Unit 7: Gas Laws

Gay Lussacs Law Charles Law Boyles Law

Name: ________________________________________ Unit 3: Behavior of Gases and Gas Laws

Gas Laws Vocabulary

Pressure

Temperature

Volume

Absolute zero

STP

Charles’ Law

Boyle’s Law

Gay Lussac’s Law

Ideal Gas

Real Gas

Avogadro’s
Hypothesis

Intermolecular
Forces

Atmospheric
Pressure

Vapor pressure

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Name _______________________________________ Date: ____________
Pressure and Temperature Conversions
There are many different units of pressure used in Chemistry. This is an unfortunate situation, but we cannot
change it. There are two units you must be able to use during our Gases unit.
• atmospheres (symbol = atm)
• kiloPascals (symbol = kPa)

Conversions
K = °C + 273
1 atm = 101.3 kPa

Sample Pressure Conversions

Example #1 - Convert 0.875 atm to kPa.

Solution-

0.875 atm x 101.3 kPa = 88.7 kPa

1 atm

Example #2 - Convert 251.9 kPa to atm.

Solution-

251.9 kPa x 1 atm = 2.487 atm

101.3 kPa

Practice:

1. Convert 298 K into °C. This is what we call “room temperature”

2. Express the freezing point water in degrees Celsius and kelvin.

3. Express the boiling point of water in degrees Celsius and kelvin.

4. The air pressure inside a submarine is 0.62 atm. What is this pressure in kPa?

5. A meteorologist gives the atmospheric pressure as 132.01 kPa. What is the atmospheric
pressure in atm?

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Name _______________________________________ Date: ____________
6. An experiment at Sandia National labs in New Mexico is performed at 99.47 kP (due to
altitude). What is this pressure in atm?

7. The pressure gauge on a compressed air tank reads 1.998 atmospheres. What is this
pressure in kilopascals?

8. A bag of potato chips is sealed in a factory near sea level. The conditions outside are at
standard temperature and pressure (STP). What is the pressure in atm? What is the
temperature in kelvin? [Hint: Check your tables]

9. Convert the following pressure units.

a. 2.5 atm = __________ kPa c. 59.31 kPa = ___________ atm

b. 12.0 atm = __________ kPa e. 35.5 kPa = ___________ atm

c. 30.0 kPa = __________ atm f. 1.65 atm = __________ kPa

10. A bag of potato chips is brought on board an airplane where the cabin pressure is 0.80 atm.

a. Why does the bag appear to be so inflated?

b. What is the difference in pressure between the air inside of the bag and the air inside
of the plane?

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Name: ____________________________________ Date: _________________
Temperature Conversion Worksheet

Convert the following temperatures to Kelvin

1) 100o C ________ 6) 0o C ________

2) 30 o C ________ 7) -50o C ________

3) 540o C ________ 8) 90o C ________

4) -37o C ________ 9) -20o C ________

5) -273o C ________ 10) -159 °C ________

Convert the following temperatures to Celsius

11) 352 K ________ 16) 100 K ________

12) 45 K ________ 17) 200 K ________

13) 373 K ________ 18) 273 K ________

14) 0 K ________ 19) 350 K ________

15) 90 K ________ 20) 115 K ________

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Name: ___________________________________________________Date: _____________________
Properties of Gases Summary Questions

1. What is the relationship between pressure and volume? What stations of the activity
demonstrated this relationship?

2. What is the relationship between temperature and volume? What stations of the
activity demonstrated this relationship?

3. If the number of particles are increased or decreased what happens to the volume?
What stations of the activity demonstrated this relationship?

4. If the number of particles are increased or decreased what happens to the pressure?
What stations of the activity demonstrated this relationship?

5. What is the relationship between pressure and temperature? What stations of the
activity demonstrated this relationship?

6. In a closed system, if the pressure is increased what happens to the number of

particles?

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 DO NOW

1. How are temperature and volume related? Explain in terms of particle behavior.

2. Sketch the graph of this relationship. Place the temperature on the x-axis and the volume on
the y-axis. What kind of relationship is this?

T
3. Name the law that represents the relationship between temperature and volume.

4. How are temperature and pressure related? Explain in terms of particle behavior.

5. Sketch the graph of this relationship. Place the temperature on the x-axis and the pressure on
the y-axis. What kind of relationship is this?

T
6. Name the law that represents the relationship between temperature and pressure.

