τ is torque

PHYSICS REVIEWER r is the perpendicular distance from the pivot point to

the line of action of the force
F is the force applied.
W7: STATIC
▪ A torque is an action that causes objects to
Equilibrium refers to a state of balance where there is rotate.
no net force or net torque acting on an object, resulting ▪ Torque is not the same thing as a force.
in no change in its motion. In other words, the object is ▪ The measure of the tendency of the force to
either at rest or moving with constant velocity. cause an object to turn or rotate.
▪ For rotational motion, the torque is what is
o STATIC EQUILIBRIUM: the object is at rest, and the most directly related to the motion, not the
net force acting on it is zero. This means that the force.
forces acting on the object are balanced, and there
is no acceleration. (ex: is a book sitting on a table.) CONCEPT OF TORQUE relating to SEESAW:
The torque depends on the amount of force applied by
CONDITIONS: each person and the distance between their position
and the pivot point.
✓ Net external force must equal zero

1. Stationary If one person is sitting closer to the pivot point than the
2. Moving with a constant velocity other, they need to exert more force to create the same
torque as the other person who is sitting farther away
✓ Net external torque must equal zero from the pivot point but exerting less force.
o DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM: the object is moving with This is because torque is the product of the force and
a constant velocity, and the net force acting on it is the distance from the pivot point, so if the distance is
also zero. This means that the forces acting on the shorter, the force needs to be larger to create the same
object are still balanced, but the object is in motion. torque.

Ex: car traveling at a constant speed on a flat

road.
W9: WORK, POWER, AND ENERGY
o ROTATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM JAMES JOULE: British physicist. Best known for his work
✓ When an object is in rotational equilibrium, the in electricity and thermodynamics with physicist
William Thomson (later Baron Kelvin)
net torque applied to it is zero.
-
✓ Rotational equilibrium is often used to Joule-Thomson effect: the temperature of a gas falls
determine unknown forces. when it expands without doing any work. Underlies the
operation of common refrigeration and air conditioning
systems.

W8: TORQUE MECHANICAL ENERGY

is the energy which is possessed by an object due to its
TORQUE: a twisting force that can cause an object to motion or its stored energy of position
rotate around an axis or pivot point. It is a measure of
the force that can cause an object to rotate around an • Kinetic energy: is the energy of motion
axis or pivot point. The unit of torque is the Newton- • Potential Energy: an object can store energy as
meter (Nm) in the SI system. the result of its position or elastic source

τ=rxF
WORK: joules (J) KE = 1/2 * m * v^2
Work is done when a force is applied to an object and
the object moves in the direction of the force. (to cause o POTENTIAL- energy stored in an object due
a displacement) to its position or configuration
The amount of work done is equal to the force applied
multiplied by the distance the object moves: PE = m * g * h
M for mass
▪ Use this formula when it says “N force is applied to
move…”
g for gravitational energy (9.8m/s2)
h for height
W=F×d
F for force
d for displacement (meters) PE = 1/2 * k * x^2

▪ When there is an angle between the force and the

displacement.
W10: MOMENTUM
W = Fd cosθ Latin means ‘movement’ or moving power. The symbol
F for force is ‘p’ which stands for progress.
d for displacement
θ for the given angle Leibniz: “the quantity of motion in which a body
proceeds in a certain direction.”
▪ when the problem includes “upward force or lift” IMPULSE- To stop an object, we have to apply a force
over a period of time.
W= m x g x h
M for mass LINEAR MOMENTUM
❖ is a physical quantity that describes the amount of
g for gravitational energy (9.8m/s2)
motion of an object.
h for height ❖ It is defined as the product of an object's mass and
its velocity.
❖ is a vector quantity, it has both magnitude and
POWER: watts (W)
direction.
Power is the rate at which work is done or the rate at
which energy is transferred. It is defined as the amount p = mv
of work done per unit of time: p is the linear momentum
m is the mass of the object
P = W/t v is its velocity
W for work
t for time THE LAW OF CONSERVATION
• Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only
P=Fxv transformed from one form to another.
F is force • in a closed/isolated system, the total
v is velocity momentum remains constant. This means that
if there are no external forces acting on the
system, the total momentum before an event is
ENERGY equal to the total momentum after the event.
Energy is the ability to do work or to transfer heat. • If the system’s momentum can not change, the
There are many different forms of energy. The total momentum before the collision must equal that
energy of a system is conserved; it cannot be created or after the collision
destroyed, only transformed from one form to another.
1. ELASTIC COLLISION
o KINETIC- the energy of motion there is no net loss in kinetic energy in the system as a
result of the collision.
 o Melting point: The temperature at which a
m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1' + m2v2' substance changes from a solid to a liquid. (Ice
cube melts to a puddle of water)
M1 = mass of the first body
v1 = velocity of the first body (Before) o Electrical conductivity: How well a substance
M2 = mass of the second body allows electricity to flow through it. (Water
v2 = velocity of the second body (Before) conducts electricity so never swim during a
v1' = velocity of the first body (After) lightning storm)
v2' = velocity of the Second body (after)
o Solubility: The ability to dissolve in another
2. INELASTIC COLLISION substance (Adding sugar to coffee)
a loss of kinetic energy. The lost kinetic energy is
o Hardness – property of the substance to scratch
transformed into thermal energy, sound energy, and
another substance. (Diamond is the known
material deformation.
hardest substance.)
m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1 + m2)vf o Tensile strength- is the ability of some
substances to resist great force. Steel manifest
M1 = mass of the first body
this property.
v1 = velocity of the first body (Before)
M2 = mass of the second body o Brittleness – is the property of being broken
v2 = velocity of the second body (Before) easily. (Glass is a brittle substance)
vf = final velocity of the body
o Plasticity – is the property of being molded into
shape.
W11: HYDROSTATIC
o Porosity – is the property of having spaces
PHYSICAL PROPERTY: A characteristic of a substance between particles.
that can be observed without changing the identity of
the substance.

