and in no case a bearing should operate above 150o C.
22
2.7 Thrust ball bearings

The thrust ball bearings are used for carrying thrust loads exclusively and at speeds bellow 2000
r.p.m. At high speeds, centrifugal force causes the balls to be forced out of the races. Therefore
at high speeds, it is recommended that angular contact ball bearings should be used in place of
thrust ball bearings.
A thrust ball bearing may be a single direction, flat face or a double direction with flat face.
(a) Single direction thrust ball bearing (b) Double direction thrust ball bearing
Fig. 2.12 Thrust ball bearing
2.8 Types of Roller Bearings
1. Cylindrical roller bearings.

These bearings have short rollers guided in a cage. These bearings are relatively rigid against
radial motion and have the lowest coefficient of friction of any form of heavy duty rolling – contact
bearings. Such types of bearings are used in high speed service.
2. Spherical roller bearings

These bearings are self – aligning bearings. The self - aligning feature is achieved by grinding
one of the races in the form of sphere. These bearings can normally tolerate angular
0
1
misalignment in the order of ± 1 and when used with a double row of rollers, these can carry
2
thrust loads in either direction.
23
3. Needle roller bearings

These bearings are relatively slender and completely fill the space so that neither a cage nor a
retainer is needed. These bearings are used when heavy loads are to be carried with an
oscillatory motion, e.g., piston pin bearings in heavy duty diesel engines, where the reversal of
motion tends to keep the rollers in correct alignment.
4. Tapered roller bearings.

The roller and race ways of these bearings are truncated cones whose elements intersect at a
common point .such type of bearings can carry both radial and thrust loads. These bearings are
available in various combinations as double row bearings and with different cone angles for use
with different relative magnitudes of radial and thrust loads.
Fig.2.13 Types of roller bearings
2.9 Bearing Loads

Before selecting a bearing one has to identify the basic mode of operation of the bearing.
Therefore a fundamental distinction should be made between loaded rotating, stationary and
oscillating bearings when determining the size of the bearing. In the first case the bearing is said
to be stressed dynamically, while in the other two cases the bearing is stressed statically.
2.10 Static Loading

When a bearing under load stands still , makes slow oscillating movements or operates at very
slow speeds , the load carrying capacity is determined by the permanent deformations at the
contacts between the rolling elements and raceways an not by fatigue of the bearing material.
24
2.11 Static load

Is the load carried by a bearing at stand still (non – rotating bearing) or make slow oscillating
movement or operate at very low speed.
2.11.1 Basic Static Load Rating (Co)

The basic static load rating is defined as the static radial load (in case of radial ball or roller
bearings) or axial load (in case of thrust ball or roller bearings) which corresponds to a total
permanent deformation of the ball (or roller) and race, at the most heavily stressed contact, equal
to 0.0001 times the ball (or roller) diameter.
Or
Is a load which can produce at one of the contact area of the most heavily stressed ball or roller a
permanent deformation of 0.0001 of the ball or roller diameter
In single row angular contact ball bearings, the basic static load relates to the radial component of
the load, which causes a purely radial displacement of the bearing rings in relation to each other.
2.11.2 Static Equivalent Load

The static equivalent load may be defined as the static radial load (in case of radial ball or roller
bearings) or axial load (in case of thrust ball or roller bearings) which, if applied, would cause the
same total permanent deformation at the most heavily stressed ball (or roller) and race contact as
that which occurs under the actual conditions of loading.
The static equivalent radial load ( W OR) for radial or roller bearings under combined radial and
axial or thrust loads is given by the greater magnitude of those obtained by the following two
equations, i.e.,
W OR = Xo.W R + YO.W A ; and
W OR = W R
W R = Radial load,
W A = Axial or thrust load,
XO = Radial load factor, and
YO = Axial or thrust load factor.
25
The values of XO and YO for different bearings are given in the following table:
Table: 2.2 Values of Xo and Yo for different bearings

Single row bearing Double row bearing
S .No Type of bearing
Xo Yo Xo Yo
1. Radial contact groove ball bearing 0.60 0.50 0.60 0.50
2. Self aligning ball or roller bearings and 0.50 0.22 Cot θ 1 0.44Cot θ
tapered roller bearing.
3. Angular contact groove bearings:
 = 15o 0.50 0.46 1 0.92

