RA 8371 [5] https://thingsasian.

com/story/last-tribes-mindanao-bagobo-
The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act of 1997, also known as new-people
Republic Act No. 8371, is a Philippine law that recognizes, HIGAONON
protects, and promotes the rights of indigenous cultural The Higaonon are one of the 18 major Lumad ethnolinguistic
communities and indigenous peoples in the Philippines[1][2][3]. groupings in Mindanao[1][2][3][4][5]. They are located in the
The law establishes a National Commission on Indigenous provinces of Bukidnon, Agusan del Sur, Misamis Oriental,
Peoples and provides mechanisms for the recognition and Camiguin, Rogongon in Iligan City, and Lanao del Norte[2][3][4].
protection of indigenous peoples' rights[4][5]. Some of the key They have a traditional way of living, with farming as their most
provisions of the law include: important economic activity[2][4]. The Higaonon people believe
- **Recognition of Indigenous Peoples' Rights**: The law in a variety of deities, with Magbabayà as the supreme god who
recognizes the rights of indigenous peoples to their ancestral has minor gods and goddesses beneath him to do specific jobs
domains, self-governance, and cultural integrity[1][6]. and take care of certain things[2]. The word Higaonon is derived
- **Justice System and Conflict Resolution**: Indigenous from the word "Higa" in the Higaonon dialect which means
peoples have the right to use their own commonly accepted coastal plains and "Gaon" meaning ascend to the mountains.
justice systems, conflict resolution institutions, peace building Taken together, Higaonon means the people of the coastal plains
processes, or mechanisms and other customary laws and that ascended to the mountains[2].
practices within their respective communities, as long as they are Citations:
compatible with the national legal system and with [1] https://www.etd.ceu.edu/2022/dumas_mary-louise.pdf
internationally recognized human rights[1]. [2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumad
- **Right to Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices**: [3] https://www.studocu.com/en-us/document/notre-dame-of-
Indigenous peoples are entitled to the recognition of the full maryland-university/history/module-in-culture-in-mindanao/
ownership and control and protection of their cultural and 36285159
intellectual rights, including their right to develop their own [4]
sciences and technologies[6]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines
However, the law has been criticized for being ambiguous and [5] https://www.festalpagdiriwang.com/lumad-cultures-of-
inconsistent with the Philippines' constitution[2]. mindanao
Citations: TAGAKAOLO
[1] https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1997/10/29/republic-act- The Tagakaolo are one of the 18 major Lumad ethnolinguistic
no-8371/ groupings in Mindanao[1][2][3][4]. They are primarily located in
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples the provinces of Davao del Sur, Davao Occidental, and
%27_Rights_Act_of_1997 Sarangani[2]. They are known for their weaving, beadwork, and
[3] https://ptvnews.ph/explainer-the-indigenous-peoples-rights- brass casting[2]. The Tagakaolo people have a traditional way of
act-of-1997/ life, with farming as their primary economic activity[2]. They are
[4] https://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/phi13930.pdf also known for their music and dance, which are often
[5] https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX- performed during celebrations and rituals[2]. The Tagakaolo
FAOC013930/ people have faced displacement and land dispossession, like
[6] other Lumad groups in the Philippines[3].
https://www.wipo.int/tk/en/databases/tklaws/articles/article_0 Citations:
017.html [1] https://www.coursehero.com/file/71753629/Group-5docx/
LUMAD [2] https://www.filipinaslibrary.org.ph/articles/the-lumad-of-
DIBABAWON mindanao/
The Dibabawon are one of the 18 major Lumad ethnolinguistic [3] https://minorityrights.org/minorities/indigenous-peoples-6/
groupings in Mindanao[1][2][3]. They are known for their [4] https://jesuitbukidnonmission.org/lumad-tribes-of-bukidnon
agricultural practices, particularly in the cultivation of rice and SUBANEN
corn[1]. They are also skilled in weaving and basket-making[1]. The Subanen are one of the 18 major Lumad ethnolinguistic
The Dibabawon are primarily located in the provinces of Agusan groupings in Mindanao[1][2][3][4]. They are primarily located in
del Sur and Davao del Norte[1]. Like other Lumad groups, the the provinces of Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga del Sur,
Dibabawon have faced displacement and land dispossession[4]. Zamboanga Sibugay, Misamis Occidental, Zamboanga City, and
Citations: Basilan[1]. The name Subanen is derived from the word "soba"
[1] https://www.festalpagdiriwang.com/lumad-cultures-of- or "suba," which means "river" in the Visayan language, and the
mindanao suffix "-nun" or "-non," which indicates a locality or place of
[2] https://jesuitbukidnonmission.org/lumad-tribes-of-bukidnon origin[1]. The Subanen people are known for their weaving,
[3] https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/c.php? beadwork, and brass casting[1]. They have their own language,
g=105238&p=687428 which is also called Subanen[1]. The Subanen people have faced
[4] https://minorityrights.org/minorities/indigenous-peoples-6/ displacement and land dispossession, like other Lumad groups in
BAGOBO the Philippines[5].
