What is Forensic Ballistics?

Ballistics = the study of

projectiles (bullets) and
firearms.

Forensic ballistics is the scientific

analysis or interpretation of all ballistic
related evidence with the purpose of
interpreting and establishing the facts in a
shooting related crime
 First, a little history lesson.
Wham! Bam! Thank you, Ming.
 The invention of gunpowder led to the development of firearms.

 Gunpowder first appeared in use in China over a thousand years ago,

but was used primarily in firecrackers and only sparingly in weapons for
military use (canons and such).

 The knowledge of gunpowder manufacture spread to Europe in the 14th

century did not at first lead to military usage.

 Once they realized how much damage a projectile can do to a knight’s

armor or a fortification, the use of firearms proliferated rapidly.
 How does Gunpowder (Black Powder) work?

 Gunpowder, made of a mixture of

 sulfur,

 charcoal, and

 saltpeter (potassium nitrite)

 Its explosive force is due to the fact that 1 mole of solid powder will,
when ignited, produce 6 moles of gas.
 This rapid expansion in the enclosed space of a metal tube could be
used to drive a projectile at high speed in a specified direction.
 Modern gunpowder is a more refined version of the primitive gun
powder
 In modern gun powder, the chemical composition has been altered to
provide the greatest expansion with the smallest quantity of gun
powder and the least amount of residue.
 Ballistic evidence helps police answer the following questions
pertaining to a crime scene.
 1. What type of firearm was used?
 2. what was the caliper of the bullet?
 3. How many bullets were fired?
 4. Where was the shooter standing?
 5. What was the angle of impact?
 6. Has this firearm been used in a previous
crime?
 Caliber = a measure of the inside diameter of a
firearm barrel.
Related evidence includes
(a) firearms or guns

(b) bullets

(c) cartridge cases

 Firearm = A weapon capable of firing a projectile using a confined

explosive as a propellant.
 Bullet = the projectile that is released when the firearm is
discharged.
 Bullet primer = a device for igniting the powder charge
 Cartridge = a case that holds a bullet, primer powder and gun
powder.
Ballistics Quiz
 “http://investigation.discovery.com/investigation/quiz-
central/dna-forensics/ballistics.html”
The most common types of crime scene evidence
Includes:
(a) bullet holes
(b) bullet damage on various mediums
(c) bullet trajectories
(d) gunshot wounds
(e)Trajectory = the path of flight of the trajectory
(f)Bullet casings
 The anatomy of a cartridge
The typical cartridge is composed of
 The bullet. It’s the actual projectile that
comes out the loud end of the gun.
 The casing, or shell. It encloses everything.
 The powder. This is the stuff that combusts
and propels the bullet out of the loud end of the gun.
 The rim. This is what the extractor grabs to eject

spent casings.
 The primer. This is what the firing pin hits, which
then ignites the gunpowder, which then propels the
bullet out of the loud end of the gun.
Caliber of the Cartridge
 In guns including firearms, caliber or calibre is the approximate
internal diameter of the barrel in relation to the diameter of the
projectile used in it.
 Bullets are named by caliber and length.
 Some common calibers include: .22, .25, .357, .38, .44, .45.
 They are usually measured in hundreds of an inch.
 Ex.: A .45-caliber cartridge measures 45/100 of an inch in diameter.
What are the basic types of bullets?
Ogive = the curve of the bullet’s forward section

 .
 How does a firearm work?
 This is a revolver
 1. Barrel. The barrel is the part the bullet moves
 through after it is fired. The muzzle is the open
 end of the barrel that the bullet exits the gun through.
 2. Action. The action is the part that has the
 mechanism that fires the bullet.
 3. Grip or Stock. Is the handle. It's a grip on a handgun and a stock on a long gun.
 4. Trigger Guard. The piece around the trigger that protects it from getting bumped.
 5. Trigger. The part your finger pulls to make the gun fire.
 6. Sights. Sights come in various styles. Most firearms have a front sight at the muzzle end
of the barrel, and a rear sight at the back end of the barrel.
 Forensic officer
labeling crime scene
evidence

1. Make a list of all the evidence that you

see in this crime scene the forensic
specialist who will analyze this evidence
in order to solve this crime.
2. Now assume the role of one forensic
specialist and report your analysis.
Example: Ballistics Expert
Weapon is fully functional and in good
operating condition.
The barrel of the weapon is clean with
faint traces of carbon observed,
consistent with a single shot being fired
following the last cleaning.
Bullet recovered from east wall of crime
scene (Evidence # 001023-03) is a
ballistic match to this weapon.
Bullet recovered during autopsy
(Evidence # 001023-013) is not a ballistic
match to this weapon.
 Comparison of Rifling Marks

 No two rifled barrels are alike.