7. How are volume and pressure related? Explain in terms of particle behavior.

8. Sketch the graph of this relationship. Place the volume on the x-axis and the pressure on the y-
axis. What kind of relationship is this?

V
9. Name the law that represents the relationship between volume and pressure.

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Name: _________________________________________ Date: _____________________
Gas Law Introduction Calculations Relationships between P,V and T
The combined gas law is derived by the understanding that pressure, temperature and volume all influence the
behavior of a gas.
Please find the combined gas law on Table T and The following gas laws can be derived from the
write it in the box below: combined gas law equation:

- Charles’ Law
- Boyle’s Law
- Gay-Lussac’s Law

Please write the correct formula for each of the laws below, using the combined gas law as a guide. Be sure to
drop the variable (P, V or T) that does not apply to the law:
•Charles’ Law Formula •Boyle’s Law Formula •Gay-Lussac’s Law Formula

Gas Law Calculations: REMINDER- Temperature MUST be in Kelvin!!!! All initial and final units must be the
same!! (Ex; pressure for initial and final must both either be atm or kPa.)
• Solve each of the following problems below using the appropriate gas law formula.
• Remember!! If pressure, volume or temperature is not mentioned or is held constant, then it will drop
out of the combined gas law formula.

1. A sample of O2 has a volume of 150. mL at 300. K. If the pressure of the sample is held constant and the
temperature is raised to 600. K, what is the final volume of the gas?

a) How does temperature change? How should volume change?

b) Calculation:

c) Circle which gas law was demonstrated in the problem:

Charles Law Boyle’s Law
Gay-Lussac’s Law Combined Gas Law

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Name: _________________________________________ Date: _____________________
Gas Law Introduction Calculations Relationships between P,V and T
2. In a rigid container, a gas exerts a pressure of 50.0 kPa at 77°C.What would the pressure be at -98°C?

a) How does temperature change? How should pressure change?

b) Calculation:

c) Circle which gas law was demonstrated in the problem:

Charles Law Boyle’s Law
Gay-Lussac’s Law Combined Gas Law

3. Determine the new volume of a gas when 50 mL at 81.0 kPa has its pressure increased to 101.3 kPa?

a) How does pressure change? How should volume change?

b) Calculations:

c) Circle which gas law was demonstrated in the problem:

Charles Law Boyle’s Law
Gay-Lussac’s Law Combined Gas Law

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Name: _________________________________________ Date: _____________________
Gas Law Introduction Calculations Relationships between P,V and T
4. A gas with a pressure of 2.56 atm is collected and found to fill a 4.73 L container at 35.0°C. What will
the volume be at 75.0 °C and standard pressure? (standard pressure= _______________)

a) How does the temperature change? How does pressure change?

How should volume change according to the change of pressure and temperature?

b) Calculations:

c) Circle which gas law was demonstrated in the problem:

Charles Law Boyle’s Law
Gay-Lussac’s Law Combined Gas Law

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Name: ___________________________________________________ Date: ____________________
Formula:
Boyles Law Worksheet
1. A sample of oxygen gas occupies a volume of 250 ml at 740 torr. What volume will it occupy at
800 torr?

2. A sample of carbon dioxide occupies a volume of 3.50 L at 125 kPa. What pressure would the
gas exert if the volume was decreased to 2.00 L?

3. A 2.0 L container of nitrogen had a pressure of 3.2 atm. What volume would be necessary to
decrease the pressure to 1.0 atm?

4. Ammonia gas occupies a volume of 450. ml at a pressure of 720. mmHg. What volume will it
occupy at standard pressure?

5. A 175 ml sample of neon had its pressure changed from 75 kPa to 150 kPa. What is the new
volume?

6. A sample of hydrogen at 1.5 atm had its pressure decrease to 0.50 atm producing a new
volume of 750 ml. What was the original volume?

7. Chlorine gas occupies a volume of 1.2 L at 720 torr. What volume will it occupy at 1 atm?

8. Fluorine gas exerts a pressure of 900 torr. When the pressure is changed to 1.50 atm, its
volume is 250. ml. What was the original volume?

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Name: ___________________________________________________ Date: ____________________
Formula:
Charles Law Worksheet
1. A sample of nitrogen occupies a volume of 250 ml at 25 °C. What volume will it occupy at 95 °C?

2. Oxygen gas is at a temperature of 40 °C when it occupies a volume of 2.3 L. To what

temperature should it be raised to occupy a volume of 6.5 L?