The Bagobo are one of the largest subgroups of the Manobo Citations:
peoples, who are one of the 18 major Lumad ethnolinguistic [1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subanon_people
groupings in Mindanao[1][2][3][4]. They are composed of three [2]
subgroups: the Tagabawa, the Klata (or Guiangan), and the Ovu https://www.ifad.org/documents/38714170/40224860/philippin
(also spelled Uvu or Ubo) peoples[1]. The Bagobo were originally es_ctn.pdf/ae0faa4a-2b65-4026-8d42-219db776c50d
nomadic and farmed through kaingin "slash-and-burn" [3] https://jesuitbukidnonmission.org/lumad-tribes-of-bukidnon
methods[1]. They are known for their intricate beadwork, brass [4] https://www.filipinaslibrary.org.ph/articles/the-lumad-of-
casting, and weaving[5]. Their territory extends from Davao Gulf mindanao/
to Mount Apo[1]. They are traditionally ruled by chieftains [5] https://www.jstor.org/stable/24717189
(matanum), a council of elders (magani), and mabalian or female
shamans[1]. T’BOLI
Citations: The T'boli are one of the 18 major Lumad ethnolinguistic
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumad groupings in Mindanao[1][2][3][4][5]. They are an indigenous
[2] https://www.festalpagdiriwang.com/lumad-cultures-of- people concentrated in Kiamba, Maitum, and Surallah in South
mindanao Cotabato[1]. The T'boli people are known for their music, dance,
[3] https://jesuitbukidnonmission.org/lumad-tribes-of-bukidnon and beadwork[2][5]. They have their own language, which
[4] https://fmapulse.com/weapons-of-the-philippines/ belongs to the Bilic subgroup of the Malay-Polynesian division of
Philippine languages[3]. The T'boli people have faced massive MAMANWA
land-grabbing and displacement through the centuries[4]. The Mamanwa are one of the 18 major Lumad ethnolinguistic
Citations: groupings in Mindanao[1][2][3][4]. They are an indigenous
[1] https://www.ethnicgroupsphilippines.com/ethnic-groups-in- people living in the northeastern part of Mindanao, particularly
the-philippines/tboli/ in the provinces of Agusan del Norte, Surigao del Norte, and
[2] https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias- Surigao del Sur[1][3][4]. Their present-day descendants are
almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/tboli confined only in these three provinces[1]. The Mamanwa people
[3] https://www.yodisphere.com/2022/09/Tiboli-Tboli-Tribe- are known for their hunting and gathering practices, as well as
Culture-Traditions.html?m=1 their farming and fishing[1][3]. They have their own language,
[4] https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/210932/the-tboli-a-story-of- which belongs to the Manobo family of languages[2][4]. The
massive-land-grabbing-through-the-centuries/ Mamanwa people have faced displacement and land
[5] dispossession, like other Lumad groups in the Philippines[1][3]
https://www.thechroniclesofmariane.com/2014/05/celebrating- [4].
tboli-hospitality-by-music.html?m=1 Citations:
BLAAN [1] https://ap.ohchr.org/documents/E/SUBCOM/other/E-CN_4-
The Blaan, also spelled as B'laan, are one of the 18 major Lumad SUB_2-AC_5-2003-WG_15.pdf
ethnolinguistic groupings in Mindanao[1][2][3][4][5][6]. They are [2] https://minorityrights.org/minorities/indigenous-peoples-6/
an indigenous people living in the southern part of Mindanao, [3] https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/c.php?
particularly in the provinces of South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, g=105238&p=687428
Sarangani, Davao del Sur, and North Cotabato[2][3][4]. The Blaan [4] https://kidskonnect.com/social-studies/lumad-people/
people are known for their brassworks, beadwork, and tabih TIRURAY
weave[3]. They have their own language, which belongs to the The Tiruray, also known as Teduray, are a traditional hill people
Tiruray and T'boli group, distinct from the language of central of southwestern Mindanao[1][2]. They live in the upper portion
Philippines[4][6]. The Blaan people may be classified into three of a river-drained area in the northwestern part of South
groups: those from the highlands are called To Lagad (high Cotabato, where the mountainous terrain of the Cotabato
places); those from the plains, To Gutna or To Datal (plains); and Cordillera faces the Celebes Sea[1]. The word “Tiruray” comes
those from coastal areas, To Baba (lower areas or coasts)[2]. The from tiru, signifying “place of origin, birth, or residence,” and ray
Blaan people have faced displacement and land dispossession, from “daya,” meaning “upper part of a stream or river”[1]. The
like other Lumad groups in the Philippines[3][5]. Tiruray comprise the largest indigenous group in the entire
Citations: Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)[1]. As of
[1] https://www.parangal.org/blaan 2002, they number about 50,000, distributed in several areas of
[2] https://www.yodisphere.com/2022/07/Blaan-Tribe-Culture- the municipality of Upi and the province of Cotabato: the coastal
Traditions.html?m=1 region, the northern mountain region, the Upi Valley, the Tran
[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaan_people Grande River, and Maganoy (now Shariff Aguak) River regions[1].
