applied

sciences
Article
Robustness Optimization of Cloud Manufacturing Process
under Various Resource Substitution Strategies
Xiaodong Zhang 1 , Xin Zheng 1, * and Yiqi Wang 2

1 School of Economics and Management, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China;
xdzhang@manage.ustb.edu.cn
2 China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology, Beijing 100076, China; yqwang_17@163.com
* Correspondence: b20200433@xs.ustb.edu.cn

Abstract: Cloud manufacturing is characterized by large uncertainties and disturbances due to

its networked, distributed, and loosely coupled features. To target the problem of frequent cloud
resource node failure, this paper proposes (1) three resource substitution strategies based on node
redundancy and (2) a new robustness analysis method for cloud manufacturing systems based on
a combination of the complex network and multi-agent simulation. First, a multi-agent simulation
model is constructed, and simulation evaluation indexes are designed to study the robustness of
the dynamic cloud manufacturing process (CMP). Second, a complex network model of cloud
manufacturing resources is established to analyze the static topological robustness of the cloud
manufacturing network. Four types of node failure modes are defined, based on the initial and
recomputed topologies. Further, three resource substitution strategies are proposed (i.e., internal
replacement, external replacement, and internal–external integration replacement) to enable the
normal operation of the system after resource node failure. Third, a case study is conducted for
a cloud manufacturing project of a new energy vehicle. The results show that (1) the proposed
robustness of service index is effective at describing the variations in CMP robustness, (2) the two
node failure modes based on the recalculated topology are more destructive to the robustness of
the CMP than the two based on the initial topology, and (3) under all four failure modes, all three
resource substitution strategies can improve the robustness of the dynamic CMP to some extent, with
Citation: Zhang, X.; Zheng, X.; Wang, the internal–external integration replacement strategy being most effective, followed by the external
Y. Robustness Optimization of Cloud replacement strategy, and then the internal replacement strategy.
Manufacturing Process under
Various Resource Substitution
Keywords: cloud manufacturing; robust optimization; resource substitution; complex network;
Strategies. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 7418.
multi-agent simulation
https://doi.org/10.3390/
app13137418

Academic Editors: Zoran Jurković,

David Ištoković and Janez Gotlih 1. Introduction
Received: 26 May 2023 In the era of Industry 4.0, with the rapid development of Internet technology, informa-
Revised: 20 June 2023 tion technology, and manufacturing technology, the traditional large-scale manufacturing
Accepted: 21 June 2023 mode is gradually being replaced by customized service modes. A series of advanced
Published: 22 June 2023 networked manufacturing modes, such as application service providers, manufacturing
grids, agile manufacturing, and global manufacturing have been proposed successively [1].
In this context, Li et al. [2] introduced the concept of “cloud manufacturing”—a new
service-oriented networked manufacturing mode that gathers manufacturing resources
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
and capabilities together on the cloud platform, escaping the limitations of space and dis-
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
tance; through service integration, the sharing of manufacturing resources and capabilities
This article is an open access article
is fully realized [3]. Since its inception, cloud manufacturing has attracted widespread
distributed under the terms and
attention because of its advanced ideas and technical concepts [4].
conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC BY) license (https://
The cloud manufacturing mode extends the manufacturing environment to multiple
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/
user subjects, service subjects, and geographical spaces. As such, it faces a high level
4.0/).
of uncertainty and disturbance [5]. The cloud manufacturing system (CMS) can reduce

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 7418. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13137418 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 7418 2 of 25

the impact of some disturbances (e.g., demand change, order fluctuation, and emergency
order insertion) through its own flexible configuration and self-adjustment strategies,
but relatively serious disturbances can cause a variety of damage, such as insufficient
supervision of the cloud platform, random the withdrawal of cloud service providers
from the platform, the failure of cloud resource nodes, and the interruption of cloud paths,
among others [6]. Therefore, it is of great practical significance for the implementation
and deployment of cloud manufacturing projects to accurately identify the impact of
uncertain environments on cloud manufacturing [7–9], explore the robustness level of the
cloud manufacturing process (CMP) under different interference modes, and formulate
corresponding robustness recovery strategies to improve the stability and anti-interference
of the system [10–12].

