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Quadratic Equations
 Nature of Roots

Common Roots
RECAP
 Sign of Quadratic Expression

𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 , 𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ; 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ, 𝑎 ≠ 0

For, 𝑎 < 0
𝑖 𝐷>0 𝑖𝑖 𝐷 = 0

𝛼
𝑂
− + − − −
𝛼 𝑂 𝛽

Two real and distinct roots: 𝛼, 𝛽 Real and equal roots: 𝛼, 𝛼

𝑓 𝑥 < 0 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ −∞, 𝛼 ∪ 𝛽, ∞ 𝑓 𝑥 <0∀𝑥 ∈ℝ− 𝛼

𝑓 𝑥 > 0 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ 𝛼, 𝛽 𝑓 𝑥 >0∀𝑥 ∈∅
 Sign of Quadratic Expression

𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 , 𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 ; 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ, 𝑎 ≠ 0

For, 𝑎 < 0
𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐷 < 0
Imaginary roots
𝑓 𝑥 <0∀𝑥 ∈ℝ
𝑂 − 𝑓 𝑥 >0∀𝑥 ∈∅

Note

If 𝑎 < 0, 𝐷 < 0, then 𝑓 𝑥 < 0 ∀ 𝑥 ∈ ℝ

In which of the following graph(s) of the quadratic expression
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, is 𝑎𝑏𝑐 < 0 ?

A B

C D
In which of the following graph(s) of the quadratic expression
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, is 𝑎𝑏𝑐 < 0 ?

A B
In which of the following graph(s) of the quadratic expression
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, is 𝑎𝑏𝑐 < 0 ?

C D
 In which of the following graph(s) of the quadratic expression
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐, is 𝑎𝑏𝑐 < 0 ?

A B

C D
If the roots of the equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 1 = 0 are non-real complex, then
which of the following is/are true ?

A 𝑎+𝑏+1>0

B 4𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 1 < 0

C 𝑎 + 3𝑏 + 9 < 0

D 𝑎−𝑏+1>0
If the roots of the equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 1 = 0 are non-real complex, then
which of the following is/are true ?
If the roots of the equation 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 1 = 0 are non-real complex, then
which of the following is/are true ?

A
A 𝑎+𝑏+1>0

B 4𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 1 < 0

C 𝑎 + 3𝑏 + 9 < 0

D
D 𝑎−𝑏+1>0
New Concept
Ahead…!
Class Description: 11th Quadratic Equations
Packager ID: 92273
Timings: 0:06:45 - 0:18:08

Duration: 11:23

Video Number: 2
Key Takeaways

Range of Quadratic Expression (in a given interval)

𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐; 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ, 𝑎 ≠ 0 𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐

When 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
➢ If 𝑎 > 0,
𝐷
Range: 𝑦 ∈ − ,∞
4𝑎

➢ If 𝑎 < 0,
𝐷
Range: 𝑦 ∈ −∞, −
4𝑎
Key Takeaways

Range of Quadratic Expression (in a given interval)

𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐; 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ, 𝑎 ≠ 0 𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐

When 𝑥 lies in interval 𝑥1 , 𝑥2

𝑏 𝐷 𝐷
𝑖 If − ∈ 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 Range: 𝑦 ∈ min 𝑓 𝑥1 , 𝑓 𝑥2 , − , max 𝑓 𝑥1 , 𝑓 𝑥2 , −
2𝑎 4𝑎 4𝑎

𝑎>0 𝑉
𝑎<0

𝑥1 𝑥2
𝑂
𝑥1 𝑂 𝑥2

𝑉
Key Takeaways

Range of Quadratic Expression (in a given interval)

𝐷 𝐷
Range: 𝑦 ∈ min 𝑓 𝑥1 , 𝑓 𝑥2 , − , max 𝑓 𝑥1 , 𝑓 𝑥2 , −
4𝑎 4𝑎

Example

➢ min −3, 4, 9 = −3

➢ max −3, 4, 9 = 9
Key Takeaways

Range of Quadratic Expression (in a given interval)

𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐; 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ, 𝑎 ≠ 0 𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐

When 𝑥 lies in interval 𝑥1 , 𝑥2

𝑏
𝑖𝑖 If − ∉ 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 Range: 𝑦 ∈ min 𝑓 𝑥1 , 𝑓 𝑥2 , max 𝑓 𝑥1 , 𝑓 𝑥2
2𝑎

𝑉 𝑎<0
𝑎>0
𝑥2
𝑥1
𝑂 𝑥1 𝑂
𝑥2

𝑉
Find the range of the following quadratic expressions
𝑖 𝑦 = −2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 ∈ −3, −2 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 − 1, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
Find the range of the following quadratic expressions
𝑖 𝑦 = −2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 1, 𝑥 ∈ −3, −2 𝑖𝑖 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 𝑥 2 − 1, 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
Let’s dig
deeper ..!
Class Description: 11th Quadratic Equations
Packager ID: 92273
Timings: 0:22:46 - 0:32:17

Duration: 09:31

Video Number: 04
 𝑥 2 −𝑥+1
Find the range of 𝑓 𝑥 = ,𝑥 ∈ℝ
𝑥 2 +𝑥+1

Solution:

𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1
Let 𝑦 =
𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1

On cross multiplying,

𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1

𝑥2 𝑦 − 1 + 𝑥 𝑦 + 1 + 𝑦 − 1 = 0

Since roots are real

𝑥2 𝑦 − 1 + 𝑥 𝑦 + 1 + 𝑦 − 1 = 0
 𝑥 2 −𝑥+1
Find the range of 𝑓 𝑥 = ,𝑥 ∈ℝ
𝑥 2 +𝑥+1

Solution:

Since roots are real 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 1 + 𝑥 𝑦 + 1 + 𝑦 − 1 = 0

Case 1: 𝑦 ≠ 1, 𝐷 ≥ 0

(𝑦 + 1)2 −4 𝑦 − 1 2
≥0

⇒ 3𝑦 − 1 −𝑦 + 3 ≥ 0

+ − +
⇒ 3𝑦 − 1 𝑦 − 3 ≤ 0
1
3 3
1
⇒𝑦∈ ,3 − 1 ⋯ 𝑖
3
 𝑥 2 −𝑥+1
Find the range of 𝑓 𝑥 = ,𝑥 ∈ℝ
𝑥 2 +𝑥+1

Solution:

Case 2: 𝑦 = 1 𝑥2 𝑦 − 1 + 𝑥 𝑦 + 1 + 𝑦 − 1 = 0

On putting, 𝑦 = 1, in equation Case 1: 𝑦 ≠ 1, 𝐷 ≥ 0

1
We get 𝑥 = 0 𝑦∈ ,3 − 1 ⋯ 𝑖
3

So, 𝑦 = 1 ⋯ 𝑖𝑖

By 𝑖 & 𝑖𝑖 ,

1
𝑦∈ ,3
3
 2𝑥
If the range of expression 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 − 2 is 𝑎, 𝑏 where 𝑦 = , & 𝑥 ∈ ℝ,
1+𝑥 2
Then find the value of 𝑏 − 𝑎 .
 2𝑥
If the range of expression 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 − 2 is 𝑎, 𝑏 where 𝑦 = , & 𝑥 ∈ ℝ,
1+𝑥 2
Then find the value of 𝑏 − 𝑎 .
Basics to
Advanced
Class Description: 11th Quadratic Equations
Packager ID: 92273
Timings: 0:32:24 - 0:40:24

Duration: 08:00

Video Number: 04
Key Takeaways

Location Of Roots

Let the quadratic equation be: 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0; 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ & 𝑎 ≠ 0

𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 Divide the entire equation with 𝑥 2 coefficient