[4] https://www.csueastbay.edu/museum/virtual-museum/the- The Tiruray people have their own language, which belongs to
philippines/peoples/blaan.html the Tiruray and T'boli group, distinct from the language of
[5] https://pinoy-culture.tumblr.com/post/25122259229/the- central Philippines[2]. The Tiruray people are known for their
blaan-of-mindanao-indigenous-groups-from-the fierce fighting skills and their unique culture and traditions[3].
[6] https://quizlet.com/472186884/art-4th-grading-flash-cards/ Citations:
MANOBO [1] https://www.yodisphere.com/2022/09/Tiruray-Teduray-
The Manobo are one of the 18 major Lumad ethnolinguistic Tribe-Culture-Traditions.html?m=1
groupings in Mindanao[1][2][3][4][5]. They are a supergroup that [2] https://www.scribd.com/presentation/428509171/Lumads-
includes several of the groups described elsewhere, such as the of-Mindanao
Bagobo, Hiligaynon, and Bukidnon, but there are also many [3] https://graduateway.com/tiruray-the-second-creation/
Manobo peoples not considered apart from the main group[1]. MANGUANGAN
The Manobo belong to the original stock of proto-Philippine or The Manguangan are not mentioned in the search results.
proto-Austronesian people who came from south China However, here is some information on the Manobo people, who
thousands of years ago, earlier than the Ifugao and other are one of the 18 major Lumad ethnolinguistic groupings in
terrace-building peoples of northern Luzon[2]. The first Manobo Mindanao[1][2][3]. The Manobo belong to the original stock of
settlers lived in northern Mindanao—in Camiguin, Cagayan, and proto-Philippine or proto-Austronesian people who came from
some areas of Bukidnon and Misamis Oriental[2]. Manobo south China thousands of years ago, earlier than the Ifugao and
languages representative of the subgroups are Agusanon, Ata other terrace-building peoples of northern Luzon[1][2]. The first
Manobo, Banwaon, Binukid of Mindanao, Cagayano of Manobo settlers lived in northern Mindanao—in Camiguin,
Cagayancillo Island, Cotabato Manobo, Dibabawon Manobo, Cagayan, and some areas of Bukidnon and Misamis Oriental[1].
Eastern Davao Manobo, Ilianon Manobo, Kidapawan, Kinamigin Manobo languages representative of the subgroups are
of Camiguin Island, Livunganen, Magahat, Obo Manobo, Agusanon, Ata Manobo, Banwaon, Binukid of Mindanao,
Sarangani Manobo, Southern Cotabato and Davao Manobo, Cagayano of Cagayancillo Island, Cotabato Manobo, Dibabawon
Tagabawa, Tigwa Manobo, Ubo of the Mount Apo region in Manobo, Eastern Davao Manobo, Ilianon Manobo, Kidapawan,
Davao, western Bukidnon Manobo, and others[2]. The Manobo Kinamigin of Camiguin Island, Livunganen, Magahat, Obo
people have their own language, which belongs to the Manobo Manobo, Sarangani Manobo, Southern Cotabato and Davao
family with many branches[1][2][5]. The Manobo people have Manobo, Tagabawa, Tigwa Manobo, Ubo of the Mount Apo
faced displacement and land dispossession, like other Lumad region in Davao, western Bukidnon Manobo, and others[1]. The
groups in the Philippines[6]. Manobo people have their own language, which belongs to the
Citations: Manobo family with many branches[1][2][3]. The Manobo
[1] https://www.csueastbay.edu/museum/virtual-museum/the- people have faced displacement and land dispossession, like
philippines/peoples/manobo.html other Lumad groups in the Philippines[1][3].
[2] https://www.yodisphere.com/2022/05/Manobo-Tribe- Citations:
History-Culture-Traditions.html?m=1 [1] https://www.yodisphere.com/2022/05/Manobo-Tribe-
[3] https://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/a-guide- History-Culture-Traditions.html?m=1
to-the-indigenous-tribes-of-the-philippines/ [2] https://www.csueastbay.edu/museum/virtual-museum/the-
[4] https://www.everyculture.com/East-Southeast-Asia/ philippines/peoples/manobo.html
[5] https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/c.php? [3] https://guides.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/c.php?