 = 20o 0.50 0.42 1 0.84
 = 25o 0.50 0.38 1 0.76
 = 30o 0.50 0.33 1 0.66
 = 35o 0.50 0.29 1 0.58
 = 40o
0.50 0.26 1 0.52
0.50 0.22 1 0.44
 = 45o
Notes:
 The static equivalent radial load (W OR) is always greater than or equal to the radial load
(W R)
 For two similar single row angular contact ball bearings , mounted ‘face – to – face ‘ or
‘back – to – back’, use the values of XO and YO which apply to a double row angular
contact ball bearings. For two or more similar single row angular contact – ball bearings
mounted ‘in tandem’, use the values of XO and YO which apply to a single row angular
contact ball bearings.
 The static equivalent radial load (W OR ) for all cylindrical roller bearings is equal to the
radial load (W R)
 This static equivalent axial or thrust (W OA) for thrust ball or roller bearings with angle of
contact   900 , under combined radial and axial loads is given by

W OA = 2.3 W R . tan  + W A
26
This formula is valid for all ratios of radial to axial load in the case of direction bearings.
WR
For single direction bearings, it is valid where  0.44 cot
WA
 The thrust ball or roller bearings with   900 can support axial loads only. The static
equivalent axial load for this type of bearing is given by
W OA = W A
2.12 Dynamic Loads
2.12.1 Basic Dynamic Load Rating (C)

The basic dynamic load rating is defined as the constant stationary radial load (in case of radial
ball or roller bearings) or constant axial load (in case of thrust ball or roller bearings) which a
group of apparently identical bearings with stationary outer ring can endure for a rating life of one
million revolutions (which is equivalent to 500 hours of operation at 33.3 r.p.m) with only 10 per
cent failure.
Or
Is the load with which 90% of the group of bearings under test will survive one million revolutions
without evidence of fatigue. (Catalogue value)
2.12.2 Dynamic Equivalent Load (W)

The dynamic equivalent load may be defined as the constant stationary radial load (in case of
radial ball or roller bearings) or axial load (in case of thrust ball or roller bearings) which, if applied
to a bearing with rotating inner ring and stationery outer ring, would give the same life as that
which the bearing will attain under the actual conditions of load and rotation.
This is a load calculated and used in cases of simultaneous radial and thrust loads .With radial
bearings or thrust bearings, it is a fictitious load of the same effect on the bearing life as an
applied combined radial and thrust load. (Design actual load)
The dynamic equivalent radial load (W) for radial and angular contact bearings, except the filling
slot types, under combined constant radial load (W R) and constant axial or thrust load (W A) is
given by
W = X.V.W R + Y.W A
27
Where:
V = A rotation factor,
= 1, for all types of bearings when the inner race is rotating,
= 1, for self – aligning bearings when inner race is stationary,
= 1.2, for all types of bearings except self – aligning, when inner race is stationary.
The values of radial load factor (X) and axial or thrust load factor (Y) for the dynamically loaded
bearings may be taken from the following table:
Table: 2.3 Values for X and Y for dynamically loaded bearings
WA WA
≤e ≥e
Type of bearing Specification WR WR e
X Y X Y
Deep groove ball WA
bearing = 0.025 2.0 0.22
CO 1.8 0.24
= 0.04 1 0 0.56 1.6 0.27
= 0.07 1.4 0.31
= 0.13 1.2 0.37
= 0.25 1.0 0.44
= 0.50
Angular contact ball Single row 0 0.35 0.57 1.14
bearing Two rows in tandem 0 0.35 0.57 1.14
Two rows back to back 1 0.55 0.57 0.93 1.14
Double row 0.73 0.62 1.17 0.86
Self – aligning bearings
Light series: for bores 1.3 2.0 0.50
1.7 2.6 0.37
10 – 20 mm 1 0.65
2.0 3.1 0.31
25 – 35
2.3 3.5 0.28
40 – 45
2.4 3.8 0.26
50 – 65
2.3 3.5 0.28
70 – 100
105 – 110
Medium series: for bores 1.0 0.65 1.6 0.63

