History of Chess

- originated in India around 6th century and spread to Persia

-Like the modern game, this predecessor, called chaturanga (or catur) was played on an 8x8 grid and
featured pieces generally similar to those of modern chess.

Though the exact rules of chaturanga are unknown, it looks remarkably similar to modern chess, with a
few key differences. Firstly, the rules for moving queens (then called counselors) and bishops (then called
elephants) were generally more limited.

-The objective of the game may have also been somewhat different: some accounts of chaturanga say
that a player could win by removing all his or her enemy’s pieces besides the king.

-The rules of chaturanga spread to Persia, where it was known as chatrang, by the tenth or eleventh
century, and it’s here that the earliest recorded games of chess are found

-From Persia, the game passed into the Arab world. It also spread to China, Japan, and Southeast Asia,
where it evolved into the related games xiangqi and shogi, which are sometimes called Chinese and
Japanese chess, respectively. This period saw the first scholarly studies of chess, analyzing chess
problems, openings, and other topics still considered today.

Chess Arrives in Europe

The game as known to Arab players passed into Europe during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries by
way of several different routes, including Southern Europe by way of the Byzantine Empire and Muslim
Spain via North Africa. From there, it was quickly adopted by much of the European nobility, and even
fond eager sponsors in a number of medieval kings.

The game reached the height of its popularity in Europe during the late Medieval and early Renaissance
periods. It became deeply associated with the nobility and aristocracy, and for a period, was considered
an essential skill to be learned by young knights—similar to the way young aristocrats were expected to
learn Go in ancient China. It also became associated with revelry, gambling, and violence, which led
some in the Catholic church to attempt to ban it.

What Was the European Influence on Chess?

European players introduced a number of cosmetic as well as mechanical changes to the game,
introducing innovations like checkered chess boards and changing the names of various pieces to reflect
medieval European figures like knights, bishops, and rooks (whose name may have come from the Italian
for “fortress”).

During the medieval period, games were slow, frequently lasting hours or even days. This led to a
number of changes to the rules, including the ability to move pawns two spaces on the first move, as
well as the development of castling, which made it easier to protect the king early on.
By the year 1500, players in southern Europe introduced additional changes to bishops and queens to
that made both pieces more powerful and considerably shortened games.

Around this time modern chess theory began to develop, as players like the Spanish bishop Ruy Lopez de
Segura and later the Frenchman Andre Danican Philidor began to analyze the principles of various
opening and endgame situations.

How Did Chess Develop Into a Competitive Sport?

-By the nineteenth century, the game had become a fixture of modern European life. Players joined
chess clubs, and chess problems became fixtures in major newspapers.

-The first international chess tournament was held in London in 1851. This led to the development of
modern timekeeping, speed chess variations, and sealed moves. The first World Chess Championship
was held in 1886.

-The first undisputed World Chess Champion was the Austrian (later American) player Wilhelm Steinetz,
who first exemplified the aggressive, highly Romantic style of the period, but later developed and
theorized the positional style of play that would come to dominate in the twentieth century. His
sometime rival Adolf Anderssen played a major role in popularizing modern chess problems.

Other important players during this time included the German mathematician Emanuel Lasker, who
reigned as World Champion for 27 years, as well as the American Paul Morphy, an early chess prodigy.

It wasn’t until the 1880s that white going first was codified in the rules. Prior to that, it was common for
players to alternate or for the first player to choose their own color.

How Have Computers Changed the Game of Chess?

The advent of chess computers that can defeat even the best human players has had dramatic
ramifications for the game.

Players can now consult databases of millions of games to identify errors in their own play. This has also
allowed players to discover brilliant new moves (called “novelties”) that have never been played before.

3 Memorable Chess Games in History

1.The Immortal Game. The so-called Immortal Game between the German masters Adolf Anderssen and
Lionel Kieseritzky defined the Romantic era of daring gambits and aggressive attacking.

2.The Game of the Century. At the age of 13, future World Champion Bobby Fischer demonstrated his
improvisational mastery in a stunning brilliancy against a leading chess master of the day. This game is
notable for several daring sacrifices (including an ingenious queen sacrifice) that Fischer turned into
deadly strategic advantages.

3.Kasparov-Deep Blue, Game 6. In 1996 and 1997, Kasparov, then World Champion, played a series of
matches against the IBM supercomputer Deep Blue. Though Kasparov won the 1996 match, a much-
improved version of Deep Blue used an ingenious knight sacrifice to force the Kasparov to resign in less
than 20 moves. The result? The first victory by a computer over a reigning world champion.

MOVEMENT:

The pawn is the lowest-value piece on the chessboard, and there are eight pawns per player.

A knight is worth three points, or equal to the value of three pawns

Like the knight, the bishop is considered a minor piece worth 3 pawns, or points.

The rook is considered a major piece valued at five pawns, two more than a bishop or knight and slightly
less than two bishops or two knights

In material terms, the queen is valued at nine points—equivalent in value to three minor pieces, nearly
as valuable as both rooks, and more valuable than every one of your pawns.

The king can move in any direction, albeit only one square at a time. Technically, the king is the only
piece that is never captured in a game of chess, as the game ends the moment checkmate is declared.