g=105238&p=687428 g=105238&p=687428
[6] https://minorityrights.org/minorities/indigenous-peoples-6/ BUKIDNON
Bukidnon is a landlocked province located in the Northern [2] https://www.philchm.ph/mandaya-tribe/
Mindanao region of the Philippines[1][2]. The Bukidnons are one [3] https://davaooriental.gov.ph/tourism-4/history-of-davao-
of the traditionalistic ethnic groups in the southern Philippines oriental/
and inhabit the northeastern part of Mindanao[3][4]. The term [4] https://gatheringbooks.org/2013/04/27/arts-corner-the-
“Bukidnon” (mountain dweller) was derived from the Cebuano vanishing-journey-of-mandaya-poetry-and-music/
language and is accepted by most members of the ethnic [5]
group[3][4]. There are seven different tribes in the province, https://www.ifad.org/documents/38714170/40224860/philippin
namely Talaandig, Higa-onon, Bukidnon, Umayamnon, es_ctn.pdf/ae0faa4a-2b65-4026-8d42-219db776c50d
Matigsalug, Manobo, and Tigwahanon, and their names are [6]
derived from the rivers/watershed areas that they inhabited[3] https://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Philippines/sub5_6d
[4]. The Bukidnon people believe themselves to be descendants /entry-3886.html
of Agbibilin, considered the common ancestor of the four ethnic
groups of Mindanao[4]. The province is known as the "Food The Kalagan is an indigenous tribe in the Philippines, specifically
Basket of Region X," "The Eco-tourism and Cultural Heritage in the Davao Oriental and Davao del Norte provinces of
Capital of Northern Mindanao," and "Highland Paradise in the Mindanao[1][2][3][4]. The Kalagan people were originally
Heart of Mindanao"[1]. Bukidnon is home to the Kitanglad animists, but they were converted to Christianity by the Spanish
Mountain Range Natural Park, which is inhabited by the colonizers[5]. They have a complex social organization based on
Bukidnon, Talaandig, and Higaonon tribes[5][6]. communal land ownership and kinship ties[5]. The Kalagan
Citations: people were agriculturalists, and their primitive agriculture was
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukidnon based on "kaingin" and characterized by a nomadic attribute[2].
[2] https://forestry.denr.gov.ph/inremp/bukidnon.html The Kalagan people have a rich artistic tradition in weaving,
[3] https://bukidnon.gov.ph/2012/11/09/brief-history/ carving, dance, music, and poetry, which continues to thrive and
[4] https://www.yodisphere.com/2022/08/Bukidnon-Tribe- serves as a way of preserving their heritage and advocating for
Talaandig-.html?m=1 their rights[5][3]. The Kalagan people are one of the 18 major
[5] https://talamdan.wordpress.com/2019/07/16/harnessing- Lumad groups in Mindanao[1][2][3][4].
geo-information-technology-for-community-empowerment-and- Citations:
identity-the-case-of-the-bukidnon-tribe-in-the-philippines-2/ [1] https://minorityrights.org/minorities/indigenous-peoples-6/
[6] https://talamdan.wordpress.com/2021/08/06/capturing- [2]
indigenous-perspectives-nn-ecosystems-based-adaptation- https://www.ifad.org/documents/38714170/40224860/philippin
inside-ancestral-domains/ es_ctn.pdf/ae0faa4a-2b65-4026-8d42-219db776c50d
UBO [3] https://www.festalpagdiriwang.com/lumad-cultures-of-
The Ubo tribe is an indigenous people in Mindanao, Philippines. mindanao
They had a pre-colonial animistic religion that emphasized the [4]
connection between people and nature. Despite Spanish https://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Philippines/sub5_6d
colonization, elements of their traditional religion have survived, /entry-3886.html
and they now practice a blend of animism and Christianity called [5] https://dokumen.pub/download/a-mountain-of-difference-
"folk Christianity." The Ubo people have a complex social the-lumad-in-early-colonial-mindanao-9780877277613-
organization based on communal land ownership and kinship 0877277613-9780877277910-0877277915.html
ties, but they face ongoing challenges such as discrimination and KALAGAN
displacement. Economically, they were agriculturalists, but The Kalagan is an indigenous tribe in the Philippines, specifically
colonization led to the loss of ancestral lands and resources. The in the Davao Oriental and Davao del Norte provinces of
Ubo people strive for sustainable development and economic Mindanao[1][2][3][4]. The Kalagan people were originally
empowerment. Politically, they had a complex system based on animists, but they were converted to Christianity by the Spanish
tribal alliances, which was disrupted by colonial rule. Presently, colonizers[5]. They have a complex social organization based on
they participate in the national political system while preserving communal land ownership and kinship ties[5]. The Kalagan
their cultural identity. The Ubo people have a rich artistic people were agriculturalists, and their primitive agriculture was
tradition in weaving, carving, and music, which continues to based on "kaingin" and characterized by a nomadic attribute[2].
thrive and serves as a way of preserving their heritage and The Kalagan people have a rich artistic tradition in weaving,
advocating for their rights[1]. carving, dance, music, and poetry, which continues to thrive and
Citations: serves as a way of preserving their heritage and advocating for
[1] their rights[5][3]. The Kalagan people are one of the 18 major
https://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Philippines/sub5_6d Lumad groups in Mindanao[1][2][3][4].