3. Hydrogen gas was cooled from 150 °C to 50 °C. Its new volume is 75 ml. What was its original
volume?

4. Chlorine gas occupies a volume of 25ml at 300 K. What volume will it occupy at 600 K?

5. A sample of neon gas at 50 °C and a volume of 2.5 L is cooled to 25 °C. What is the new volume?

6. Fluorine gas at 300 K occupies a volume of 500 ml. To what temperature should it be lowered
to bring the volume to 300 ml?

7. Helium occupies a volume of 3.8 L at -45 °C. What volume will it occupy at 45 °C?

8. A sample of argon gas is cooled and its volume went from 380 ml to 250 ml. If its final
temperature was -55°C, what was its original temperature?

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Name: ___________________________________________________ Date: ____________________
Formula:
Gay-Lussac’s Law
1. A gas confined to a rigid container exerts a pressure of 33.5 kPa at a temperature of 17.0 °C.
What will the pressure be if it is cooled to a temperature of -23.0°C?

2. A quantity of gas exerts a pressure of 98.6 kPa at a temperature of 22.0 °C. If the volume
remains unchanged, what will the pressure be at -8.0°C?

3. High in the mountains, Richard checked the pressure of the air in his car tires and observed that
they had 202.5 kPa of pressure. That morning the temperature was -19.0°C. Richard then drove
all day, traveling through the desert in the afternoon. The temperature of the tires increased to
75.0 °C because of the hot roads. What was the new tire pressure? (assume constant volume).

4. A steel tank contains a gas at 27.0 °C and a pressure of 12 atm. Determine the gas pressure if
the tank is heated to 100.0 °C.

5. On a cold winter morning when the temperature is -13.0°C, the air pressure in an automobile
tire is 1.5 atm. If the volume does not change, what will the pressure be after the tire has
warmed to 13.0 °C?

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 Name: _________________________________________ Date: _____________________
Regents Chemistry Gas Law Calculations Practice
Pressure Relationships:
1 atm=101.3 kPa
STP= standard temperature and pressure. See Table A for values.
Be sure to state the law used for the calculation as Boyle’s, Charles, Gay-Lussacs or the Combined Gas Law.

1) 2.30 L of a gas is at 0.954 atm of pressure. What is its volume at standard pressure?
Law used: _____________________

2) 4.35 L of a gas is at 1.16 atm. What pressure is obtained when the volume is 9.3 L?
Law used: _____________________

3) 3.68 L of a gas was at an unknown pressure. However, at standard pressure, its volume was
determined to be 9.20 L. Solve for the unknown pressure. Law used: ____________________

4) A gas is collected and found to fill 4.73 L at 35.0°C. What will be its volume at standard temperature?
Law used: _____________________

5) 3.00 L of a gas is collected at 35.0°C and 0.928 atm. What is the volume at STP?
Law used: _____________________

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Name: _________________________________________ Date: _____________________
Regents Chemistry Gas Law Calculations Practice
6) A gas that has a volume of 28.0 liters, a temperature of 45.0°C, and an unknown pressure has its
volume increased to 34.0 liters and its temperature decreased to 35.0°C. If I measure the pressure
after the change to be 2.0 atm, what was the original pressure of the gas?
Law used: _______________________

7) 8.00 L of a gas is collected at 60.0°C. What will be its volume upon cooling to 30.0°C?
Law used: ______________________

8) 5.00 L of a gas is collected at 100 K and then allowed to expand to 50.0 L. What is the new
temperature in order to maintain the same pressure? Law used: _____________________

9) 9.0 L of a gas is found to exert 0.38 atm at 35.0°C. What would be the required temperature to change
the pressure to standard pressure? Law used: _____________________

10) 4.73 L of a gas is collected at 32.0°C and 83.3 kPa. When the temperature is changed to standard
conditions, what is the new pressure? Law used: _____________________

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 Name: __________________________________Date: ________________
Using the Combined Gas Law- Calculations based on the behaviors of a gas.

1. A container contains 72.0 mL of H2 gas at a temperature of 25.0 °C and a pressure

of 16.0atm. The pressure and temperature of the gas is changed to 0.00 °C and
1.00atm. Under these new conditions, what will be the new volume?

2. A sample of nitrogen gas is collected over water, yielding a total volume of 62.25 mL
at a temperature of 22.0 °C and a total pressure of 97.7 kPa. At what pressure will
the nitrogen occupy a volume of 50.00 mL if the temperature is held constant?

