Chapter - 3 Metals - and - Non - Metals New

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SHRI SAI COACHING CLASSES

SCIENCE
(Chemistry)

CONTACT – 7566720727
CHEMIST Metals & Non-
Metals & Non-Metals both low.
Physical Properties of Metals ● Alloy Formation: Metals combine to create
an alloy, which is a homogeneous
● Physical State: With the exception of mercury
combination of metals. Brass is a copper and
and gallium, which are liquids at room
zinc alloy.
temperature, metals are solids at room
temperature. ● Sonorous: Metals, when hit by a solid object,
produce sound. This property of a metal is
● Lustre: The property of metals which makes
known as sonorous.
the light reflect from their surfaces is called
lustre. This property of the metals can be due Physical Properties of Non-Metals
to the polished metal surfaces. Eg., gold and ● Physical State: At ambient temperature, the
silver. majority of non-metals exist in two of the
● Malleability: Metals may be formed into thin three states of matter: gases (oxygen) and
sheets known as foils and can withstand solids (iodine, carbon, sulphur). There is no
hammering. With the exception of Zinc, which metallic sheen to them (save iodine) and they
is fragile. do not reflect light. (With the exception of
carbon in the form of diamond.)
● Ductility: Wires can be made out of metals.
With the exception of Zinc, which is fragile. ● Nature: Non-metals are extremely fragile, and
they can't be coiled into wires or hammered
● Hardness: Except for sodium and potassium,
into sheets. Except for diamond, which is the
which are soft and can be cut with a knife, all
world's hardest substance.
metals are hard.
● Conduction: Non-metals are poor heat and
● Conduction: Because metals have free
electrical conductors. (Except graphite
electrons, they are good conductors. Silver
conducts heat, both graphite and gas carbon
and copper are the best heat and electricity
conduct electricity.)
conductors. Lead is the least efficient heat
conductor. Iron, bismuth, and mercury are ● Electronegative Character: Non-metals have
likewise poor conductors. a proclivity for gaining or sharing electrons
with neighbouring atoms. Hence, non-metals
● Density: Metals have a high density and
are known for their electronegative nature.
weigh a lot. The densities of iridium and
osmium are the greatest, whereas lithium has ● Reactivity: When they come into contact with
the lowest density. oxygen, they produce acidic or neutral oxides.
Hence, non-metals are reactive.
● Melting and Boiling Point: Metals are known
for their high melting and boiling points. The ● Melting and Boiling Points: Non-metals are
melting point of tungsten is the highest, while known for its low melting and boiling points.
the boiling point of silver is the lowest. The
melting values of sodium and potassium are

Difference in Physical Properties of Metals and Non-Metals:


Metals Non-metals
1. Metals are good conductors of heat 1. Non-metals are bad conductors of heat
and electricity. and electricity.
2. Metals are malleable that is they can 2. Non-metals are not malleable.
be beaten into sheets.
3. Metals are ductile that is they can be 3. Non-metals are not ductile.
drawn into wires.
4. Metals are sonorous. 4. Non-metals are not sonorous.
5. Metals have high tensile strength due 5. Non-metals have low tensile strength
CHEMIST Metals & Non-
to high attraction between molecules. due to low attraction between
molecules.
6. Metals have high density. 6. Non-metals have low density.