/entry-3886.html Citations:
MANDAYA [1] https://minorityrights.org/minorities/indigenous-peoples-6/
The Mandaya is an indigenous tribe in the Philippines, specifically [2]
in the mountain ranges of Davao Oriental, Davao del Norte, and https://www.ifad.org/documents/38714170/40224860/philippin
Surigao del Sur[1][2]. The name "Mandaya" comes from the es_ctn.pdf/ae0faa4a-2b65-4026-8d42-219db776c50d
prefix "man" meaning "inhabitant of" and "daya" meaning [3] https://www.festalpagdiriwang.com/lumad-cultures-of-
"upstream" or "upper portion of a river," and therefore means mindanao
"people living upstream"[1]. The Mandaya people have a rich [4]
history, culture, and arts, customs, and traditions[1]. They have a https://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Philippines/sub5_6d
complex social organization based on communal land ownership /entry-3886.html
and kinship ties[1]. The Mandaya people were agriculturalists, [5] https://dokumen.pub/download/a-mountain-of-difference-
and their primitive agriculture was based on "kaingin" and the-lumad-in-early-colonial-mindanao-9780877277613-
characterized by a nomadic attribute[3]. The Mandaya people 0877277613-9780877277910-0877277915.html
worship nature and have a complex faith system based on God,
Nature, and Man[3]. The Mandaya people have a rich artistic
tradition in weaving, carving, dance, music, and poetry, which TALAANDIG
continues to thrive and serves as a way of preserving their The Talaandig is an indigenous tribe in the Philippines,
heritage and advocating for their rights[1][4]. The Mandaya specifically in the province of Bukidnon, Mindanao[1][2][3][4][5].
people are one of the 18 major Lumad groups in Mindanao[5][6]. They are one of the 18 major Lumad groups in Mindanao[6]. The
Citations: Talaandig people have a rich history, culture, and arts, customs,
[1] https://www.yodisphere.com/2022/09/Mandaya-Tribe- and traditions[2]. They have a complex social organization based
Culture-Traditions-History.html?m=1 on communal land ownership and kinship ties[2]. The Talaandig
people were agriculturalists, and their primitive agriculture was [3]
based on "kaingin" and characterized by a nomadic attribute[2]. https://theinitiativephblog.wordpress.com/2018/01/11/discover
The Talaandig people worship nature and have a complex faith -bagobo-banwaon-blaan/
system based on God, Nature, and Man[2]. The Talaandig people
have a rich artistic tradition in weaving, carving, dance, music, MORO
and poetry, which continues to thrive and serves as a way of MAGUINDANAON
preserving their heritage and advocating for their rights[2][3][5]. The Maguindanao people are an Austronesian ethnic group from
The Talaandig people believe in the existence of the highest God the Philippines. They are part of the Moro, the third largest
called Magbabaya and the spirits who guard and protect ethnic group of Mindanao, Sulu and Palawan, and constitute the
nature[3]. The Dugso is a sacred ritual and dance where sixth largest Filipino ethnic group. They are renowned for their
stomping of feet awaken and invite the caretaker spirits of the metalworking, producing wavy-bladed keris ceremonial swords
environment[3]. and other weapons, as well as gongs. They had an independent
Citations: Sultanate known as the Sultanate of Maguindanao. The name
[1] https://discover.hubpages.com/education/Tigkalasan "Maguindanao" was corrupted by Spanish sources into
[2] https://bukidnon.gov.ph/2012/12/13/talaandigs / "Mindanao", which became the name for the entire island.
[3] https://www.parangal.org/talaandig Politically mandated by the sultanate. The Maguindanaon
[4] sultanate heavily regulated its trade with foreigners, bartering
https://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/bridging/pa limited quantities of products, including beeswax, tortoise shells,
pers/saway.datu.pdf bird's nests, dried betel nuts, and slaves. Agricultural livelihood
[5] https://www.yodisphere.com/2022/08/Bukidnon-Tribe- was based on wet-rice farming, with rice, corn, and coconuts
Talaandig-.html?m=1 being the most important crops. Maguindanao society is
[6] https://minorityrights.org/minorities/indigenous-peoples-6/ stratified and family-oriented, with royalty being the highest
MANSAKA rank. KULINTANG is a Maguindanaoan musical ensemble used
The Mansaka is an indigenous tribe in the Philippines, specifically for celebratory occasions and competitions, and SAGAYAN is a
in the provinces of Davao del Norte, Davao Oriental, and symbol of resilience.
Compostela Valley[1][2][3][4][5][6]. The Mansaka people were MOLBOG
originally part of a single tribe with the Mandaya and Kalagan The Molbog is one of the Muslim Cultural minorities, a people
tribes, but they became divided, with some going up to the group believed to have been migrants from North Borneo. This
mountains (Mansaka), some to the upper portion of the river group is also known as Malebugan or Molebuganon. In the past,
(Mandaya), and some staying in the seashore or riverside the Molbog were ruled by the sulu Datus under the sulu
(Kalagan)[2]. The term “Mansaka” derives from “man” meaning sultanates. Within the Molbog villages they are led by the
“first” and “saka” meaning “to ascend,” so Mansaka means “the religious leaders. The economical way of Molbog tribes includes
first people to ascend the mountains or go upstream”[2]. subsistence farming, fishing and occasional barter trading with
Farming is their primary source of living, and they have a the Sulu and nearby Sabah market centers. Like all Muslim
complex social organization based on communal land ownership groups, Islam for them is a way of life. Exercise of their religion is
and kinship ties[2]. The Mansaka people worship nature and characterized with zeal. Highly value their relationships with
believe in the God called Magbabaya[2]. The Mansaka people their relatives and friends through mutual sharing and giving.