 Even made one after another, by the same manufacturer, the rifling
process can never be identical.
 As the bullet is expelled through a barrel, the rifling causes it to spin.
 The rifling also leaves impressions on the surface of the bullet.
 These indentations on the bullet can help identify the firearm used.

 Rifling = The process or operation of cutting spiral grooves in a rifle

barrel
 Comparison Microscope
 Bullets collected for comparison to a specific
firearm are examined first to see if they are of
a caliber that could have been fired from the
submitted firearm. They are then examined to
determine if the pattern of rifling
impressions found on the bullet match the
pattern of rifling contained in the barrel of the
questioned firearm. If these class
characteristics agree the next step is to try to
make a positive match between the individual
characteristics that may have transferred to the
bullet from the barrel.
 The comparison macroscope consists of two
macroscopes mounted side by side and
connected by an optical bridge. There are two
stages on the lower part of the macroscope
that the bullets to be compared are mounted
on.
 *Magnifications typically used in firearms
identification are 5X, 10X, 20X, 30X, and 40X.
The bullet on the left was fired from an automatic pistol, and the rifling
grooves are the same distance apart from top to bottom. The bullet on
the right was fired from a revolver, and the grooves are wider at the top
then at the bottom, due to slippage.
 Comparison of Firing Pin Indentations

 Examination of some  .
ballistic characteristics can
be done with the naked
eye. Cartridge on the left
was fired from a "Glock"
automatic pistol, as for the
one on the right, it could
have been fired from many
different guns, and closer
examination is required.
Two cartridges with the same firing pin imprint – positive I.D.

 .
Bullet Comparisons
 Use the information below to write two lines of evidence based on ballistics: One for
the prosecution and one for the defense.

Mumia Abu-Jamal is an American

convict, serving a life sentence for the 1981
murder of Philadelphia police officer Daniel
Faulkner. He was sentenced to death in July 1982.
He was removed from death row in January 2012.
(4) Mumia’s car (5) Scanlan’s car (Short Arrow at
1234 Locust) The trajectory of the bullet inside the
vestibule (Long Arrow From 4) Mumia’s direction
approaching the scene. Mumia’s direction is in
contradiction to the bullet trajectory and the
fragments found in the wall.
A .38 caliber revolver, belonging to Abu-Jamal,
with five spent cartridges was retrieved beside him
at the scene. He was wearing a shoulder holster,
and Anthony Paul, the Supervisor of the
Philadelphia Police Department's firearms
identification unit, testified at trial that the shell
casings and rifling characteristics of the weapon
were consistent with bullet fragments taken from
Faulkner's body.
Tests to confirm that Abu-Jamal had handled and fired the weapon were not performed, as contact with
arresting police and other surfaces at the scene could have compromised the forensic value of such tests.
Forensics Ballistics is divided into 3 sub-
categories
(a) internal
(b) external
(c) terminal ballistics
 Internal Ballistics
The study of the processes occurring inside a firearm when
a shot is fired. The most common types of internal ballistics
are:
(a) examining mechanism to determine the causes of
accidental discharge
(b) examining home-made devices to determine if they are
capable of discharging ammunition effectively
(c) microscopic examination and comparison of fired bullets
and cartridge cases to determine whether a particular
firearm was used
A comparison microscope is a device used to analyze side-by-side
specimens
 External Ballistics
The study of the projectile’s flight from the moment it leaves the
muzzle of the barrel until it strikes the target.

The 2 most common types of external ballistics examinations are:

(a) the calculation and reconstruction of bullet
trajectories
(b) establishing the maximum range of a given bullet
 Terminal Ballistics
The study of the projectile’s effect on the target or the counter-
effect of the target on the projectile.
The ‘target’ can be any solid or liquid object, but when the target
is a human or animal it is common to use the term “wound
ballistics”.
Common types of terminal ballistics examinations are:
(a) determination of the distance between firing point and target.
(b) establishing whether or not a particular wound was caused by
a fired bullet.
(c) determining the caliber and type of projectile that caused
bullet damage or gunshot wound.
(d) examination of bullet exit/entrance by examining the holes in
targets, or the wounds in biological tissue.
(e) examination of ricochet possibilities and fired projectiles.
 Gunshot Injuries