𝑏 𝑐
⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + = 0
𝑎 𝑎

Case 1: Both roots of are greater than a specified number 𝑘

➢ 𝐷≥0

➢ 𝑓 𝑘 >0

𝑏
➢ − >𝑘 𝑂
2𝑎 𝑘
𝑉
The range of value(s) of 𝑚, for which both roots of the equation
𝑥 2 − 𝑚 − 3 𝑥 + 𝑚 = 0, 𝑚 ∈ ℝ, are greater than 2, is:

A 9, ∞

B 5, 7

C [9,10)

D −∞, 1 ∪ 9, ∞
 The range of value(s) of 𝑚, for which both roots of the equation
𝑥 2 − 𝑚 − 3 𝑥 + 𝑚 = 0, 𝑚 ∈ ℝ, are greater than 2, is:

Solution:
 The range of value(s) of 𝑚, for which both roots of the equation
𝑥 2 − 𝑚 − 3 𝑥 + 𝑚 = 0, 𝑚 ∈ ℝ, are greater than 2, is:

Solution:
The range of value(s) of 𝑚, for which both roots of the equation
𝑥 2 − 𝑚 − 3 𝑥 + 𝑚 = 0, 𝑚 ∈ ℝ, are greater than 2, is:

A 9, ∞

B 5, 7

C
D
C [9,10)

D −∞, 1 ∪ 9, ∞
Location Of Roots

Let the quadratic equation be: 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0; 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ & 𝑎 ≠ 0

𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 Divide the entire equation with 𝑥 2 coefficient

𝑏 𝑐
⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + = 0
𝑎 𝑎

Case 2: Both roots are less than a specified number 𝑘

➢ 𝐷≥0

➢ 𝑓 𝑘 >0

𝑏
➢ − <𝑘 𝑂 𝑘
2𝑎
𝑉
Range of Quadratic Expression (in a given interval)
𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐; 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ, 𝑎 ≠ 0 𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐

➢ When 𝑥 ∈ ℝ
𝐷
If 𝑎 > 0, Range: 𝑦 ∈ − ,∞
4𝑎
𝐷
If 𝑎 < 0, Range: 𝑦 ∈ −∞, −
4𝑎

➢ When 𝑥 lies in interval 𝑥1 , 𝑥2

𝑏
𝑖 If − ∈ 𝑥1 , 𝑥2
2𝑎
𝐷 𝐷
Range: 𝑦 ∈ min 𝑓 𝑥1 , 𝑓 𝑥2 , − , max 𝑓 𝑥1 , 𝑓 𝑥2 , −
4𝑎 4𝑎
𝑏
𝑖𝑖 If − ∉ 𝑥1 , 𝑥2
2𝑎

Range: 𝑦 ∈ min 𝑓 𝑥1 , 𝑓 𝑥2 , max 𝑓 𝑥1 , 𝑓 𝑥2

Location of Roots
𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐; 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ, 𝑎 ≠ 0 𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐

Let the quadratic equation be: 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0; 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ & 𝑎 ≠ 0

𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 Divide the entire equation with 𝑥 2 coefficient

𝑏 𝑐
⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + = 0
𝑎 𝑎

Case 1: Both roots of are greater than a specified number 𝑘

➢ 𝐷≥0

➢ 𝑓 𝑘 >0

𝑏
➢ − >𝑘
2𝑎 𝑂
𝑘
𝑉
Location of Roots
𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐; 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ, 𝑎 ≠ 0 𝐷 = 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐

Let the quadratic equation be: 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0; 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐 ∈ ℝ & 𝑎 ≠ 0

𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 Divide the entire equation with 𝑥 2 coefficient

𝑏 𝑐
⇒ 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + = 0
𝑎 𝑎

Case 2: Both roots of are less than a specified number 𝑘

➢ 𝐷≥0

➢ 𝑓 𝑘 >0

𝑏
➢ − <𝑘
2𝑎
𝑂 𝑘
𝑉
THANK
YOU