have a rich artistic tradition in music, weaving, carving, and Their wedding depends on the new moon for the luck of the
dance, which continues to thrive and serves as a way of bride and groom. In terms of their arts, they do waiving
preserving their heritage and advocating for their rights[1][3]. YAKAN
Citations: The Yakans are concentrated in Tipo-tipo ,Lamitan, Sumisip, and
[1] https://www.yodisphere.com/2022/09/Mansaka-Tribe- Tuburan in the Basilan Island of ARMM. There are also scattered
Culture-Traditions.html?m=1 populations on the islands of Sakol, Malanipa, and Tumalutad
[2] https://www.hawaii.edu/cps/fieldwork-report-on-the- east of the Zamboanga Peninsula. The word Yakan means “Dayak
mansaka-of-davao/ Origin,” as they are believed to be descendants of the Orang
[3] Dyaks or Tagihamas of eastern Indonesia. They speak a dialect of
https://theinitiativephblog.wordpress.com/2018/01/21/discover Sama language and are culturally influenced in some respect by
-manobo-mansaka/ the Tausug. The Yakans’ chief means of livelihood is farming, and
[4] https://www.csueastbay.edu/museum/virtual-museum/the- they usually cultivate upland rice. They do not normally live in
philippines/peoples/mansaka.html compact villages, building their houses just out of sight of their
[5] https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/19520 nearest neighbors, on their plots of farmland. The prominent
[6] person in each community of Yakan is the iman, who combines
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philip both religious and sociopolitical leadership. The Yakans are
pines famous for their beautiful weaving and their colorful traditional
BANWAON clothes and customs.
The Banwaon is an indigenous tribe in the Philippines, specifically SAMA
in the island of Mindanao in the Filipino province of Agusan del The Sama, also called Samal or Isama, is one of three ethnic
Sur[1][2][3]. They are a subgroup of the Manobo tribe and the groups in the Sulu Archipelago, the others being the Yakan and
second largest group in the area[1]. Their name literally the Tausug. The etymological origin of the word is not yet clear,
translates to “mountain people”[1][3]. The Banwaon people although one conjecture is that “Sama” may have derived from
have a complex social organization based on communal land the word sama-sama, meaning “togetherness.” The language of
ownership and kinship ties[2]. The Banwaon people were the Sama is Siama or Sinama, also called Bahasa Sama, Bisla
agriculturalists, and their primitive agriculture was based on Sinama, and Pamong Sinama. The most important occupation
"kaingin" and characterized by a nomadic attribute[2]. The among most Sama groups is fishing, boat building and wood
Banwaon people worship nature and believe in the God called carving, for drying food and sea products, for producing atis
Magbabaya[2]. The Banwaon people have a rich artistic tradition (sugar apple) and mandarin oranges; (pandanus mats) weaving,
in music, weaving, carving, and dance, which continues to thrive bag making, and pearl diving. Their arts includes mat weaving
and serves as a way of preserving their heritage and advocating with geometrical design and sunduk from sulu/The boat-shaped
for their rights[1][3]. grave marker for men. The strong foundation of this material
Citations: culture later enabled the Sama Bajau in Kota Belud to adapt
[1] https://www.ethnicgroupsphilippines.com/ethnic-groups-in- quickly to the new social system brought in by the British North
the-philippines/banwaon/ Borneo Chartered Company. In any given community,
[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banwaon_people adaptation, assimilation, and reinvention contribute to cultural
change which is always a gradual, complex, and continuous
process. Such is the case of the Sama-Bajau, an indigenous group renowned for their epic and artistic literature, weaving, wood,
of Austronesians residing in the stretches of the Sulu-Sulawesi plastic, and metal crafts, and most especially the malong. The
Seas and beyond. Maranao are an outgrowth of the Magindanao who converted to
SANGIL Islam; all families can trace their ancestry to Sharif Kabunsuan,
The Malay Peoples affinity bloc includes the Filipino, Muslim who brought the faith to the region. Towns are centered on a
people cluster, which includes the Philippine Sangil. Only the mosque and a torogan, a royal residence owned by the area's
Philippines is home to this ethnic group. There are thought to be wealthiest family. They are well-known as traders and business
close to 10,000 of them. Although the majority of its inhabitants owners around the nation, and they have largely succeeded in
are centered in the islands of Balut and Sarangani, some are also saving money and making investments. Together with
found in South Cotabato and the provinces of Davao del Sur. metalworking and woodworking skills, producing rice is also their
Their primary source of income is fishing, and they speak a primary source of income. They share a strong kinship with the
language related to Tausug and Bahasa. Many old Sangil families Iranun and Maguindanao, two people who are recognized as
have longestablished lineages, whereas only a few can trace speaking Danao languages and who gave the island of Mindanao
their roots to Maguindanao or the Buayan Sultanate of Cotabato. its name.
