Unit 1: Ethics in Business: Authorities had better pass strict anti-corruption laws.

1-Lesson One: Expressing Condition with: She’d better/ had better stop bribing officials.
Provided/providing that and as long as:
♦By definition, condition is an arrangement that must Remark: we can only use the short form of had better
exist before something else can happen. For instance: (‘d better) with personal pronouns.
If you study hard, you will succeed. ► Type 1 4-Lesson Four: Expressing Result with
If clause Result clause So...that and such...that:
Rule: If + subject+ verb (in the present simple) + , + ♦We use so and such to intensify adjectives: She is so
subject + will + stem busy. Then when we add that, we can express the
Or: Subject + will + stem + If + subject+ verb (in the consequence/result of that adjective.
present simple) you will succeed if you study hard
e.g. She is so busy that she can’t take a vacation.
♦When we want to express that, the condition is a must
She has such a busy life that she can’t take a day off.
for something to happen (but only if) we use: provided
that, providing that, as long as
Result clause
e.g: you will get the job but only if you work hard.
►Provided that you work hard, you will get the job. Rule: subject+ so + adjective+ that + result clause /
►You will get the job providing that you work hard. subject+ such + noun phrase+ that + result clause
►As long as you work hard, you will get the job.
We can replace them with: So/ Consequently/ As a
2-Lesson Two: Expressing Regret and Desire consequence/ As a result.
with “ I wish”: She is busy. As consequence, she cannot take a vacation.
1) Present Regret: I wish + past simple
5-Lesson Five: Expressing Obligation and
I wish I were at home right now. Necessity
(Here the speaker is expressing a desire for things to be  To express obligation and necessity we use have to
different in the present.) and must: You must/ have to speak politely.
e.g.I wish the current anti-corruption laws were tougher. (here you are ordered to do the action and you can not
Meaning that they are nor severe enough at the moment. refuse. E.g. you must arrive on time.)
 To express an absence of obligation we use don’t
2) Past Regret: I wish + past perfect
have to: You don’t have come with me.
I wish I hadn’t chosen this field of study.
( Here, you have a chance to say “yes, I will do the
(Here the action was done in the past and now the person
action”; or “no, I will not do it”.)
is regretting it.)
 To express prohibition we use mustn’t: You
e.g. I wish I hadn’t embezzled money.
mustn’t bribe lawyers.
Meaning that the person can’t fix the problem or change
( here you are forbidden to do the action. E.g. You mustn’t
anything about it
cheat during the exam.)
3) Future Desire: I wish + would +stem 6-Lesson Six: Passive Voice:
I wish you would pay more attention to your studies.
(Here the speaker is expressing a desire for things to be ♦ In active voice, the focus is on the doer of the action
different in the future) .Whereas, in passive voice the focus is on the action
e.g. I wish it would rain this afternoon.
Active voice: Subject + verb + Object
Remark: With the pronoun, “I” we must use could
instead of would. e.g. I wish I could fly.
Passive voice Object+ to be (in the tense + by + S
We can also express wishing with: It’s time/ It’s of the active voice
about time/ It’s high time + Past simple + Past Participle
Examples:
We use it’s time/ it’s about time and it’s high time +
past simple to stress the importance for things to change: Present simple: Dishonest businessmen bribe officials
e.g. It’s high time we eradicated corruption./ It’s time in exchange of favors. (active)
we took severe measures against bribery. Officials are bribed by dishonest businessmen in
exchange of favors. (passive)
3-Lesson Three: Expressing Advice with Present continuous: Many companies are producing
Had/’d better + stem: counterfeit products.
♦We usually use ( you should/ought to/ if I were you, I Counterfeit products are being produced by many
would) to express advice but we can also use had better: companies.
Unit 2 Safety First: As a noun: The eating of GMF’s might harmful
Advertising on T.V is very popular
1-Lesson one: Expressing Certainty, As an adjective: -This book is more interesting than that
Probability, Possibility and Remote on.
3-Lesson Three: Expressing condition Type1
Possibility:
1- To express certainty we use: (100%) If + PRESENT SIMPLE, + Will (or ’ll) / will not (or
Subject +Will + certainly + verb. stem won’t) + …
I’m sure/ certain that + subject +Will+ verb. Stem e.g. If I see Abdelkader, I will invite him to the party.