➢ Size DENSITY is a physical property of matter that

➢ Texture describes how much mass is packed into a given
➢ Color volume. It is a measure of the amount of material in a
➢ Shape certain amount of space. The formula for density is:
➢ Mass
➢ Volume Density = Mass / Volume
PHYSICAL CHANGE: A change in any physical property o Compares the mass of an object to its volume.
of a substance, not in the substance itself. o Is the mass of a substance divided by its
volume.
Ex: Stretching a rubber band is a physical change
because the size changes however, the material that The SI unit for density is kilograms per cubic meter
makes up the rubber band does not change (kg/m³), but it can also be expressed in grams per cubic
centimeter (g/cm³)
EXAMPLES OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
VOLUME BY DISPLACEMENT
o Ductility The ability to be pulled into a thin
strand. (Wire, Paper clip, Copper wire) • A solid completely submerged in water
displaces its own volume of water.
o Malleability: The ability to be pressed or
pounded into a thin sheet. (Tin foil) • The volume of the solid is calculated from the
volume difference.
o Boiling Point: The temperature at which a
substance changes from a liquid to a gas. (Water
to steam)
PRESSURE
Is force per unit area. It is NOT the same as Force.
Pressure is a useful concept for discussing fluids because NEWTON'S THREE LAWS OF MOTION
fluids distribute their force over an area.
1ST LAW: THE LAW OF INERTIA
Ex: The same force applied over a smaller area result in
An object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in
greater pressure – think of poking a balloon with your
motion will continue in motion with a constant velocity
finger and then with a needle.
unless acted upon by a net external force. This means
PRESSURE & DEPTH that an object will not change its state of motion unless
▪ Pressure increases with depth in a fluid due to acted upon by a force. In other words, objects tend to
the increasing mass of the fluid above it. resist changes in their motion.
▪ Pressure in a fluid includes pressure on the fluid
surface (usually atmospheric pressure) 2ND LAW: THE LAW OF ACCELERATION
▪ The units of pressure are N/m2 and are called
The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to
Pascals (Pa).
the net external force acting on it, and inversely
proportional to its mass. This means that the greater
BUOYANCY
the force applied to an object, the greater its
A fluid exerts a net upward force on any object it
surrounds, called the buoyant force. acceleration will be, and the greater the object's mass,
This force is due to the increased pressure at the bottom the smaller its acceleration will be.
of the object compared to the top.
3RD LAW: THE LAW OF ACTION AND REACTION
ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE- An object completely For every action, there is an equal and opposite
immersed in a fluid experiences an upward buoyant reaction. This means that when two objects interact
force equal in magnitude to the weight of fluid with each other, the force that one object exerts on the
displaced by the object. other is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to
the force that the other object exerts on the first object.
APPLICATION:
This law explains how forces always occur in pairs, and
▪ An object floats when it displaces an amount of that these pairs of forces are equal and opposite.
fluid equal to its weight.
▪ An object made of material that is denser than ▪ TERMINOLOGIES:
water can float only if it has indentations or pockets NET FORCE- Net force is the overall force acting on an
of air that make its average density less than that of object, which takes into account all the individual forces
water. acting on the object. If the net force acting on an object
▪ An object floats when it displaces an amount of is zero, then the object will be at rest or will continue to
fluid equal to its weight. move at a constant velocity, as per Newton's first law of
▪ The fraction of an object that is submerged when it motion. If the net force acting on an object is non-zero,
is floating depends on the densities of the object then the object will experience acceleration, as per
and of the fluid. Newton's second law of motion.
HYDROSTATICS is the study of fluids that are at rest. DISPLACEMENT- the distance between an object's final
It involves understanding the behavior of liquids and position and its initial position, measured in a straight
gases in static conditions. Hydrostatic pressure is the line
pressure that is exerted by a fluid at equilibrium due to
the force of gravity acting on the fluid. The pressure at VELOCITY- describes the rate of change of an object's
any given point in a fluid is equal in all directions and is displacement over time.
determined by the density of the fluid, the acceleration
due to gravity, and the depth of the point below the
surface of the fluid.