SCORING:

Pawn: 1 point (or pawn)

Knight: 3 points

Bishop: 3 points

Rook: 5 points

Queen: 9 points

CHESS

Is a two player strategy board game played on a chessboard, a checkered gameboard with 64 squares
arranged in an eight by eight grid. Chess is played by millions of people worldwide in homes, urban
parks, clubs, online, correspondence and in tournaments. In recent years, chess has become part of
some school curricula

Each player begins the game with 16 pieces: one king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops,
and eight pawns. Each of the six piece types differently. The most powerful piece is the queen and the
least powerful piece is the pawn. The objective is to checkmate the components king by placing it under
an inescapable threat of capture.
RULES: Game Board: Chess

Chiplayer strategy hoard game played on a chesshinard, a checkered game board with 64squeres
arranged in an eight-by-eight grad. Chess is played by mitions of people worldwide, both amateurs and
professionals.

The objective is "checkmate the opponent's king by placing it under an inescapable threat of sapture. In
this end, a player's pieces are used to attack and capture the opponent's pieces, while supporting each
other, in addition to checkmate, the game can be won by voluntary resignation by the opponent, which
typically occurs when too match material is lost, or if checkmate appears unavoidable. A game may also
result in a draw in several ways

SETUP AT THE START OF THE GAME

⚫Each player begins the game with 16 pieces one line, one queen, two rooks, two knights w bishops,
and night pawns. Each of the six piece types moves differently, with that most powerful being the queen
and the least powerful the pawn • Chess played on a square heart of the rows je ranks and dated with
numbers 1 to 8 and eight column (called files and dented with letters to h. The colors of the 64 squares
alterate and are referred to as "light" and "dark" squares. By convention, the game pieces are divided
into white and black sets, and the players are referred to so "White" and "Black" respectively. Each
player begins the game with 15 pieces of the specified color, which const ut one lidng, one queen, two
rooks, two bishops, two knights, and ghts Each is set on a separe of its man color, the white queen on a
light square and the black queron a deck.

MOVEMENT

The player with the white pieces always moves first. After the first move, alayers alternately move one
piece per turn (except for castling, when two pieces are moved), Pieces are moved to either an
unoccupied square or one occupied by an opponent's mece, which is captured and removed from play.
With the sole exception of en passant, all pieces capture by moving to the square that the opponent's
piece accupies. A player may not make any move that would put or leave the player's own king under
attack. A player cannot ass" at each turn one must make a legal move

⚫ the player to move has no legal move, the game is over it is either a checkmate (a loss for the player
with legal moss it the king is under attack, under attack stalemate ( a draw) if the king is not.
 1. The KING move one square in any direction. The king has also a social move which called casting
and wolves also moving a rook
2. 2 The ROOK can move any number of squares along any rank or fie, but may not leap over other
pieces. Along with the king, the rook is involved during the king's casting move.
3. The BISHOP can move ang number of squares diagonally, but may not leap the pieces
4. The QUEEN combines the power of the rook and bishop and can meet any number of square
along rank, file, or diagonal, but it may not leap over other pieces.
5. The KNIGHT moves to any of the closest squares that went on the same rank, file, or diagonal.
thus the move fees an" shape two squares vertically and ate square horizontally, or two squates
horizontally and one que vertically. The knight is the only pieces that can leap over other pieces.
6. The PAWN may move forward to the unoccupied square immediately in front of it on the same
file, or on its first move it may advance two squares along the same file provided both squares
are unoccupied (blocks in the diagram or the pawn may capture an opponent's piece on a square
diagonally in front of it an adjacent file by moving to that square black "s). The pawn has two
special moves the on passant capture and pawn promotion

OTHER MOVEMENTS

1. EN PASSANT When pawn advances two squares from the starting position and there is an opponent's
pawn on an adjacent file next to its destination square, then the opponent's pawn can capture it en
passant (in passing) and more to the square the pawn passed over. This can only be done on the very
next move, otherwise the right to do so is forfeit.

2. CASTLING-One in every game, each kings allowed to make a special move, known casting: Casting
consists of moving the king two squares along the first rank toward a rook (which is on the players first
rank) and then placing the rook on the last square that the king has just crossed. Castings permissible
under the following conditions.

3. PROMOTION When a pawn advances to the eight rank, as a part of the move it is promoted art must
be exchanged for the player's choice of queen, rook, bishop, or knight of the same color ally, the pawn is
chosen to be promoted tape, but can another piece is chosen this is called under promotion. There no
restriction placed on the pieces that is chosen on promotion, so it is possible to have more pieces of the
same type than at the start of the game

4. CHECK-When a king is under immediate attack by one or two of the opponent's pieces, it is said to be
in check. A response to check a legal move if it results in a position where the king is no longer under
direct attack (that is, not in check). This can involve capturing the checking piece. interposing a piece
between the checking piece and the king which is possible only if the attacking piece is a queen, rook, or
bishop and there is a square between it and the king; or moving the king 10 a square where it is not
under attack Casting not a permissible some to a check This object of the game is to checkmate the
opponent, this occasion when the opponent's king is a check and there no legal way to remove from
attack. It illegal for a player to make a move that would eat or leave the player's own long in check casual
games it is common to announce "check" when putting the opponent's king in check, but this is not
required by the rules of the game, and is not usually done in tournaments.