1.2 1.9 0.52
12 mm
1.5 2.3 0.43
15 – 20
1.6 2.5 0.39
25 – 50
55 -- 90
Spherical roller bearings For bores:
25 – 35 mm 2.1 3.1 0.32
0.67
40 – 45 2.5 3.7 0.27
1
50 – 100 2.9 4.4 0.23
100 – 200 2.6 3.9 0.26
Taper roller bearings For bores:

30 – 40 mm 1.60 0.37
1 0 0.4
45 – 110 1.45 0.44
120 – 150 1.35 0.41
28
2.13 Life of a Bearing

The life of an individual ball (or roller )bearing may be defined as the number of revolutions ( or
hours at some given constant speed) which the bearing runs before the first evidence of fatigue
develops in the material of one of the rings or any of the rolling elements.
The rating life of a group of apparently identical ball or roller bearings is defined as the number of
revolutions (or hours at some given constant speed) that 90 per cent of a group of bearings will
complete or exceed before the first evidence of fatigue develops (i.e. ., only 10 per cent of a
group of bearings fail due to fatigue).
The life equation is given by

k
C
L10  10  
6
(rev)
W 
Where:
L10 – Basic rating life
C – Basic dynamic load rating
W – Equivalent dynamic bearing load
k = 3 – For ball bearings
= 10/3 - For roller bearings
2.13.1 Basic Rated or Nominal Life (L10)

Is the life which 90% of a sufficiently large group of apparently identical bearings can be expected
to attain or exceed. The term minimum life is also used to denote the rating life.
2.13.2 The median or Average Life (LA)

It has been found that the life which 50 per cent of a group of bearings will complete or exceed is
approximately 5 times the life which 90 per cent of the bearings will complete or exceed. In other
worlds, we may say that the average life of a bearing is 5 times the rating life (or minimum life).
LA = 5 L10
It may be noted that the longest life of a single bearing is seldom longer than the 4 times the
average life and the maximum life of a single bearing is about 30 to 50 times the minimum life.
29
2.14 Dynamic Load Rating for Rolling Contact Bearings under Variable Loads
The approximate rating (or service) life of ball or roller bearings is based on the fundamental
equation
1
k
C  L k
L     106 revolutions or C W 6 
W   10 
Where:
L = Rating life,
C = Basic dynamic load rating,
W = Equivalent dynamic load, and
k = 3, for ball bearings,
10
= , for roller bearings
3
The relationship between the life in revolutions (L) and the life in working hours (L h) is given by
L  60N .Lh revolutions
Where:
N is the speed in r.p.m
Now consider a rolling contact bearing subjected to variable loads

Let W 1, W 2, W 3 etc., be the loads on the bearing for successive n1, n2, n3 etc., number of
revolutions respectively.
If the bearing is operated exclusively at the constant load W 1, then its life is given by
k
C
L     106 revolutions
W 
 Fraction of life consumed with load W 1 acting for n1 number of revolutions is
k
n1  W1  1
n1    6
L1  C  10
Similarly, fraction of life consumed with load W 2 acting for n2 number of revolutions is
k
n 2  W2  1
n2    6
L2  C  10
and fraction of life consumed with load W 3 acting for n3 number of revolutions is
k
n3  W3  1
n3    6
L3  C  10
30
n1 n2 n3
But + + + ……. = 1
L1 L2 L3
k k k
W  1 W  1 W  1
Or n1  1   6 + n2  2   6 + n3  3   6 + ……..=1
 C  10  C  10  C  10
 n1 W1  + n2 W2  + n3 W3  + ……..= C k  10 6

k k k
If an equivalent constant load (W) is acting for n number of revolutions, then
k
C
n     106
W 
 nW  = C k  10 6
k
Where:
n = n1+n2+n3+..
From equation (i) and (ii), we have
n1 W1  + n2 W2  + n3 W3  + ……..= n(W ) k

k k k
1
 n1 W1 k  n2 W2 k  n3 W3 k  ...  k
W  
 n 
Substituting n = n1 + n2 + n3 +….., and k = 3 for ball bearings, we have
1
 n W k  n2 W2 k  n3 W3 k  ...  3
W  1 1 
 n1  n2  n3  .... 
Note:
The above expression may also be written as
1
 L W k  L2 W2 k  L3 W3 k  ...  3
W  1 1 
 n1  n2  n3  .... 
31
2.15 Reliability of a Bearing (R)

