Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information

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Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9–1)

Time 1 hour 15 minutes
Paper
reference 4PH1/2PR
Physics
 

UNIT: 4PH1
PAPER: 2PR

You must have: Total Marks

Ruler, calculator, Equation Booklet (enclosed)

Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• centrethe
Fill in boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
• Show all steps in any calculations and state the units.
Information
• The total mark for this paper is 70.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.

Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Write your answers neatly and in good English.
• Try to answer every question.
• your answers if you have time at the end.
Check

Turn over

*P70954A0124*
P70954A
©2022 Pearson Education Ltd.

Q:1/1/1/1/

FORMULAE

You may find the following formulae useful.

energy transferred = current × voltage × time E = I × V × t

1 1
frequency = f=
time period T
work done W
power = P=
time taken t
energy transferred W
power = P=
time taken t
2π × orbital radius 2×π×r
orbital speed = v=
time period T

(final speed)2 = (initial speed)2 + (2 × acceleration × distance moved)

v2 = u2 + (2 × a × s)

× volume = constant
pressure  p1 × V1 = p2 × V2

pressure p1 p2
= constant =
temperature T1 T2

change in momentum ( mv − mu )
force = F=
time taken t

change of wavelength velocity of a galaxy λ − λ0 Δ λ v

= = =
wavelength speed of light λ0 λ0 c

change in thermal energy = mass × specific heat capacity × change in temperature

ΔQ = m × c × ΔT

Where necessary, assume the acceleration of free fall, g = 10 m/s2.

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*P70954A0224* 


BLANK PAGE

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Answer ALL questions.
Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box . If you change your mind about an
answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
1 The Hertzsprung–Russell diagram shows stars classified into different regions.

B
Absolute
magnitude
C

Colour

(a) The boxes give four points, A, B, C and D, and four star classifications.
Draw lines connecting each point to the correct star classification.
(4)
Point Star classification

A star similar to the Sun

B white dwarf

C red giant

D very bright blue star

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*P70954A0424* 


(b) Describe what is meant by the term absolute magnitude.

(2)

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(Total for Question 1 = 6 marks)

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2 (a) Describe an investigation to determine the speed of sound.
You may draw a diagram to help your answer.
(5)

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*P70954A0624* 


(b) A microphone is connected to an oscilloscope.

A sound is detected by the microphone.
The diagram shows the oscilloscope trace.

Oscilloscope settings
y direction: 1 square = 0.1 V
x direction: 1 square = 5.0 ms

(i) Determine the period of the sound wave.

(3)

period = ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s
(ii) Calculate the frequency of the sound wave.
(2)

frequency = .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hz

(Total for Question 2 = 10 marks)

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 *P70954A0724* Turn over   

3 The SPS is a particle accelerator in Geneva.
The SPS can accelerate sulfur particles to speeds almost as fast as the speed of light.
(a) Neutral sulfur particles can become positively charged sulfur particles.
Describe the difference between a neutral sulfur particle and a positively charged
sulfur particle.
(2)

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(b) Diagram 1 shows a section of the SPS.

positive negative
plate plate

Diagram 1

Positively charged sulfur particles are introduced at point P and accelerate to

the right.
Explain why the positively charged sulfur particles accelerate.
(2)

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*P70954A0824* 


(c) The sulfur particles enter a large tube and complete a circular orbit.
Diagram 2 shows a sulfur particle, travelling with velocity v, in the tube.

Diagram 2

(i) A magnetic force acts on the positively charged sulfur particle.

This force makes the particle travel in a circle.
The force is labelled F.
Use the left-hand rule to determine the direction of the applied
magnetic field.
(1)
A opposite to the direction of the velocity

B along direction of force

C out of the page

D into the page

(ii) The tube has a radius of 1.1 km and the sulfur particle has an orbital speed
of 2.9 × 108 m/s.
Calculate the orbital period of the sulfur particle.
(3)

orbital period = ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . s

(Total for Question 3 = 8 marks)

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 *P70954A0924* Turn over   

4 A student heats a sample of water.
The student measures the temperature of the sample of water during heating.
(a) The sample of water has a mass of 0.45 kg.
Calculate the energy required to increase the temperature of the water
from 16 °C to 100 °C.
[specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J / kg °C]
(3)

energy = ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J
(b) The diagram shows the temperature-time graph for the sample of water.

