Module 3

MODULE 3
Permutation and Combination
A. Introduction
This module serves as link between descriptive summary measures that you
have learned in probability.Consider a set of objects. In how many different ways can
you arrange the objects? To rearrange them is to permute the objects in the set. Take
the set of letters in the word “RATIO”. How many 5-letter without repetition?
B. Objectives:
At the end of this module, students are
expected to:
1. Differentiate between permutation
and combination
2. Solve problems using the principles
in permutation and combination
C. Pre-Test Evaluation:
Solve the following problems.
1. Evaluate the following expressions.
a. 5!6! b. 7! 10! c. (12- 7)!
8! (2+6)!
2. Calculate each of the following.
a. 5P2b. 7P3
3. In how many ways can a group of 8 persons arrange themselves
a. in a row of 8 seats? b. around a circular table
4. How many distinct permutations can be formed from all the letters of each
word?
a. PARALLEL b. SUCCESS
5. In how many ways can a committee composed of 3 ladies and 2 gentlemen be
chosen from 7 ladies and 5 gentlemen?
6. List all the combination of the letters A,D,U,Y and Z taking 3 at a time.
D. Learning Contents:
I. Fundamental Principles
An arrangement of n distinct objects in a specific order is called permutation. If
one event occur in n ways and if, after its occurrence or at the same time, a second
event occur in k ways, then the two events can occur in the stated fashion in nk
different ways
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Examples:
1. If there are 4 ways of going from A to B and 5 ways of going from B to C. How
many ways of going from A to C?
Solution: 4x5 =20, there are 20 ways in going from A to C
2. How many numbers of three different digit each can be formed by use of digit 1,
2,3,4,5?
Solution: We can choose any one of the five digits for the units place, indicated 5 in
the
3 4 5
Then, any one of the four remaining
digits for the ten’s place, any one of the three remaining digits in the hundred’s place.
Using the principle,
5x3x4 = 60 different numbers
II. Permutation
Example: In how many different ways can 6 people be arranged in a row for a
photograph?
Solution: P = n! = 6! = 6x5x4x3x2x1 = 720 ways
The arrangement of n objects at a time is called permutation of n objects taking r at
a time.
nP r = n!
(n-r)!
Example: In how many ways can 3 people be arranged in a row for a photograph if
they are selected from a group of 5 people?
5! 5x 4 x 3 x2 x1
P = 5!= = 60 ways ---answer
2! 2 x1
(5-3)!
Example: In how many different ways can a chairperson and secretary be selected
from a committee of 9 people?
Solution:
9 x8 x7 x 6 x5 x 4 x3 x2 x1
P = 9! = 9! = = 72 ways---answer
7 x6 x 5x 4 x 3 x2 x1
(9-2)! 7!
Permutation of things some of which are alike.
If there are n things of which n, are alike of one kind, alike of another kind,
and so on, the number of permutations of these things taken all at a time is
Examples:
1. Given five letters a,a,a,b,c
Solution:
20
2. How many different permutations can be made from the letters of the word
Mississippi?
Solution:
There are 4s, 4i, 2p and 1 m; n 11

P = 11!= 1,663,200= 34,650
4!4!2!1! 48
Cyclical Permutation
The number of cyclical permutations of n different things taken at a time is (n-1)!
Example: In how many ways can 7 people sit at a round table?
Solution: P = (n-1)! = (7-1)! = 6! = 720 ways
III. Combinations
A combination is a selection of objects without regard to the order in which they
are selected. Sometimes when selecting objects, the order in which the objects are
selected is not important. A selection of r objects from nobjects in which order is not
important is called combination.
In contrast to permutation, which is a specific ordered arrangement of different
objects, a combination is a set of collection of objects in no particular order.
For example, a Math teacher is asked to choose a team of 4 students from a class
of 30 students to represent the school in a Math interschool competition. How many
groups of 4 students selected from a set or class of 30 students.
The number of ways of selecting r objects from n objects without regard to order
is
n Cr = n!
(n-r)!r!
Examples:
1. How many ways can 2 objects be selected from 6 objects without regard to
order?
Solution:
6 x 4 x3 x2 x1
n Cr = n! = 6! = 6! = = 15 ---answer
( 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 ) (2 x 1)
(n-r)!r! (6-2)!2! 4!2!
2. A salesperson has to visit 10 stores in a large city. She decides to visit 6 stores
on the first day. In how many different ways can she select the 6 stores ? The
order is not important.
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Solution:
10 x 9 x 8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1
10 C6 = 10! = 10! = = 210
( 4 X 3 X 2 X 1) (6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 )
(10-6)!6! 4!6!
Therefore, she can select 6 stores in 210 ways.
Exercises:
1. In a classroom, there are 8 women and 5men. A committee of 3 women and 2

men is to be formed for a project. How many different possibilities are there?
2. In how many ways can Joan select two friends to go to a movie with if she has 7
friends to choose from?
3. In how many ways can 5 students be chosen from a group of 20 to attend the
World Youth Day celebration?
E. Formative Test:
Solve the following problems.
1. Tell whether each of the following is a combination or a permutation.

a. Arrangement of seven books in arrow on the shelf
b. Selection of five books from a collection of 24 books
c. An arrangement of the letters in the word “BOOK”
d. Handshaking of guest in a party
2. In how many ways can 8 friends line up for registration?
3. In how many ways can 5 cards be chosen from a standard deck of cards?
4. In how many ways can 12 people be seated at a round table for a banquet?
5. How many 6-letter arrangement can be formed from the letters in the word
“TUTEES”?
6. How many different batting orders can a manager make with his starting team
of 9 players?
7. How many different signals using 6 flags can be made if 3 are red, 2 are blue
and 1 is white?
8. In how many ways can a president, vice-president, secretary, and a treasurer
be selected from a club with 15 members?
9. A committee of 6 is to be formed from a group of 5 sophomores, 7 juniors
and 8 seniors. In how many ways can be done if
a. There shall be 2 members from each class on the committee?
b. There shall be no sophomore on the committee
c. There shall be exactly 3 seniors, 2 juniors and 1 sophomore on the
committee
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10. In how many different ways can an automobile repair shop owner select five
automobiles to be repaired if their are 8 automobiles needing service? The
order is important.
11. List all the combination of the numbers 1,2,3,4,5 and 6 taken 4 at a time?
12. In how many ways can 5 students be seated in a room that has 10 chairs?
F. References:
1. Baltazar, Ragaso and Evangelista, Mathematics in the Modern World; C & E
Publishing, Inc. (2018)
2. Earnhart & Adina, Mathematics in the Modern World, C & E Publishing, Inc.
(2018)
3. Daligdig, Romeo M. , EdD Mathematics in the Modern World, Lorimar
Publishing Inc. 2019
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Permutation and Combination

Permutation of things some of which are alike.

1. Given five letters a,a,a,b,c

There are 4s, 4i, 2p and 1 m; n 11

The number of cyclical permutations of n different things taken at a time is (n-1)!

Example: In how many ways can 7 people sit at a round table?

Solution: P = (n-1)! = (7-1)! = 6! = 720 ways

1. In a classroom, there are 8 women and 5men. A committee of 3 women and 2

Solve the following problems.

1. Tell whether each of the following is a combination or a permutation.

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