The Sulu Archipelago and the western edge of Mindanao are KALIBUGAN
Muslim population in the Philippines is primarily concentrated. Kalibugan is a Sama word which means “half-breed”. Originally,
The Sangils were converted to Islam by muslim missionaries, and they are part of the Subanun ethnic group, an indigenous people
they have been faithful adherents ever since. The Sangils have a inhabiting the interior of the Zamboanga peninsula. These
reputation for being skilled boat builders and have supported people still speak the Subanun language and retain the Subanun
uprisings against Spanish rule in other parts of the nation. They type of social organization, which is limited to clan orientation
helped by contributing ships, weaponry, and combatants. with less political inclination. Kalibugans lack a distinctive
JAMA MAPUN political organization. Limited to clan orientation and less
The Jama Mapun considered the Arabs as belonging to a higher political inclination. Kalibugan practices swidden agriculture
culture. Jama Mapun, literally, “people of Mapun,” are the (slash and burn) on the mountain slopes, cultivating upland rice,
indigenous people from the municipality of Mapun. Their corn, root crops, and the like. The Kalibugan embraced Islam and
language is Pullun Mapun, which belongs to the Austronesian are mostly found on the island of Olutanga, off the coast of
language family. The traditional Jama Mapun political system Zamboanga del Sur. "Kalibugan" is a Sama-Tausug slang for half-
consisted of three levels: the state, where the sultan, invariably a breed, because the tribe was former Subanuns who intermarried
Tausug, the council of state, and prominent members of the with Sama and Tausugs and embraced Islam.
Tausug nobility engaged in politics; the district, where the noble TAUSUG
chiefs or notable commoners ruled; and the village, where the Derived from the words tau, meaning "man," and sug, meaning
authority of the head person was supreme. The Jama Mapun "current," let us witness the regal might of the Tausug—the
have always been traders. In the past, they did not completely People of the Current. Led by their Sultan, the sole ruler of the
depend on their huma-produced rice. They traded their sultanate, as well as several maharajah and rajah-titled princes,
vegetables, fruits, root crops, and marine products for rice from the Tausug mainly live off of agriculture, with rice as the principal
Palawan. The Jama Mapun believe in one God whom they call food crop, supplemented by manioc (cassava), yams, maize
Tuhan or Allah. The main sources of religious literature are the (corn), and other grains. Coconuts and hemp are important cash
Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad. One example crops as well. Fishing, trading by sea, and various handicrafts,
is the story entitled “Allah and the Creation of the World,” which notably metallurgy, are also pursued. They closely follow the
is similar to the biblical Genesis account but which is liberally scriptures of the Quran, however, aside from Tuhan (Allah), the
sprinkled with indigenous elements. Tausug are concerned with spirits that live in nature, particularly
KALAGAN rocks and trees, and who are said to be the source of human
They are ruled by a Sultan. The Kalagan are self-sufficient misery. They include jinn (unseen creatures) and saytan (bad
farmers, producing nearly all their own food. In addition to spirits). The transcendental soul, the lifesoul connected to the
farming, the Kalagan catch fish and obtain wild foods and other blood, the breath of life essence, and the spirit-soul that travels
various materials from the marshes. The early Kalagans believed during dreams and creates the human shadow are also believed
that there is a one supreme God called Tagallang, which means to be the four composites of the human soul by the Tausug. The
"creator". They also believed that all of nature like trees, stones, Tausug are of the belief that family relationships should be
mountains, the river and ocean has a spirit. They then have fiercely protected from harm and threats of all kinds, just as the
converted to Islam either through intermarriage or through land they held. Mamahuli, which means "to take revenge," is the
contact with their close neighbors, the Maguindanao. The traditional Sulu term for interfamily or clan retaliation. Some
Kalagan social structure is unusual because it is modified by a Tausug use the more general term pagbanta, which means "to
system of social rank, certain rules of descent, and distinctive fight or oppose." Land disputes, political rivalry, the ownership of
patterns of marriage. Social rank is generally less important than firearms, martabbat or honor, and disagreements or
blood ties. Kalagan art is limited mostly to weaving, making misunderstandings are the usual causes of clan conflict. Other
baskets, and crafting certain ornaments. On special occasions, than this, the Tausug are more socially-reserved people. This is
graceful dances are performed to the rhythmic music of gongs closely observed in their well-known art, the Pangalay dance. It is
and other instruments. the crucial feature from which different dances in Sulu and Tawi-
BADJAO Tawi get their motions. The kulintangan ensemble typically
The badjao are an indigenous group in the Philippines, known as provides musical support for the pangalay, which can be danced
sea nomads. The political system of Badjao was called panglima by either sex, separately or together.
or the Sultan during the pre-colonial period. Stating their PALAWANUN
economics, they're skilled divers who specialize in searching for Not only is Palawan Island considered one of the most
pearls. These activities continue to be very important in the life captivating tourist attractions in the Philippines, but it is rich in
of the Badjao people today. Badjao is Sunni Muslim one of the languages and culture as well. One of the cultures that bloomed
Moro tribes. Speaking of their social status and art, the people beautifully in the island are the Palawanons or Palawani.