Chemical Properties of Metals catches fire producing a large quantity of


heat.
Reaction of Metals are burnt in Air (with
Oxygen) 2K(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2KOH(aq) + H2(g) + heat energy
Almost all metals react with oxygen to form 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) + heat
metal oxides. energy
Metal + Oxygen → Metal oxide (basic) ● Metals such as aluminium, zinc and iron do
not react with cold or hot water, but they
● Sodium and potassium are the most reactive
react with steam to form metal oxides and
and react with oxygen present in the air at
hydrogen.
room temperature to form the oxides. It is
kept immersed in kerosene oil as they react 2Al(s) + 3H2O(g) → Al2O3(s) + 3H2(g)
vigorously with air and catch fire. 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) → Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)
4K(s)+O2(g) → 2K2O(s) (vigorous reaction) ● Metals such as lead, copper, silver and gold
● Magnesium does not react with oxygen at do not react with water at all
room temperature, but on heating, it burns in Reactions of Metals with Acids
the air with intense light and heat to form
magnesium oxide. Metals react with acids to form salt and hydrogen
gas.
2Mg(s)+O2(g) → 2MgO(s) (Mg burns with white
dazzling light) Metal + Dilute acid → Salt + Hydrogen
● Silver, platinum and gold don’t burn or react 1. Metals react with dilute hydrochloric acid to
with air. give metal chloride and hydrogen gas.
Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2+ H2
Reaction of Metals with Water 2. Metals react with sulphuric acid to form
metal sulphate and hydrogen gas.
Metals react with water and produce a metal
oxide and hydrogen gas. Metal oxides that are Fe + H2SO4 → FeSO4 + H2
soluble in water dissolve in it to further form 3. Metals react with nitric acid, but hydrogen
metal hydroxide. But all metals do not react with gas is not evolved since nitric acid is a strong
water. oxidising agent. So, it oxidises the hydrogen
Metal + Water → Metal oxide + Hydrogen to water and itself gets reduced to a nitrogen
oxide.
Metal oxide + Water → Metal hydroxide But magnesium and manganese react with
dilute nitric acid to evolve hydrogen gas.
Mg + 2HNO3 → Mg (NO3)2 + H2
● Metals such as sodium and potassium react
vigorously with cold water to lead to Mn + 6HNO3 → Mn (NO3)2 + H2
evolution of hydrogen, which immediately
Reactivity Series
The arrangement of metals in the order of decreasing reactivities is called the reactivity series of metals.
CHEMIST Metals & Non-