2. Related Works
2.1. Robustness Analysis Study of Manufacturing Systems
Many scholars have conducted research on the robustness of advanced manufacturing
systems and networks. Gao et al. [13] applied complex network theory to the manufactur-
ing industry, proposing the construction method of the complex network failure model.
Yana et al. [14] proposed that the vulnerability of the manufacturing network may lead
to new risks; they analyzed the topology structure and vulnerability of the cloud manu-
facturing network (CMN) and put forward management suggestions. Cauvin et al. [15]
analyzed the impacts of interruption events on the entire industrial system and proposed a
cooperative repair approach based on a distributed industrial system to limit these impacts.
Li et al. [16] established a collaborative manufacturing services network model using the
complex network method, defined six fault types, and proposed corresponding fault de-
tection methods. Further, the cascaded propagation characteristics of different faults were
revealed, and corresponding control strategies were proposed. Lachenmaier et al. [17]
analyzed the changing individualized requirements, risks, and possible solutions in cyber-
physical systems. Galaske and Anderl [18] proposed a decision support method for the
terminal management process of a cyber-physical production system, modeling and sim-
ulating respective scenarios of interruption events and response strategies. Hou [19]
established the process relationship network of the flexible job shop by analyzing the
relationships among basic production factors, such as machines and workpieces in the
shop. They proposed adaptive preventive maintenance and buffer time insertion strate-
gies. Zhang [20] proposed the definition of the manufacturing product assurance network;
they established an evolutionary model of the manufacturing product assurance weighted
network on this basis, and then analyzed the robustness characteristics of the network.
Such research demonstrates that cloud manufacturing and other advanced networked
manufacturing modes have large uncertainties and risks due to their networked, dis-
tributed, and loosely coupled characteristics. Robustness analysis of these modes has
become a popular issue in academic circles, with many scholars exploring this from a
variety of perspectives.

2.2. Robustness Enhancement Strategies and Recovery Measures

The specific robustness enhancement and defense strategies vary from network to
network, but from the perspective of a network structure, establishing redundant nodes
or links is one of the most common methods to improve network robustness. As early
as 2005, Beygelzimer et al. [21] proposed that people are usually faced with the problem
of improving the robustness of an existing network that cannot be substantially modi-
fied or redesigned: only minor modifications are allowed, such as adding new nodes,
reconnecting partial edges, or adding new edges. Ma [22] stated that the robustness of
the whole network can be improved by increasing the number of reliable nodes in the
network or improving the reliability of a small number of nodes in the network. Ji et al. [23]
argued that it is impossible to enhance the reliability of every node in the network, so it is
instead necessary to specify the priority of nodes and links and focus on their protection.
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 7418 3 of 25

Regarding the study of reliable nodes, Li [24] proposed a heuristic scheduling rule based
on controlling critical nodes for the scheduling optimization of the job shop in a disturbed
environment, and Wang [25] used both the improved node shrinkage method and the
triangular fuzzy number method to comprehensively evaluate the importance of nodes in
the network, proposing corresponding improvement measures in terms of critical node
protection. Regarding the study of adding links (i.e., connected edges), Ji et al. [23] pro-
posed two new strategies: low inter degree–degree difference addition and random inter
degree–degree difference addition. They verified the effectiveness of these proposed strate-
gies through a comparison with four existing link-addition strategies (i.e., random addition,
low degree addition, low betweenness addition, and algebraic connectivity-based addition).
Wang et al. [26] proposed a preferred connectivity strategy based on the structure of inter-
dependent networks. They applied this strategy to three existing link-addition strategies
(i.e., random addition, low degree addition, and low inter degree–degree difference addi-
tion), finding that each improved strategy was significantly better than the previous one in
terms of robustness improvement. The effects of link-addition strategies on the improve-
ment of the robustness of different networks have been further investigated [27–30].
Measures such as adding redundant nodes and connected edges can effectively im-
prove network robustness. As such, these measures are receiving increasing attention from
scholars, and they also provided ideas for the design of the cloud manufacturing-based
robustness improvement strategy in this paper. Targeting the problem of frequent cloud
resource node failure, this paper attempts to establish redundant nodes so that appropriate
alternative resources [31] can be used to avoid the complete breakdown of the manufactur-
ing process or system when the original manufacturing resource nodes fail. Based on this
and the background characteristics of cloud manufacturing, this paper presents three kinds
of robustness improvement strategies: internal resource replacement, external resource
replacement, and internal–external integration replacement.