The seriousness of gunshot wounds

depends on 5 factors
(a) kinetic energy of the bullet
(b) distance to the target
(c) type of tissue
(d) tumbling (flipping around or going
straight through)
(e) bullet design ex. hollowpoint, vs. round
nose etc.
 Gunshot Wounds (GSW)
 Two types of gunshot wounds:
 Penetrating--the bullet enters,
but does not leave the body
This means there is only an
entrance wound, and the bullet Axial CT scan of patients with
penetrating gunshot wounds
is somewhere in the body.
 Perforating--The bullet enters
and exits the body.
This means that there is and
entrance and exit wound, and
the bullet has left the body
Perforating bullet
 What happens when a bullet enters the body?

 The bullet hits the skin first, yet it does not

penetrate immediately. The bullet pushes on the
skin until the skin breaks.
 This can result in the skin being pushed back
into the body a considerable distance (very
similar to hitting someone with a blunt object).
 Finally the skin breaks and the bullet can enter
the body.
 Once the bullet is in the body it creates one or
two cavities (hollow spaces). The cavity is
created because the tissue is pushed out of the
way of the bullet.
 Low power bullets only create a small permanent
cavity
 High power bullets create a very large temporary
cavity (like a splash in water) and a permanent
cavity. It is this temporary cavity that can cause
massive wounds.
The KE of the bullet is key to the amount of damage it can cause

 .
In the diagram below, the difference between temporary and permanent
cavitation is shown in terms of color, with the paler color indicating the
temporary cavitation.
 Distance Determination
 There are four categories of distance for a forensic pathologist/investigator--
distant, intermediate range, near contact, contact
 Distant shot-- no powder burns on the skin, no pieces of unburnt powder (called
stippling), a slight grey smudge around the entrance wound called bullet wipe
(lubricant, lead, powder, and other materials)
 Intermediate shot--no powder burns, stippling is present (the larger the surface
that has stippling, the further the shot was taken from), bullet wipe present on
the wound
 Near Contact shot--powder burns on skin, clothing and hair, stippling is present
in a very narrow area, bullet wipe hard to see because of other materials
present
 Contact shot--Powder burns present, clothing and skin may be torn from the
introduction of gases, stippling inside the wound
 Range of Fire

One of the commonest determinations of


the forensic pathologist is the range of fire.  .
Gunshot wounds are typically classified as:
 Contact -characteristically have soot on the
outside of the skin, and muzzle imprint, or
laceration of the skin from effects of gases.
 Close range or Intermediate range-
Intermediate, or close-range, wounds may
show a wide zone of powder stippling, but
lack a muzzle imprint and laceration.
 Distant range-are lacking powder stippling
and usually exhibit a hole roughly the
caliber of the projectile fired.
 Contact Wounds

In a hard-contact wound,
the muzzle is held tightly
against the skin. The cherry- Note barrel-shaped
red color of the blood is
probably due to carbon
bruise and soot around
monoxide from the incomplete Bullet wound
Combustion of gunpowder. The contact wound may exhibit triangular shaped tears of the skin.
These tears are the result of injection of hot gases beneath the skin.
These gases will cause the skin to rip and tear in this characteristic
fashion.
 Stippling or Tattooing

Stippling or powder tattooing is the term used to describe the circular pattern of dots created around a
gunshot wound when a firearm is discharged in very close proximity to the Skin.
 Radiographs of Bullet Damage

Gunshot injury in a young man who

presented to the emergency
department with a single bullet hole in
Fractures involving the femur
the thorax. Arrow and arrowheads with multiple bone fragments
show at least three separate clumps of and gun pellets.
lead which could not possibly have
come from a single bullet. An old
radiograph from the files shows that
two of the clumps of lead predated the
current injury.
 Radiographs of Bullets

Multiple gunshot
pellets in left foot
Bullet lodged in .22 caliber bullet
foot of soldier Lodged in the skull
Tissue
- the more dense the tissue the greater the
damage (will create permanent cavity)
ex. muscle is more dense than lung
tissue
- the more elastic the tissue the less damage
because will NOT create a permanent cavity
ex. muscle tissue is more elastic than
organ tissue
 What is Gunshot Residue (GSR)?

Gunshot residue is composed of 2

substances
(a) propellant (Gun Powder)
(b) primer

Time-lapsed image showing a bullet exiting from the barrel.

Streaks of burning gunpowder, smoke, and unburned particulate
can be seen exiting the barrel as well.
 Difference between a Revolver and a Pistol

 .  .