Activity series: Relative reactivities of metals

Reactions of Metals with Solutions of Other solvents such as kerosene, petrol, etc.
Metal ● They do not conduct electricity in a solid
A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive state, because electrostatic forces of
metal from its salt solution. attraction between ions in the solid state are
very strong but conduct electricity in the
For example:
fused (or in the aqueous state) because these
When an iron nail is placed in a copper sulphate forces weaken in the fused (or in solution)
solution, the blue colour of CuSO4 fades away state so that their ions become mobile.
slowly and a reddish brown copper metal is
Metallurgy
formed.
● Minerals: The naturally occurring compounds
CuSO4(aq) + Fe(s) → FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
of metals, along with other impurities are
Reaction of Metals with Chlorine known as minerals.
Metals react with chlorine to form metal ● Ores: The minerals from which metals are
chlorides. For example: extracted profitably and conveniently are
● Sodium readily reacts with chlorine to form called ores.
ionic chloride called sodium chloride. ● Gangue: Earthly impurities including silica,
2Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2NaCl(s) mud, etc. associated with the ore are called
gangue.
● Calcium reacts vigorously with chlorine to
form calcium chloride. ● Metallurgy: The process used for the
extraction of metals in their pure form from
Ca(s) + Cl2(g) → 2CaCl2(s) their ores is referred to as metallurgy.
Properties of Ionic Compounds Extraction of Metals
● Ionic compounds are hard solids, due to the ● The reactivity of elements differs for different
strong force of attraction between the metals.
positive and negative ions.
● Three major steps involved in the extraction
● They are generally brittle and break into of metals from their ores are:
pieces when pressure is applied.
Conversion of Concentrated Ore into Metal
● Ionic compounds have high melting and
boiling points, since a large amount of energy ● The extraction of a metal from its
is required to break the strong intermolecular concentrated ore is essentially a process of
attractions. reduction of the metal compound present in
the ore.
● They are soluble in water, but insoluble in
CHEMIST Metals & Non-
● The method of reduction to be used depends metals can be reduced by heating the ore
on the reactivity of the metal to be extracted. itself.
● Extraction of Less Reactive Metals Extraction of Mercury
Metals at the bottom of the reactivity series Cinnabar, an ore of mercury is first heated in
are not very reactive and the oxides of these the air and is converted into mercuric oxide.
2HgS(s) + 3O2(g) Heat → 2HgO(s) + 2SO2(g)
2HgO(s) Heat → 2Hg(s)
+ O2(g)
CHEMIST Metals & Non-
● Extraction of Moderately Reactive Metals known as the thermite reaction.
o The moderately reactive metals in the ● Extraction of Highly Reactive Metals
middle of the reactivity series are Metals high up in the reactivity series are very
extracted by the reduction of their oxides reactive.
with carbon, aluminium, sodium or
These metals have a strong affinity for
calcium.
oxygen. So, oxides of sodium, magnesium,
o It is easier to obtain metals from their calcium and aluminium cannot be reduced by
oxides (by reduction) than from carbon.
carbonates or sulphides. So, before These metals are obtained by electrolytic
reduction can be done, the ore is reduction.
converted into a metal oxide.
Sodium, magnesium and calcium are obtained
o The concentrated ores can be converted by the electrolysis of their molten chlorides.
into metal oxides by the process of
For example:
calcination or roasting.
Sodium metal is extracted by the electrolytic
Calcination is the process in which a
reduction of molten sodium chloride. 2NaCl (l)
carbonate ore is heated strongly in the
Electrolytic →2Na(s) + Cl2(g)
absence of air to convert it into a metal oxide.
The ore is heated to a high temperature in the At Cathode: Na+ + e- → Na
absence of air, or when air is not present At Anode: 2Cl- → Cl2 + 2e-
throughout the reaction. Carbonate ores, as
well as ores containing water, are usually Refining of Metals
calcined to remove carbonate and moisture ● The most widely used method for refining
impurities. impure metals is electrolytic refining.
For example: ● Electrolytic refining means refining by
electrolysis. Metals such as copper, zinc, tin,
ZnCO3(s) Calcination → ZnO(s)
lead, chromium, nickel, silver and gold are
+ CO2(g)
refined electrolytically.
Roasting is the process in which a sulphide
Electrorefining
ore is strongly heated in the presence of air to
convert it into a metal oxide. Electrolysis can be used to recover metals that
cannot be separated via a chemical reduction
2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) Roasting → 2ZnO(s) +
technique, as well as to purify metals acquired
2SO2(g)
through other means. The anode in the
The metal oxides are converted to free metal electrorefining process is a block of impure metal,
by using reducing agents such as carbon, while the cathode is a thin sheet of pure metal.
aluminium, sodium or calcium. An aqueous solution of the metal salt is included
For example: in the electrolytic cell. When an electric current
of a sufficient voltage is passed via the anode,
● The metal zinc is extracted by the impure metal is dissolved and pure metal is
reduction of zinc oxide with carbon. Thus, deposited at the cathode. The following is how
when zinc oxide is heated with carbon, metal ions from the anode enter the electrolyte:
zinc is produced.
M → M+n + ne−
● Aluminium reduces iron oxide to produce
the metal iron with the evolution of heat. These ions get deposited on the cathode in the
Due to this heat, the iron is produced in following manner
the molten state. M+n + ne− → M
Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s) → 2Fe(l) + Al2O3(s) + Heat
The reaction of iron (III) oxide with
aluminium is used to join railway tracks or This technique is used to refine volatile metals
cracked machine parts. This reaction is with lower boiling points than their impurities,
CHEMIST Metals & Non-
such as copper, silver, tin, and nickel. For If rusting is not prevented in time, the whole iron
example: Mercury and Zinc. article would turn into iron oxide. This is also
● An electrolyte is a substance (salt, acid, or known as Corrosion of Iron. Rusting of iron gives
base) that transmits an electric current in a huge loss every year.
solution or in a molten form while also being Conditions necessary for rusting of iron
decomposed by it. The current is carried by i. Presence of air (or oxygen)
ionised electrolytes, which are electrically ii. Presence of water (or moisture)
charged ions.
● Charged ions migrate towards oppositely Prevention of Corrosion
charged electrodes in order to lose their ● Galvanising: It is the process of giving coating
electric charge and form atoms, which are a thin layer of zinc on iron or steel to protect
then either released or deposited at the them from corrosion. Example: shiny nails,
electrodes. pins. etc.
Corrosion ● Tinning: It is a process of coating tin over
Most of the metals keep on reacting with the other metals.
atmospheric air. This leads to the formation of a ● Electroplating: In this method, a metal is
layer over the metal. In the long run, the coated with another metal using electrolysis.
underlying layer of metal keeps on getting lost Example: silver plated spoons, gold plated
due to conversion into oxides or sulphides or jewellery etc.
carbonate, etc. As a result, the metal gets eaten
up. The process is called Corrosion. ● Alloying: An alloy is a homogeneous mixture
of two or more metals or a metal and a non-
Rusting of Iron: Rusting of iron is the most
metal in a definite proportion. The resultant
common form of corrosion. When iron articles
metals, called alloys do not corrode easily.
like the gate, grill, fencing, etc. come in contact
with moisture present in the air, the upper layer For example: Brass (copper and zinc), Bronze
of iron turns into iron oxide. Iron oxide is brown- (copper and tin) and Stainless steel (iron,
red in colour and is known as Rust. The nickel, chromium and carbon)
phenomenon is called Rusting of Iron.
CHEMIST Metals & Non-