The reliability is defined as the ratio of the number of bearings which have successfully completed
L million revolutions to the total number of bearings under test.
Sometimes, it becomes necessary to select a bearing having a reliability of more than 90%.
According to Wiebull, the relation between the bearing life and the reliability is given as:
1
L   1 
b
 1  L b
loge      or  loge  
R a a   R 
Where
L is the life of the bearing corresponding to the desired reliability R and
a and b are constants whose values are
a = 6.84, and
b = 1.17
If L90 is the life of a bearing corresponding to a reliability of 90% (i.e., R90), then
1
L90   1 
b
 loge  
a   R90 
Dividing equation (i) by equation (ii), we have
1

 
 b
 loge 1 R 
6.85loge 1 R 
L

1 1.17
 =  b = 1.17
L90  log  1  
 
 e  R90  
This expression is used for selecting the bearing when the reliability is other than 90%.
Note:
If there are n numbers of bearings in the system each having the same reliability R, then the
reliability of the complete system will be
Rs =Rp
Where:
Rs = indicates the probability of one out of p number of bearings failing during its life time.
32
Example 2.1
A shaft rotating at constant speed is subjected to variable load. The bearing supporting the shaft
are subjected to stationary equivalent radial load of 3 KN for 10 percent of the time , 2 KN for 20
percent of time, 1 KN for 30 percent of time and no load for remaining time of cycle . If the total
life expected for the bearing is 20 X 106 revolutions at 95 percent reliability, calculate dynamic
load rating of the ball bearing.
(Ans: 5.54 KN)
Example 2.2
The rolling contact ball bearings are to be selected to support the overhung countershaft. The
shaft speed is 720 r.p.m. The bearings are to have 99% reliability corresponding to a life of
24,000 hours. The bearing is subjected to an equivalent radial load of 1 KN. Consider life
adjustment factors for operating condition and material as 0.9 and 0.85 respectively. Find the
basic dynamic load rating of the bearing from manufacturer‘s catalogue, specified at 90%
reliability.
(Ans: 21.62 KN)
2.16 Selection of Radial Ball Bearings

In order to select a most suitable ball bearing, first of all, the basic dynamic radial load is
calculated. It is then multiplied by the service factor (Ks) to get the design basic dynamic radial
load capacity. The service factor for the ball bearings is shown in table
Table: 2.4 Value of service factor (Ks)

Service factor (Ks) for radial ball
S.No Type of service
bearings
1. Uniform and steady load 1.0
2. Light shock load 1.5
3. Moderate shock load 2.0
4. Heavy shock load 2.5
5. Extreme shock load 3.0
After finding the design basic dynamic radial load capacity, the selection of bearing is made from
the catalogue of a manufacturer. The following table shows the basic static and dynamic
capacities for various types of ball bearings.
33
Table: 2.5 Basic static and dynamic capacities of various types of radial ball bearings
Basic Capacities in kN
Bearing
No Single row deep Single row angular Double row angular Self- aligning ball
Groove ball bearing contact ball bearing contact ball bearings bearing
Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic Static Dynamic