200

160

120
Temperature
in °C
80

40

0
0 2 4 6 8 10

Time in minutes

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*P70954A01024* 


(i) Use the graph to determine the time taken from when the water started to
boil to when the water stopped boiling.
(1)

time taken = ................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . minutes

(ii) The heater used to heat the water has a power rating of 2200 W.
Calculate the energy required to boil all of the water.
(3)

energy = ............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J
(c) Give a reason why the liquid water should be stirred during the heating.
(1)

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(d) When water boils, the liquid water becomes a gas called steam.
Describe the changes in arrangement and motion of the molecules in liquid water
and the molecules in steam.
(4)

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(Total for Question 4 = 12 marks)

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 *P70954A01124* Turn over   

5 The diagram shows part of the National Grid.

pylon

power station

step-up
transformer

(a) There is a step-up transformer at the power station end of a transmission line and
a step-down transformer at a distant town.
Explain why step-up transformers and step-down transformers are used in
this way.
(4)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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12
*P70954A01224* 


(b) (i) State the formula linking the input voltage, the output voltage and the
turns ratio for a transformer.
(1)

(ii) The primary coil on a step-up transformer has 3300 turns.

Calculate the number of turns required on the transformer’s secondary coil to
step up the voltage from 15 kV to 340 kV.
(3)

number of turns = ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13
 *P70954A01324* Turn over   

(c) Transformers in the National Grid have efficiencies less than 100%.
(i) Suggest which energy store of the transformer increases as a result of the
efficiency being less than 100%.
(1)

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) The iron core of a transformer is an electrical conductor.

When the transformer is in use, the primary coil causes a changing
magnetic field in the iron core. This causes a small current to be induced in
the core.
Explain how a current is induced in the core of the transformer.
(3)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 5 = 12 marks)

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6 The refractive index, n, of a material can be calculated using this formula.

sin(i )
n=
sin(r )

(a) A student uses this method to determine the refractive index of a material.
• draw around a semi-circular block of material
• shine a light ray towards the centre of the straight edge of the
semi‑circular block
• use a pencil and a ruler to mark the positions of the incident ray and the
refracted ray
• remove the block
• draw a normal where the ray was incident on the block
• measure the angle of incidence and angle of refraction
• calculate the refractive index using the formula
Repeat the method for different angles of incidence.
(i) Name the independent variable in this investigation.
(1)

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(ii) The table shows the student’s results for an angle of incidence of 40°.

Angle of refraction 1 (°) Angle of refraction 2 (°) Angle of refraction 3 (°)

22 23 67

Calculate the mean value for the angle of refraction.

(2)

mean angle = ................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . degrees

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(iii) Describe how the student could improve their method to get a more accurate
value for the refractive index.
(2)

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(b) Diagram 1 shows a ray of light refracted by a transparent block of material.

82°
air

material
47°

Diagram 1

(i) Calculate the refractive index of this material.

(2)

refractive index = ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(ii) State the formula linking critical angle and refractive index.
(1)

(iii) The refractive index of a different material is 1.7

Calculate the critical angle of this material.
(2)

critical angle = ................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . degrees

(c) Diagram 2 shows a ray of light travelling through an optical fibre.

Diagram 2

The optical fibre is made of a material with a refractive index of 1.7

Explain the path of the ray in the optical fibre.
(2)

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(Total for Question 6 = 12 marks)

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7 Diagram 1 shows a gate fitted with a spring mechanism.
The spring mechanism shuts the gate automatically.

gate

spring
mechanism

Diagram 1

(a) The graph shows some data from an investigation into how the extension of the
spring changes with an increasing force.

50

40

30
Extension
in cm
20

10

0
0 100 200 300 400 500

Force in N

Describe the relationship shown by the graph.

(2)

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(b) Diagram 2 shows the gate viewed from above.

F
320 cm
pivot 84 cm

spring gate
mechanism
480 N

Diagram 2

The force the spring exerts on the gate is 480 N.

Show that the moment of the force the spring exerts on the gate is about 400 Nm.
(2)

(c) The force, F, is the minimum force needed to start opening the gate.
Calculate the magnitude of force F.
(4)

force F = ............................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N
(d) The spring is removed for testing.
Explain what will happen to the spring if the force applied to extend the spring is
too large.
(2)

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................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(Total for Question 7 = 10 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 70 MARKS

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