Important Questions (c) Sodium > Zinc > Magnesium > Iron
(d) Sodium > Magnesium > Zinc > Iron
⮚ Multiple Choice Questions:
7. Which of the following pairs will give
1. Aluminium is used for making cooking dis-placement reactions?
utensils. Which of the following
(a) FeSO4 solution and Copper metal
properties of aluminium are responsible
(b) AgNO3 solution and Copper metal
for the same?
(c) CuSO4 solution and Silver metal
(i) Good thermal conductivity (d) NaCl solution and Copper metal
(ii) Good electrical conductivity
8. Non-metals form covalent chlorides
(iii) Ductility
because
(iv) High melting point
(a) they can give electrons to chlorine
(a) (i) and (ii)
(b) they can share electrons with chlorine
(b) (i) and (iii)
(c) they can give electrons to chlorine
(c) (ii) and (iii)
atoms to form chloride ions
(d) (i) and (iv)
(d) they cannot share electrons with
2. The most abundant metal in the earth’s chlorine atoms
crust is
9. Which of the following oxide(s) of iron
(a) Iron would be obtained on prolonged reaction
(b) Aluminium of iron with steam?
(c) Calcium
(a) FeO
(d) Sodium
(b) Fe2O3
3. The poorest conductor of heat among (c) Fe3O4
metals is (d) Fe2O3 and Fe2O4
(a) Lead 10. Which of tire following are not ionic
(b) Mercury compounds?
(c) Calcium
(i) KCl
(d) Sodium
(ii) HCl
4. Which property of metals is used for (iii) CCl4
making bells and strings of musical (iv) NaCl
instruments like Sitar and Violin?
(a) (i) and (ii)
(a) Sonorousness (b) (ii) and (iii)
(b) Malleability (c) (iii) and (iv)
(c) Ductility (d) (i) and (iii)
(d) Conductivity
⮚ Very Short Question:
5. Al2O3 + 2NaOH → + H2O
1. Name the metal which is most
(a) Al(OH)3 abundant in earth’s crust.
(b) Na2O
2. What is the difference between
(c) NaAlO2
calcination and roasting ?
(d) AlNaO2
3. What is the chemical formula of rust?
6. Which of the following is the correct
arrangement of the given metals in 4. Name the process used for the
ascending order of their reactivity? enrichment of sulphide ore.
Zinc, Iron, Magnesium, Sodium 5. Out of zinc and iron, which evolves
hydrogen more readily on reacting with
(a) Zinc > Iron > Magnesium > Sodium
dilute HCl?
(b) Sodium > Magnesium > Iron > Zinc
CHEMIST Metals & Non-
6. How do alloys brass and bronze differ a solution of magnesium sulphate, no
in composition? change is observed. State the reason for
the behaviour of zinc metal.
7. Does german silver contain silver in
it? 8. Which method of concentration of
ore is preferred in the following cases
8. Write the chemical formulae of the
and why?
main ores of iron and aluminium.
● The ore has higher density
9. Name the non-metal which can
particles mixed with a large bulk
conduct electricity.
of low density impurities.
10. Write the names of two neutral
● The ore consists of copper
oxides.
sulphide intermixed with clay
⮚ Short Questions: particles. Give an example of
Which important properties of amalgam.
aluminium are responsible for its great ⮚ Long Questions:
demand in industry?
When the powder of a common metal is
2. Name an alloy of heated in an open china dish, its colour
● Aluminium used in construction turns black. However, when hydrogen
of air crafts. gas is passed over the hot black
● Lead in joining metals for electric substance formed, it regains its original
welding. colour. Based on this information,
● Copper used in household answer the following questions:
vessels.
3. All ores are minerals but all minerals ● What type of chemical reaction
are not ores. Justify. takes place in each of the two
4. (a) An iron knife kept in blue copper given steps ?
sulphate solution turns the blue solution ● Name the metal initially taken in
into light green. Explain. the powder form. Write
(b) An athlete won a bronze medal in a balanced chemical equations for
race competition. After some days, he both these reactions.
found that the medal had lost its lustre 2. (a) Which of the following metals
due to the formation of a greenish layer would give hydrogen when added to
on it. Name the metals present in the dilute hydrochloric acid?
medal. What is the reason for the
● iron
appearance of a greenish layer on its
● copper
surface?
● magnesium
5. Why is titanium called a strategic
(b) Explain why do surfaces of some
metal? Mention two of its properties
metals acquire a dull appearance when
which make it so special.
exposed to air for a long lime.
6. A copper plate was dipped into a
3. How will your demonstrate that the
solution of AgNO3. After Sometime, a
ionic compounds do not conduct
black layer was deposited on the copper
electricity in the solid state and can do
plate. State the reason for it. Write the
so in solution.
chemical equation for the reaction
involved. ⮚ Assertion Reason Questions:
On placing a piece of zinc metal in a
1. For two statements are given-one labelled
solution of mercuric chloride, it acquires Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason
a silvery surface but when it is placed in
(R). Select the correct answer to these
CHEMIST Metals & Non-
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) sector are called strategic
as given below: metals. Which of the following
is a strategic metal?
a. Both A and R are true, and R is correct
explanation of the assertion. a. Titanium.
b. Both A and R are true, but R is not the b. Zirconium.
correct explanation of the assertion. c. Manganese.
c. A is true, but R is false. d. All of these.