(Co) (C) (Co) (C) (Co) (C) (Co) (C)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
200 2.24 4 - - 4.55 7.35 1.80 5.70
300 3.60 6.3 - - - - - -
201 3 5.4 - - 5.6 8.3 2.0 5.85
301 4.3 7.65 - - - - 3.0 9.15
202 3.55 6.10 3.75 6.30 5.6 8.3 2.16 6
302 5.20 8.80 - - 9.3 14 3.35 9.3
203 4.4 7.5 4.75 7.8 8.15 11.6 2.8 7.65
303 6.3 10.6 7.2 11.6 12.9 19.3 4.15 11.2
403 11 18 - - - - - -
204 6.55 10 6.55 10.4 11 16 3.9 9.8
304 7.65 12.5 8.3 13.7 14 19.3 5.5 14
404 15.6 24 - - - - - -
205 7.1 11 7.8 11.6 13.7 17.3 4.25 9.8
305 10.4 16.6 12.5 19.3 20 26.5 7.65 19
405 19 28 - - - - - -
206 10 15.3 11.2 16 20.4 25 5.6 12
306 14.6 22 17 24.5 27.5 35.5 10.2 24.5
406 23.2 33.5 - - - - - -
207 13.7 20 15.3 21.2 28 34 8 17
307 17.6 26 20.4 28.5 36 45 13.2 30.5
407 30.5 43 - - - - - -
208 16 22.8 19 25 32.5 39 9.15 17.6
308 22 32 25.5 35.5 45.5 55 16 35.5
408 37.5 50 - - - - - -
209 18.3 25.5 21.6 28 37.5 41.5 10.2 18
309 30 41.5 34 45.5 56 67 19.6 42.5
409 44 60 - - - - - -
210 21.2 27.5 23.6 29 43 47.5 10.8 18
310 35.5 48 40.5 53 73.5 81.5 24 50
410 50 68 - - - - - -
34
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)
211 26 34 30 36.5 49 53 12.7 20.8

311 42.5 56 47.5 62 80 88 28.5 58.5
411 60 78 - - - - - -
212 32 40.5 36.5 44 63 65.5 16 26.5
312 48 64 55 71 96.5 102 33.5 68
412 67 85 - - - - - -
213 35.5 44 43 50 69.5 69.5 20.4 34
313 55 72 63 80 112 118 39 75
413 76.5 93 - - - - - -
214 39 48 47.5 54 71 69.5 21.6 34.5
314 63 81.5 73.5 90 129 137 45 85
414 102 112 - - - - - -
215 42.5 52 50 56 80 76.5 22.4 34.5
315 72 90 81.5 98 140 143 52 95
415 110 120 - - - - - -
216 45.5 57 57 63 96.5 93 25 38
316 80 96.5 91.5 106 160 163 58.5 106
416 120 127 - - - - - -
217 55 65.5 65.5 71 100 106 30 45.5
317 88 104 102 114 180 180 62 110
417 132 134 - - - - - -
218 63 75 76.5 83 127 118 36 55
318 98 112 114 122 - - 69.5 118
418 146 146 - - - - - -
219 72 85 88 95 150 137 43 65.5

319 112 120 125 132 - - - -
220 81.5 96.5 93 102 160 146 51 76.5

320 132 137 153 150 - - - -
221 93 104 104 110 - - 56 85

321 143 143 166 160 - - - -
222 104 112 116 120 - - 64 98

322 166 160 193 176 - - - -
35
Example 2.3
Select a single row deep groove ball for a radial load of 4000 N and an axial load of 5000 N,
operating at a speed of 1600 r.p.m. for an average life of 5 years at 10 hours per day. Assume
uniform and steady load.
(Ans: The bearing number 319 having C = 120 KN, may be selected)
Example 2.4
A single row angular contact ball bearing number 310 is used for an axial flow compressor. The
bearing is to carry a radial load of 2500 N and an axial or thrust load of 1500 N. Assuming light
shock load , determine the rating life of the bearing.
(Ans: 2823 x 106)
Example 2.5
Design a self – aligning ball bearing for a radial load of 7000 N and a thrust load of 2100 N . The
desired life of the bearing is 160 millions of revolutions at 300 r.p.m. Assume uniform and steady
load
(Ans: Select bearing number 219 having C =65.5 KN)
Example 2.6
Select a single row deep groove ball bearing with the operating cycle listed below, which will have
a life of 15000 hours.
Fraction of Radial Thrust Speed Service
Type of load
cycle (N) (N) (R.P.M) factor
1/10 Heavy Shocks 2000 1200 400 3.0
1/10 Light Shocks 1500 1000 500 1.5
1/5 Moderate Shocks 1000 1500 600 2.0
3/5 No Shock 1200 2000 800 1.0
Assume radial and axial load factors to be 1.0 and 1.5 respectively and inner race rotates
(Ans: The single row deep groove ball bearing number 215 having C = 52 KN)
2.17 Materials and Manufacture of Ball and Roller Bearings