3. Oxygen gas is collected over water at a temperature of 283K and a pressure of

1.02 atm. The volume of gas collected is 293 mL. What volume of oxygen at
standard temperature and pressure (STP) was collected?

4. A gas that was collected at 27 °C and 52.0 kPa occupied 20.0 L. What will its new
pressure be if its temperature is changed to 323 K and its volume to 35.0 L?

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6. The relationship between the 11.

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Name: _________________________________________________

Marble Rolling Activity- Ideal Gases and Kinetic Molecular Theory

You and your partner will be using a marble to simulate an ideal gas particle. PLEASE DO NOT
LOSE YOUR MARBLES!

Please complete the following questions using you and your partners’ marble:

1. Please place your marble on the edge of the doorway to the classroom. If you were to
record the volume of the entire room, does this marble make any real impact on the
overall volume measured? Explain.

2. Please roll your marble into any surface, the wall, a text book, your foot, etc.
a. Describe the shape of the marbles path.
b. Can you predict the exact location that the marble will roll to?

3. Please roll your marble into your partners marble. Write down what happens. Do the
marbles have any attraction for each other? How do you know they do or do not have
an attraction?

4. a. When you and your partner have the marbles collide with each other, do they roll on
forever?

b. If you were to remove any and all friction what would happen to the amount of
movement for the marbles after the collision?

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 Name: _________________________________________________

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Below please find the 5 postulates of the kinetic molecular theory describing ideal
gases. It should be noted that an ideal gas DOES NOT EXIST.

1. Ideal gas particles are so small as compared with the distance separating
them that the volume of the particle is considered negligible (zero).

2. Ideal gas particles travel in constant, random, straight-line motion. (SAME

AS REAL GASES)

3. Ideal gases have no intermolecular forces (attraction) between particles.

4. The collisions of the particles are elastic (complete transfer of energy, no

kinetic energy is lost as a different form)

5. Equal volumes of any gas will have an equal number of particles.

The image below shows Avogadro’s theory that equal volumes of any gas at the same
conditions of temperature and pressure will always contain an equal number of particles.
Even though each gas is very different and a particle of each contains a different number of
atoms.

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Name: _______________________________________________________
Ideal Gases and KMT
1. Explain what is meant by an ideal gas.

2. Give examples of gases that would behave ideally. Explain why.

3. What conditions of pressure and temperature are best suited to make a gas behave
ideally?

4. What is the kinetic molecular theory of gases? (Hint: what are the four postulates)

5. What is pressure? What is atmospheric pressure?

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 Vapor Pressure Curves
Why?
The vapor pressure of a substance depends on the temperature. A liquid boils when the
vapor pressure above a liquid equals the atmospheric pressure. We expect water to boil at 100 °C
when we cook, but in Denver, Colorado, which is a mile high and has a lower atmospheric
pressure than at seal level, water boils at a lower temperature. Certain substances, such as nail
polish and paint, dry quickly because they have high vapor pressures.
Learning Objectives
• Understand the relationship between vapor pressure and temperature.
• Relate the vapor pressure of a substance to its boiling point.
• Use a vapor pressure curve to describe the relative strength of the intermolecular forces
between the molecules of a substance.
Success Criteria
• Produce an accurate written description of vapor pressure and its origins.
• Identify the boiling temperature of liquids from vapor pressure curves.
• Identify the relative strength of intermolecular forces from vapor pressure curves.
Resources
• http://www.launc.tased.edu.au/online/sciences/agsci/essoil/boiling.htm
• materials: ethanol, water, acetone, cotton balls
Prerequisites
• Vaporization
• Phase changes
• Graphing skills
Concepts and Vocabulary
Define the following terms in your own words:
• Vaporization:

• Evaporation:

• Boiling:

• Normal boiling point:

• Intermolecular forces of attraction:

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 Model 1

(http://nysedregents.org/testing/reftable/archreftable/ChemRef1-7.pdf; Table H)

A liquid will boil when its vapor pressure equals the atmospheric
pressure. Water’s normal boiling point is 100 °C. At this temperature, the
vapor pressure of water is equal to 101.3 kPa, standard atmospheric
pressure. If we were in a location with a different atmospheric pressure the
boiling point would be different. For example, if the atmospheric pressure
were 90 kPa, the boiling point of water would be 95 °C.
 (http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/kinetic/vappre.html)

Key Questions
1. The vapor pressure curves of four liquids are shown in the graph in Model 1. What is plotted on the
x-axis and what is plotted on the y-axis of the graph?