d. A is false, but R is true. ii. Which metal is the best conductor of
Assertion: Aluminium oxide and zinc oxide are electricity?
acidic in nature. a. Silver.
Reason: Amphoteric nature means that b. Platinum.
substances have both acidic and basic character. c. Nickel.
d. Iron.
2. For two statements are given-one labelled
Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason iii. Which of the following metals is not a
(R). Select the correct answer to these coinage metal?
questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) a. Copper.
as given below: b. Silver.
a. Both A and R are true, and R is correct c. Iron.
explanation of the assertion. d. Gold.
b. Both A and R are true, but R is not the iv. Which of the following are the most
correct explanation of the assertion. malleable metals?
c. A is true, but R is false.
d. A is false, but R is true. I. Sodium.
II. Gold.
Assertion: C and N do not react with dil. HCI and III. Potassium.
dil. H2SO4. IV. Silver.
Reason: Metals do not react with dil. HCI and a. (I) and (IV)
dil. H2SO4. b. (II) and (III)
⮚ Case Study Questions: c. (III) and (IV)
d. (II) and (IV)
1. Read the following and answer any four
v. Identify the correct statement(s).
questions from (i) to (v).
I. The wires that carry current in
An element is a pure substance made up
our homes have a coating of
of same kind of atoms. At present, nearly
PVC or a rubber like material.
118 elements are known but all of them
II. School bells are made of metals.
do not occur free in nature, some of them
III. Metals do not conduct
have been synthesized by artificial
electricity.
methods. Based on their properties, they
IV. Metals which produce a sound
are mainly classified as metals and non-
on striking a hard surface are
metals. Metals are those elements which
said to be non-sonorous.
lose electrons and form positive ions i.e.,
they are electropositive in nature. They a. (I) and (III)
are generally hard, good conductors of b. (I) and (II)
heat and electricity, malleable, ductile c. (III) and (IV)
and have striking luster. They have a d. Only (II)
significant role to play in our daily life. 2. Read the following and answer any four
i. Metals which are of vital questions from (i) to (v).
importance to the national Ionic compound is a chemical compound
Défense, energy and industry in which ions are held together by ionic
CHEMIST Metals & Non-
bonds. An ionic bond is the type of a. Ionic compounds are generally
chemical bond in which two oppositely brittle.
charged ions are held through b. Ions are the fundamental units
electrostatic forces. We know that metal of ionic compounds.
atoms have loosely bound valence c. Formation of ionic bonds
electrons in their valence shell and non- involve sharing of electrons.
metal atoms need electrons in their d. NaCl is an ionic compound.
valence shell to attain noble gas Answer Key-
configuration. The metal atom loses the
valence electrons while non-metal atom ⮚ Multiple Choice Answers:
accepts these electrons. By losing
electrons, metal atoms change to cations 1. (d) (i) and (iv)
and by accepting electrons, non-metals 2. (b) Aluminium
form anions. Ionic compounds are
3. (a) Lead
generally solid and exist in the form of
crystal. They have high melting and 4. (a) Sonorousness
boiling points. 5. (b) NaAlO2
i. Which of the following can change to 6. (c) Sodium > Magnesium > Zinc > Iron
a cation?
7. (b) AgNO3 solution and Copper metal
a. Fluorine.
b. Oxygen. 8. (c) they can share electrons with
c. Potassium. chlorine
d. Neon. 9. (d) Fe3O4
ii. Which of the following can change to 10. (b) (ii) and (iii)
an anion?
⮚ Very Short Answers:
a. Iodine.
1. Answer: Aluminium (Al) is the most
b. Magnesium.
abundant metal in the earth’s crust
c. Calcium.
and is present to the extent of 8-1 per
d. Xenon.
cent by mass.
iii. Ionic compounds are soluble in
2. Answer: Calcination is carried in the
________.
absence of air while roasting is done
a. Kerosene. in excess of air.
b. Petrol.
3. Answer: Rust is hydrated ferric oxide
c. Water.
and its chemical formula is
d. None of these.
Fe2O3.xH2O.
iv. Which of the following statements is
4. Answer: The process is called Froth
correct about ionic compounds?
Floatation process.
I. They conduct electricity in
5. Answer: Zinc evolves hydrogen more
solid state.
readily than iron on reacting with
II. They conduct electricity in
dilute HCl because it is placed above
solutions.
iron in the reactivity series.
III. They conduct electricity in
molten state. 6. Answer: Constituents of brass are
copper and zinc while those of bronze
a. I only.
are copper and tin.
b. II only.
c. III only. 7. Answer: German silver is an alloy of
d. II and III only. copper, zinc and nickel. It does not
contain any silver in it.
v. Select the incorrect statement.
CHEMIST Metals & Non-
8. Answer: The main ore of iron is the ores.
haematite (Fe2CO3) while that of 4. Answer:
aluminium is bauxite (Al2O3.2H2O).
(a) Iron lies above copper in the
9. Answer: Graphite, an allotropy form activity series. This means that iron or
of carbon conducts electricity. iron knife will displace copper from
10. Answer: Two neutral oxides are: copper sulphate solution. As a result
carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrous of the reaction, ferrous sulphate will
oxide (N2O). be formed and the solution will be
⮚ Short Answer: light green in colour.