Since the rolling elements and the races are subjected to high local stresses of varying
magnitude with each revolution of the bearing, therefore the materials of the rolling element (i.e.
Steel) should be of high quality. The balls are generally made of high carbon chromium steel. The
material of both the balls and races are heat treated to give extra hardness and toughness.
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The balls are manufactured by hot forging or hammers from steel rods. They are then heat –
treated, ground and polished. The races are also formed by forging and then heat – treated,
ground and polished.
2.18 Lubrication of Ball and Roller Bearings

The ball and roller bearings are lubricated for the following purposes:
5. To reduce friction and wear between the sliding parts of the bearing,
6. To prevent rusting or corrosion of the bearing surfaces,
7. To protect the bearing surfaces from water , dirt etc, and
8. To dissipate the heat.
In general, oil or light grease is used for lubricating ball and roller bearings. Only pure mineral oil
or calcium – base grease should be used. If there is a possibility of moisture contact, then
potassium or sodium – base greases may be used. Another additional advantage of the grease is
that it forms a seal to keep out dirt or any other foreign substance. It may be noted that too much
oil or grease cause the temperature of the bearing to rise due to churning. The temperature
should be kept bellow 90oC and in no case a bearing should operate above 150o C.
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Rolling Contact Bearings

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MED: 06206 Machine Elements and Design IV Rolling Contact Bearings

ROLLING CONTACT BEARINGS

4. Design of bearing housing complicated.

2.3 Types of Rolling Contact Bearings

1. Ball bearings; and

Fig. 2.1 Ball bearing

Fig 2.3 Ball and roller bearings

2.4 Classification of rolling contact bearings

(a) Radial bearings, and (b) Thrust bearings.

The radial and thrust ball bearings are

2.5 Types of Radial Ball Bearings

1. Single row deep groove bearing.

2. Filling notch bearing.

These bearings have notches in the inner and outer

3. Angular contact bearing

Fig.2.7 Angular contact bearing

4. Double row bearing.

5. Self – aligning bearing

There are two types of self – aligning bearings:

(a) Externally self – aligning bearing.

Fig.2.10 Externally self – aligning bearing

(b) Internally self – aligning bearing

2.6 Standard Dimensions and Designations of Ball Bearings

Fig.2.11 Standard designations of ball bearings

1. Extra light (100),

 If a bearing is designated by the number 305, it means that:

Table: 2.1 Principal Dimensions for Radial Ball Bearings

Bearing No Bore (mm) Outside diameter Width (mm)

Bearing No Bore (mm) Outside diameter Width (mm)

2.7 Thrust ball bearings

Fig. 2.12 Thrust ball bearing

2.8 Types of Roller Bearings

1. Cylindrical roller bearings.

2. Spherical roller bearings

3. Needle roller bearings

4. Tapered roller bearings.

Fig.2.13 Types of roller bearings

2.9 Bearing Loads

2.10 Static Loading

2.11 Static load

2.11.1 Basic Static Load Rating (Co)

2.11.2 Static Equivalent Load

W OR = Xo.W R + YO.W A ; and

Table: 2.2 Values of Xo and Yo for different bearings

 = 15o 0.50 0.46 1 0.92

 = 30o 0.50 0.33 1 0.66

 = 35o 0.50 0.29 1 0.58

contact   900 , under combined radial and axial loads is given by

2.12 Dynamic Loads

2.12.1 Basic Dynamic Load Rating (C)

2.12.2 Dynamic Equivalent Load (W)

Table: 2.3 Values for X and Y for dynamically loaded bearings

Medium series: for bores 1.0 0.65 1.6 0.63

Taper roller bearings For bores:

2.13 Life of a Bearing

The life equation is given by

2.13.1 Basic Rated or Nominal Life (L10)

2.13.2 The median or Average Life (LA)

Now consider a rolling contact bearing subjected to variable loads

 n1 W1  + n2 W2  + n3 W3  + ……..= C k  10 6