2. a. What happens to the vapor pressure of a substance when the temperature increases?

b. Explain this change in vapor pressure in terms of the rate of evaporation and movement of the molecules.

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3. According to the information provided on Model 1, what determines the temperature at which a
liquid boils?

4. What is the normal boiling point of propanone?

5. At what temperature will propanone boil if the atmospheric pressure is 70 kPa?

Exercise
1. List the four liquids in Model 1 in order of increasing vapor pressure at 60 °C.

2. Which of these liquids has the most vapor particles above its surface?

3. Which of these liquids has the least vapor particles above its surface?

Model 2
Evaporation, unlike vaporization, happens on the surface of liquids at all temperatures. This
process is related to the strength of the forces holding the molecules in the liquid phase. The weaker the
forces, the faster the molecules will escape from the liquid into the gas phase. A liquid with weak
intermolecular forces will have a relatively large amount of vapor (gas phase) present above its surface.

(http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/kinetic/vappre.html)

Task
Place an equal amount of ethanol, acetone (propanone), and water on three separate cotton balls.
Wipe the cotton balls on the desk at the same time. Observe which liquid evaporated the fastest. Record
your observations below.
Observations:

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Key Questions
1. Which liquid evaporated at the fastest rate?

2. Which liquid evaporated at the slowest rate?

Based on your observations, draw a picture of the amount of vapor molecules above each liquid.

3. Based on your observations, which liquid has the highest vapor pressure? Explain your answer.

4. Predict which of the three liquids used in this task would have the highest boiling point. Support
your answer with an explanation.

5. Which of the three liquids has the strongest intermolecular forces of attraction? Support your answer
with an explanation.

6. How do the intermolecular forces in propanone compare to the intermolecular forces found in water?
Support your answer with an explanation.

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1. Which sample of water has the greatest vapor
5. What is the normal boiling point of ethanol?
pressure?
1) 100 ml at 20°C 3) 20 ml at 30°C
6. At what temperature will propanone boil if the
2) 200 ml at 25°C 4) 40 ml at 35°C
atmospheric pressure is 70 kPa?
2. What is the vapor pressure of water at 105°C?
7. Water boils at 100 °C on Long Island where the
1) .60 kPa 3) 120 kPa
atmospheric pressure is 101.3 kPa. Water boils at
2) 101.3 kPa 4) 145 kPa
95 °C in Denver Colorado where the atmospheric
3. At which temperature would glycerol have the pressure is 91 kPa. Explain why water has a higher
highest vapor pressure? boiling point on Long island than in Colorado?
1) 30°C 3) 50°C
2) 40°C 4) 60°C 8. Which liquid has a higher vapor pressure at 75°C,
ethanol or water?
4. When the temperature of a sample of water is
changed from 45°C to 70°C, the change in its 9. Which liquid will boil more quickly at 75°C, ethanol
vapor pressure is or water?
1) 1.0 kPa 3) 25 kPa
2) 20. kPa 4) 101.3 kPa 10. Which liquid has stronger forces of attraction
between molecules, ethanol or water? WHY?

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Name: __________________________________________ Date: _________________
Vapor Pressure and Boiling
Problem: How can we get water to boil without applying heat?
A glass of water sitting at room temperature is not
boiling. This is because the gas particles of the air in the
atmosphere exert a force on the surface of a liquid,
preventing it from boiling.
As you heat a liquid, more evaporation occurs causing the
vapor pressure to increase. When the vapor pressure
equals the force of the atmospheric pressure, the liquid
can boil.
1. Get water from the kettle. Fill the beaker half way.
2. Record the initial temperature.
3. Look up the vapor pressure of the water at the initial temperature on Table H.
4. Place the water in the small plastic cup and use the bell jar.
5. Note what happens.
6. SLOWLY allow the air back into the bell jar.
7. Record the final temperature of the water after the jar was used.
8. Look up the new vapor pressure of the water at the final temperature.
9. Based on the new vapor pressure of the water at its final temperature, what was the
pressure inside of the bell jar after you pumped out all of the air?

Initial water temperature= ___________ Final water temperature= ___________

Vapor Pressure (from Table H) = _________ Vapor Pressure (from Table H)= __________

Is the liquid boiling? Did the liquid boil? _____________

Atmospheric Pressure= _____________ Atmospheric pressure= ______________

(in the bell jar before use) (in the bell jar after use)

1) Why did the water boil after using the bell jar pump? Explain in terms of vapor pressure
of the liquid and atmospheric pressure of the air surrounding the liquid.

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