Ex: - people will certainly eat more organic in the future We'll go to the beach tomorrow if it's sunny.
- I am certain that people will eat more organic in the Unless = if not = except if
future. Form:
2- To express probability we use: (80%) Unless Subject + verb+ object , Subject + verb + object
Subject +Will+ probably + verb. Stem Subject + verb + object unless Subject + verb+ object
It is probable /likely that + subject +Will + verb. Stem
Note: The verb after “ unless ’’ is always affirmative
Ex: - Many changes will probably occur in our ( but the meaning is negative.)
lifestyle.
- It is likely that many changes will occur in our 1-a- If you don’t study hard, you will not succeed
lifestyle. b- Unless you study hard , you will not succeed
3- To express possibility we use: (50%)
2-a- If we finish work early , we can play tennis.
Subject +Can/ May + verb. Stem b- Unless we finish work early , we can’t play tennis.
Ex: GMFs may/can cause many health problems.
4- Excessive Quantifiers:
4- To express remote possibility we use: (15%)
Subject + Might/Could + verb. Stem  Quantifiers going with countable nouns:
No / any -not many –few- some- a few- many- a lot of /
Ex: GMFs might/could be harmful to human health and lots of- All books.
the environment  An Excessive or Insufficient amount of
Negative Form: Something
Quantifier for countable nouns:
Will Will not
Too many/ Too few books.
It’s probable that It’s improbable that
It’s likely that It’s unlikely that e.g. He bought too many products.
May, can may not , can not
Might, could might not, could not  Quantifiers going with uncountable nouns:
No / any- not much- little- a little- some- much- a
2- Lesson two: Present simple and Gerund great deal of / a lot of –All money.
form:  An Excessive or Insufficient amount of
A- Present Simple: Something :
We use the simple present when we talk about: Quantifier for uncountable nouns:
Habitual actions. e.g., I generally wake up at 7 on Too much / too little money
weekdays
permanent truths. e.g., Uncle Hassen works in a e.g. If they eat too much food, they will put on weight.
factory.
 We can also use enough/ not enough When
make future references to timetables. e.g., The
It’s:
conference begins at 8.30 next Saturday.
give instructions. e.g., You go straight ahead. 𝑠𝑢𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑔h (It’s the right quantity).
say how often we do things. e.g., I regularly go for a 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒
check-up. 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑛𝑜𝑡 enough (It isn’t the right quantity).

B- Gerund: e.g This meal contains enough nutrition.

Form Gerund: verb stem + ing
Use:
5- Expressing Cause:
As a present participle: Ex: people are consuming Because/ Since/ As+ Subject+ verb , + result clause
GMF’s irrationally
Ex: Because /Since/ As Ahmed is an honest worker, all e.g. Inspite of her low salary, she helps her family every
employees trust him. month.
All employees trust Ahmed because / as he is an honest 9- Direct and Direct Speech:
worker. (no comma when the connector is in the middle) - Changes only occur when the reporting verb is in the
Because of Due to Owing to+ noun phrase/ gerund past simple. If it’s in the present nothing changes.
e.g She said: “ My name is Lily”/ She said that her
Ex: Because of his honesty, all employees trust Ahmed
name was Lily.
She says: “My name is Lily” She says my name is Lily.
6- Expressing Result/ Consequence with:
Direct Indirect
1- Cause sentence + As a result, therefore, as a Present simple Past simple
He said: “ I hate He said (that) he hated
consequence + result consequently, so, hence, thus+
queuing.” queuing.
consequence sentence.
Past simple Past perfect
e.g. Consumers are aware of the importance of the Louis said: “ I hated that Louis said (that) he had
environment. As a result, most food now put eco-labels show!” hated that show.
on the packages of their products. Future simple Would + stem
She said: “I will go to She said (that) she would
2- So … that/ Such … that
Japan.” go to Japan.”