1. Answer:
The properties of aluminum metal
responsible for its great demand in
industry are: (b) The bronze medal is an alloy and
● The metal is a good conductor of the constituting metals are copper
electricity. and tin. The loss of lustre by the
medal is due to the formation of a
● The metal is not attacked by coating of green layer. This layer is at
water. basic copper carbonate.
● The metal is a powerful reducing 5. Answer: Titanium is called strategic
agent. metal because it is used for making
2. Answer: certain war equipments. The
properties which make the metal so
● The alloy is duralumin: A1 (93%),
special are:
Cu (4%), Mg (0.5%), Mn (0.5%).
It is light in weight but at the same
● The alloy is solder: Pb (50%), Sn
time stronger than the other metals.
(50%)
It is not affected by corrosion even if
● The alloy is brass: Cu (80%), Zn
kept in the open for a very long time.
(20%)
6. Answer: Copper lies above silver in
3. Answer: In the earth’s crust, metals
the activity series. This means that
are present in the form of minerals
copper is more reactive than silver.
and there are more than one mineral
Therefore, copper had replaced silver
for a particular metal. However, metal
from AgNO3 solution. Silver got
may not be extracted from all of
deposited on the copper plate and
them. The mineral from which a
changed to black after sometime
metal can be profitably and
because silver and also some salts of
conveniently extracted is known as
silver are sensitive to light. They
ore. This clearly means that all ores
readily become blackish on standing
are minerals but all minerals are not
or on exposure to air.
ores. For example, the different
minerals of iron are:
Haematite: FeO3;
Limonite: Fe2O3.3H2O; 7. Answer: Zinc lies above mercury in
the activity series and can easily
Siderite: FeCO3; replace it from mercuric chloride
Iron pyrites: FeS2 solution. Mercury formed in the
reaction gets deposited on the
Iron is extracted from haematite
surface of zinc to give it a silvery look.
(Fe2CO3). Haematite mineral is the ore
of iron while other minerals are not
CHEMIST Metals & Non-
But zinc is placed below magnesium with dilute hydrochloric acid. These
in the activity series. Therefore, no are active metals and are placed
chemical reaction occurs between above hydrogen in the activity series.
zinc and magnesium sulphate As copper is placed below hydrogen
solution. in the series, it will not evolve
hydrogen.
8. Answer:
(b) Surfaces of some metals acquire a
● The concentration of ore can be
dull appearance when exposed to air
done by gravity separation
for a long time and they lose their
method.
lustre. This is due to the formation of
● The concentration of ore is done layer of oxides, hydroxides,
by Froth Floatation process. carbonates etc. on the surface For
● An amalgam of mercury with example, surface of aluminium metal
silver or gold called dental alloy is becomes dull white due to the
used to fill cavities in the teeth. formation of coating oi aluminium
oxide (Al2O3). Similarly, the surface of
⮚ Long Answer: copper acquires a greenish colour
1. Answer: since a layer oi basic copper
The available information suggests carbonate with the formula
the metal is copper. In open air, its is Cu(OH)2CuCO3 is deposited on the
oxidised to form copper (II) oxide surface.
which is black in colour. The reaction 3. Answer:
is known as oxidation reaction. On
● In a glass beaker, take small
passing hydrogen gas over the hot
amount of solid sodium chloride.
substance, the original colour of the
metal is regained. It is an example of ● Dip two graphite rods (electrodes)
reduction reaction. in the solution.
The balanced chemical equations for ● Connect these rods to a battery
the reactions are: through a bulb and a switch.
● Switch on the battery. The bulb
will not glow. This show that no
current has passed through the
solid sodium chloride.
● Now, add some water to the salt
so that it may dissolve.
2. Answer: ● Repeat the operation. The bulb
(a) Both iron (Fe) and magnesium will immediately glow showing
(Mg) will evolve hydrogen on reacting that current has passed through
the salt solution.