have been persuaded to migrate from the water to a life on land. Although most Palawanons choose to live along upland rivers, a
The arts are divided into two called Tepo which means a woven few opt for the coast. Their primary source of food is agriculture,
mat and the Banig which is a weaving material and have different using the slash-and-burn method or the kaingin system. Hunting
banig patterns and designs. with blowguns, fishing, and food gathering are also relied on for
MARANAO sustenance. And just like in most traditional societies, most of
Maranao a largely Muslim section of the southern indigenous the agricultural tasks are assigned to the women in the
people known as "people of the lake" on the Philippine island of Palawanon culture as well. The balyan (shamans), whose primacy
Mindanao, originate from the Lanao province. They are lies in their spiritual leadership, play an important role among
the Palawani. Renowned shamans who exercised great influence been some attempts at negotiation, progress has been limited
in the Kulbi-Kanipaan river basins and adjacent territories were and opinions on the matter are divided.
Pedjat, Nambun, and Tuking, who were widely sought for
healing, blessings, and spiritual advice. With this, we can infer Citations:
that the Palawani society is characterized by a bilateral kinship [1] https://peace.gov.ph/timeline/peace-process-cpp-npa-ndf/
system and the absence of any kind of hierarchy— that is, no [2] https://peace.gov.ph/category/news/cpp-npa-ndf/
title, rank, class, or caste. Roles are distributed between men and [3] https://peacemaker.un.org/philippines-breukelen-
women, elders and youths, relatives by blood and by marriage, statement94
and their neighbors. These make up the rurungan (village), which [4] https://opinion.inquirer.net/154997/scrap-peace-talks-with-
is a small, local, and tight-knit community. In religion, however, cpp-npa-ndf
the Palawani's are more involved with deities and others. Ampu, [5] https://pia.gov.ph/press-releases/2022/01/25/should-peace-
the Master, by his reflection, wove the world and created several talks-resume-with-cpp-npa-ndf
beings; hence, he is also called Nagsalad, the Weaver. He is the [6]
supreme deity; a protective, watching presence, always invisible https://cisac.fsi.stanford.edu/mappingmilitants/profiles/commu
to taw banar (the people). The Palawani people do not paint nor nist-party-philippines-new-peoples-army
do they weave colorful threads. They have no cotton cloth or
ikat, in contrast to the Hanunoo of Mindoro or the Tboli of
Mindanao, but they do weave rattan, bamboo, and other palm
leaves like buri or pandan, depending on local availability.
IRANUN
Known as the "Jack Sparrow of Mindanao," the Iranuns were
previously thought to be the deadliest pirates as they frequently
traveled the path linking the Sulu sea, Moro gulf, and Celebes
sea. The majority of Iranun people settled around Maguindanao
and the Illana Bay coasts, but a small number moved on to Sabah
or Sulu. Though confederation was the earliest form of political
organization amongst Iranun communities and principalities
where the villages of the Iranun were independent of one
another but united, there was no central administration. Their
social class, however, is divided into three categories: the Uripin
or slaves, the Kadaklan or Dumato, and Pendatu which is the
ruling class. The ancient Iranun were good farmers and
fishermen. They were living in the fertile vast land and sea. They
supplement farming and fishing by hunting deers and other wild
animals for their daily needs and consumption. Other sources of
livelihood were metallurgy and smithing. The Iranun are Muslims
and practice the five pillars of Islam which are shared by all
Muslim communities. However, they are less likely to be
concerned about these pillars. The Iranun, who likewise hold this
belief, live in continual fear of spirits. As a result, they also
practice numerous animistic rituals. In addition to this... peaceful
livelihood and lifestyle, the inhabitants of Iranun are a highly
kind and upright race, in contrast to how the western writers
saw Iranun, who were called pirates, just because they weren’t
able to colonize the area. Their art, the Sarimanok, Ukir or Okir,
and the Bawor, are shown in the majority of museums and
libraries of today.

PEACE PROCESS WITH THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF THE

PHILIPPINES/NEW PEOPLE’S ARMY/NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC
FRONT (CPP/NPA/NDF)
The peace process with the Communist Party of the
Philippines/New People's Army/National Democratic Front
(CPP/NPA/NDF) has been a topic of discussion and negotiation in
the Philippines for several years. Here are some key points from
the search results:

- The peace process between the government and the

CPP/NPA/NDF began, but it was short-lived and remained in a
standstill until the end of term[1].
- The National Task Force to End Local Communist Armed
Conflict (NTF) spearheaded a two-day workshop for local peace
engagement with the CPP-NPA-NDF[2].
- The Government of the Republic Philippines (GRP) Panel for
Peace Talks with the CPP/NPA/NDF and the National Democratic
Front (NDF) issued a joint statement regarding the peace
talks[3].
- Some individuals and groups have called for the peace talks to
be scrapped, while others believe they should resume[4][5].
- The NDF has continued to represent the CPP-NPA in official
talks with the government[6].

Overall, the peace process with the CPP/NPA/NDF has been a

complex and ongoing issue in the Philippines. While there have