……so + adj/adv (in the cause statement)…. + that + Modals
result. Shall Should
will would
Ex: 1-a-I was very tired. I couldn’t finish my homework. Can Could
b- I was so tired that I couldn’t finish my homework. May, might Might
Must, has/have to Had to
…….. such + noun phrase (in the cause statement)…. should should
+that + result. Orders To+ stem
The policeman ordered The policeman ordered
Ex: 1- a- It is an amazing book. I have read it many
the motorist: “Put on your the motorist to put on his
times.
helmet.” helmet.
b- It is such an amazing book that I have read it
Negative: Not to + stem
many times The teacher told the
The teacher told the
student: “Don’t shout!” student not to shout”
7- Forming Adjectives with the suffix –ly:
Requests to
 We can add the suffix -y to many nouns to form The tourist asked the The tourist asked the man
adjectives. E.g. Sugar sugary. man: “Can you show me to show him the way.
 The suffix -y means the state of. When a noun the way, please?”
ends with a consonant +vowel +consonant Pronouns
(CVC), we double the last consonant if the I I / She / He
concerned syllable is stressed. E.g. fat fatty. You I / / he/she/ they/we
We We / They
8- Expressing Concession: He/she/they He/she/they
My My / His / Her
Sentence + though/ even though/ although/ yet/ but + Our Our / Their
subject + verb … (unexpected outcome/ different Me Me / Him / Her
Us Us / Them
opinion.)
Demonstratives
e.g. - He took a taxi but he was late. Here There
This That
Sentence+ . + However/ Nevertheless + , + unexpected These Those
outcome/different opinion Expressions of Time
Now Then/ at that time /
Today That day
Tonight That night
Although/ Even though / Though+ subject + verb ….+
Yesterday The day before/ the previous day
, + unexpected outcome/different opinion Tomorrow The following day/ the day after
Hour-day-month-week-year ago …. before
e.g. Although he is rich, he feels unhappy.
Next ……. The following …/The …. after
Despite of/ the fact that – Inspite of/ of the fact that + Last ……. The previous…. / …. Before
noun phrase + verb …. + ,+ unexpected outcome
Unit Three: Astronomy and the Solar 3- Lesson Three: Similarities and Differences:
System: A.Expressing similarities:
 As ... as Eg : A boy is often as tall as his
1- Lesson One: Measurements - Dimensions – father
Size – Distance – Weight:  Not as / not ... as Eg : Your coffee is not as
 How much does ……weigh? ► weight : good as the coffee my mother makes.
 How far is ……from……...? ► distance :  Like – alike – similar to –the same as ...
Eg :
 How long is/are …….? ► Length : It’s difficult to distinguish between twins because
 How long does……..? ► Period of time : they are alike.
 How high is /are………..? ► Height :  Likewise, similarly, also, too
 How tall is/are …………? ► Tall : B. Expressing differences :
 How wide is/are……? ►Width :
 How deep is/are…....? ► Depth :  Different from – whereas – unlike – while ...
 How fast is ……..? ► Speed Eg : A car is different from a lorry.
My father traveled a lot, whereas my mother did
2- Lesson Two: Comparative Adjectives: not.
1/ Comparatives of superiority : To compare two Unlike Morocco, Algeria is a Republic.

things, two animals, two people etc., we use the Chile is a dictator’s country, while Algeria is a
following comparative forms: democracy.
Adjective + er + than  However, in contrast, conversely on the other
More + adjective +than hand, contrary to ...
A. We use adjective + er + than in the following cases: 4- Lesson Four: The plural form:
 Adjectives of one syllable eg :The Nile is longer than
the Thames.  We add ‘-S’ to form the plural of most nouns : Eg :
 Adjectives ending with -y, -w , or - le. Eg: My bag is boot / boots , hand / hands , house/ houses
heavier than yours.  We add ‘-es’ after some nouns ending in ‘-ch’, ‘sh-
This street is narrower than that one over there. ‘ ‘x’, or ‘s’
Note :  Eg: witch = witches / box = boxes / gas = gases /
 We add -er to adjectives ending with ‘w’ and ‘y’, even bus = buses /kiss = kisse….etc
if they have more than one syllable.  We change the consonant ‘f’ for the consonant ‘v’ of
 We transform ‘-y’ into ‘I’ in adjectives ending in ‘-y’. some nouns eg : life = lives/ leaf= leaves
 We can use either more + adjective or adjective + er  There are several nouns that have irregular plural
with adjectives ending with ‘le’. Eg: gentle forms
 irregular comparative forms of superiority:  Eg: child = children
Adjectives Comparatives  woman = women
good better  man = men
 person = people
bad worse
 goose = geese
farther
far
further
 mouse = mice
 deer = deer
Older
old
Elder 5 Lesson Five: Conditional Type 2
When you imagine a situation that is unlikely to happen;
B. We use More + Adj + Than in the following cases:
e.g. If I were you, I would stop smoking
We use more + adjective + than with adjectives which
Rule: If + subject+ verb (in the past simple) + , + subject
have more than two syllables. Eg: A meal in a restaurant
+ would + stem
is more expensive than a sandwich. Or: Subject + would + stem + If + subject+ verb (in the
past simple)
2/ Comparatives of equality:
 As + adjective + as ( Positive form)
 Not + as + Adjective + as ( negative form)
eg : Your house is as big as your neighbour's.