Explanation: Sodium chloride (NaCl) is ⮚ Assertion Reason Answer:


a crystalline solid and the current is 1. (d) A is false, but R is true.
carried by the mobility (movement) of
ions. Since the ions do not move in Explanation:
the solid state, the salt is not Aluminium and zinc oxides are amphoteric
conducting. In aqueous solution, both in nature.
Na+ and Cl- ions can move and the salt
2. (c) A is true, but R is false.
will be conducting in the solution.
That is why the bulb glows. Explanation:
CHEMIST Metals & Non-
Metals react with dilute HCI and dil. Explanation:
H2SO4. Non-metals do not react with dilute Potassium, being a metal, can change
acids. to cation by losing its valence electron.
⮚ Case Study Answer: ii. (a) Iodine.
1. i (d) All of these. Explanation:
Explanation: Iodine, being a non-metal, can change
Titanium, zirconium, and manganese to anion by gaining electron.
are used in Défense equipment’s as iii. (c) Water.
they are light and durable and Explanation:
therefore, are called strategic metals.
Ionic compounds are generally soluble
ii. (a) Silver. in water and insoluble in kerosene and
iii. (c) Iron. petrol.
Explanation: iv. (d) II and III only.
Copper, silver and gold are called Explanation:
coinage metals because they are used Ionic compounds do not conduct
in making coins, jewellery etc. electricity in solid state, as ions are very
iv. (d) (II) and (IV) closely packed and are free to move.
v. (b) (I) and (II) v. (c) Formation of ionic bonds involve
Explanation: sharing of electrons.
Metals conduct electricity. Metals Explanation:
which produce a sound on striking a Formation of ionic bonds involve
hard surface are said to be sonorous. complete transfer of electrons from
2. i (c) Potassium. metal atom to non-metal atom.

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