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t4 2 Arduino Revisited

The document discusses two methods for programming an Arduino to respond to a button press: 1. Polling the button pin in a loop to check its state. 2. Using interrupts to call an interrupt service routine (ISR) when the button pin state changes, allowing other code to run without needing to constantly check the button. It then provides more details on interrupts in Arduinos, including the different interrupt pins, attaching interrupts, keeping ISRs short, and techniques for sharing data between an ISR and the main program code.

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DYLAN BRADLEY
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65 views13 pages

t4 2 Arduino Revisited

The document discusses two methods for programming an Arduino to respond to a button press: 1. Polling the button pin in a loop to check its state. 2. Using interrupts to call an interrupt service routine (ISR) when the button pin state changes, allowing other code to run without needing to constantly check the button. It then provides more details on interrupts in Arduinos, including the different interrupt pins, attaching interrupts, keeping ISRs short, and techniques for sharing data between an ISR and the main program code.

Uploaded by

DYLAN BRADLEY
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Embedded System - TE4707

Jurusan Teknik Elektro


Semester Genap 2021/2022

Dr.-Ing., Indar Sugiarto


Arduino Programming Revisited

How to program this?


Method-1 : Pooling
byte ledPin = 13; void loop()
byte buttonPin = 2; {

if(digitalRead(buttonPin) == LOW) {
void setup() digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); //LED ON
{
}
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);
else {
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); //set ledPin off as default
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); //LED OFF
pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT_PULLUP); //set buttonPin as
input }

digitalWrite(buttonPin, HIGH); //set the default state of }


the pin to HIGH (+5V)
}
Method-2 : Interrupt
byte ledPin = 13; void setup(){

byte buttonPin = 2; pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);

bool ledState = 0; digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); //set ledPin off as default


pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT_PULLUP); //turn on the internal pullup
attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(buttonPin), switchLED,
// create an ISR CHANGE); //creates the interrupt handler
void switchLED() }

{
void loop() {
ledState = !ledState;
//do nothing, but wait for interrupt
digitalWrite(ledPin, ledState);
}
}
What are interrupts?
 Interrupts are a way for a microcontroller to temporarily stop what it is doing to
handle another task.
 The currently executing program is paused, an ISR (interrupt service routine)
is executed, and then your program continues, none the wiser.
 Interrupts can detect brief pulses on input pins. Polling may miss the pulse
while you are doing other calculations.
 Types of interrupt:

Hardware interrupt

Software interrupt
Interrupts in Arduino

There are 26 different interrupts on an Arduino Uno
 1 Reset
 2 External Interrupt Request 0 (pin D2)
 3 External Interrupt Request 1 (pin D3)
 4 Pin Change Interrupt Request 0 (pins D8 to D13)
 5 Pin Change Interrupt Request 1 (pins A0 to A5)
 6 Pin Change Interrupt Request 2 (pins D0 to D7)
 7 Watchdog Time-out Interrupt
 8 Timer/Counter2 Compare Match A
 …
 18 SPI Serial Transfer Complete
 19 USART Rx Complete
 …
 25 2-wire Serial Interface (I2C)
 …
ISR

Interrupt Service Routines should be kept short. Interrupts are
disabled when the ISR is called, so other interrupts are postponed.

Do not call millis() or delay() or Serial or …

The hardware can call a routine for us based on activity on pin 2
(INT0) or pin 3 (INT1)

Our loop() code does not need to know what is happening

But, we often want to know what is going on. How do we share
that information?
Regarding the external interrupt...

attachInterrupt(digitalPinToInterrupt(pin),ISR,mode);//recommended for
arduino board


attachInterrupt(pin, ISR, mode) ; //recommended Arduino Due, Zero only

//argument pin: the pin number

//argument ISR: the ISR to call when the interrupt occurs; this function must
take no parameters and return nothing

//argument mode: defines when the interrupt should be triggered. Available


modes: RISING, FALLING, CHANGE, LOW

https://www.arduino.cc/reference/en/language/functions/external-interrupts/attachinterrupt/
Example for Data Access
const byte LED = 13, SW = 2;

volatile unsigned char count = 0; void setup () {


unsigned char lastCount = -1; //Start up the serial port
Serial.begin(9600);
void handleSW () {
digitalWrite(LED, digitalRead(SW)); Serial.println(F(“Example"));
count++;
} pinMode (LED, OUTPUT);
pinMode (SW, INPUT_PULLUP);
attachInterrupt(INT0,
void handleOtherStuff() {
handleSW, RISING);
if (count != lastCount) { }
Serial.print("Count ");
Serial.println(count); void loop () {
lastCount = count; handleOtherStuff();
} }
}
More on Data Sharing

An interrupt can happen at any time.


If you share a multi-byte value (e.g. short int) between an ISR and
your code, you have to take additional precautions.

volatile short count;


if (count == 256) …

1fa: 80 91 10 01 lds r24, 0x0110 ; count lower


1fe: 90 91 11 01 lds r25, 0x0111 ; count upper
202: 80 50 subi r24, 0x00
204: 91 40 sbci r25, 0x01
206: 69 f5 brne .+90
More on Data Sharing
// Disable interrupts and copy
noInterrupts();
short int myCount = count;
interrupts();
if (myCount == 256) …

1fa: f8 94 cli
1fc: 80 91 10 01 lds r24, 0x0110
200: 90 91 11 01 lds r25, 0x0111
204: 78 94 sei
206: 80 50 subi r24, 0x00
208: 91 40 sbci r25, 0x01
20a: 69 f5 brne .+90
Pin Change Interrupt

Pin 2 is INT0

Pin 3 is INT1

But, what about pins 0,1,4,5,6,…

Pin Change Interrupts can monitor all pins, but it requires certain library
(PinChangeInt.h)

Different pins can have different ISRs

Useful resources:
 http://gammon.com.au/interrupts
 https://playground.arduino.cc/Main/PinChangeInterrupt/
 https://www.arduino.cc/reference/en/language/functions/external-interrupts/attachinterrupt/
 http://brd4.braude.ac.il/~ksamuel/ElIn.31361/Exercises/E021%20Interrupts%202016-05-16.pdf

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