The Thames is not as / so long as the Nile. (= The Nile is
longer than the Thames.)
2/ Comparatives of inferiority:
 Adjective + less + than with all adjectives
Eg : A sandwich is less expensive than a meal in a restaurant.
Unit Four: Feelings and Emotions: 3- Lesson Three: Expressing Purpose:
To- in order to – so as to – so that
1- Lesson One: Expressing Likes and Dislikes:
Preferences: subject + {would prefer /‘d prefer to do ♦I cry to/in order to/so as to/ feel better (infinitive)
something rather than do something Negative: not to / in order not to / so as not to
 Subject + {would rather /‘d rather do something
rather than do something ♦I cry so that I feel better (noun phrase)
 It is better to do / prefer to do /prefer doing 4- Lesson Four: Quantifiers
Likes: - to like / to enjoy + to do With With countable With
 -to like / to enjoy + doing uncountable nouns uncountable
Dislikes: do/does not like /enjoy +to do /doing nouns and countable
Like and Dislikes Preferences nouns
Enjoy- Love- prefer It is I’d -Much -a majority of -all
don’t like- hate- better Rather…
mind- can’t (than)
-A bit (of) -a great -enough
Dislike- stand -Little number of -None, no
avoid -A great deal of -several -Some
Gerund Gerund / Gerund / to- Bare -A large -Many -More
to- to- infinitive infinitive quantity of -A large -Most
e.g. I infinitive infinitive It’s I’d rather -A little number of -Lots of
enjoy - I hate -I prefer better to arrive -Very little -Few -Less, least
swimming seeing cooking share early than -A large -A few -Any
corruption to baking. properties late. amount of -Very few -Not any
- I hate to -I prefer equally. -Plenty of
see to cook
corruption early.
5- Lesson Five: Advice
2- Lesson Two: Articles:
Should Ought to If I were you I
Definite Indefinite Zero Article (Ø) Shouldn’t+ Stem would/ wouldn’t +
Ought not to + inf
Article (the) Article (a-an) stem
- When the - Before singular - With general - You should sleep - You ought to - If I were you I
early sleep early would buy the
noun is unknown uncountable
blue dress
specified in uncountable nouns: - You should not - You ought not to - If I were you I
context: nouns: e.g. Ø Money is sleep in class waste money would not buy the
e.g. I’ll meet e.g. He works at the root of all Ø blue dress
you at the café. a bookstore. evil.
- Before a noun - Professions: - Before abstract 6- Lesson Six: Reciprocal pronouns
we have e.g. he’s an nouns:
mentiones editor, I’m a e.g. You should Reciprocity between two people
before: writer. be Ø honest and Ø Louiza and Khaoula call each other every day.
e.g. I have a - When kind. Reciprocity between more than two ppl
villa and a flat, belonging to a - Before names of Muslims help one another in times of need.
the villa is for group people or places
sale. e.g. He’s a or subjects:
- Before football player. e.g. Ø King See also morphology lessons and stress rules
collective - ------------------- Charles, I live in
nouns: ---------- - Ø Poland, I love
e.g. The A hero – an Ø Science.
homeless, the honor (silent - before plural
rich consonant) nouns:
- When it’s a an apple – an We are expecting
unique object: oven (vowel) Ø visitors
e.g. The sun,
the stars