2.3. Multi-Agent Simulation Study of Cloud Manufacturing System

The existing research on the robustness of advanced manufacturing systems mostly
uses the complex network analysis method, which is well suited to reflect the structural
characteristics of the system. As a type of networked manufacturing mode, the structural
characteristics of cloud manufacturing is a key topic in robustness research; however, the
dynamic operation process, logical judgment, and dynamic temporal relationship among
entities are also aspects of cloud manufacturing that should be focused on.
The CMS contains a variety of entities, and various forms of behavior interaction and
information transfer exist between the same entities and different entities, showing the
characteristics of the complex system. Analyzing the complexity through simple, intelligent,
and autonomous entities, such as agents in multi-agent systems, is considered an appropriate
approach to address this challenge in industrial scenarios [32]. Further, the multi-agent
simulation modeling of the CMS is presently a popular research topic. For example, Zhao et al.
designed and implemented an agent-based cloud manufacturing simulation platform, where
the simple reflective agent was used to encapsulate the resources and the complex agent
was used to encapsulate the services. This gave the cloud platform a five-layer architecture
(i.e., the data layer, low tool layer, management layer, upper tool layer, and application layer).
Dobrescu et al. [33] proposed a cloud simulation platform to provide computing resources and
services for the hybrid simulation of virtual manufacturing systems, and Chen and Chiu [34]
developed a cloud-based factory simulation experiment system. Zhang et al. [35] analyzed
typical smart manufacturing simulation techniques from three aspects: manufacturing unit
simulation, manufacturing integration simulation, and manufacturing intelligence simulation.
In addition, some scholars have conducted multi-agent simulation modeling research on cloud
manufacturing from multiple perspectives, such as cloud service entity encapsulation [36,37],
selection and scheduling [38–40], and trust and security issues [5,8], among others. Multi-
agent simulation has become an important tool for cloud manufacturing research, yet
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 27

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 7418 perspectives, such as cloud service entity encapsulation [36,37], selection and scheduling 4 of 25
[38–40], and trust and security issues [5,8], among others. Multi-agent simulation has be-
come an important tool for cloud manufacturing research, yet current multi-agent simu-
lation research on the robustness of cloud manufacturing appears relatively rare.
current multi-agent simulation research on the robustness of cloud manufacturing appears
This paper proposes a robustness analysis method that combines the complex net-
relatively rare.
work and multi-agent simulation to investigate the optimization and enhancement of
This paper proposes a robustness analysis method that combines the complex network
CMS robustness under multiple resource substitution strategies. The complex network
and multi-agent simulation to investigate the optimization and enhancement of CMS ro-
perspective can reflect the structural robustness of CMSs, while multi-agent simulation
bustness under multiple resource substitution strategies. The complex network perspective
can
can consider
reflect the the process robustness
structural robustnessofofCMSsCMSs,from
whilemultiple dimensions,
multi-agent such as
simulation cantime, cost,
consider
quality, and reliability. The combination of these two perspectives extends
the process robustness of CMSs from multiple dimensions, such as time, cost, quality, and the robustness
analysis object
reliability. of the CMS from
The combination thetwo
of these CMN to the CMP,
perspectives thereby
extends therealizing theanalysis
robustness dual-dimen-
object
sional analysis of the static structure and dynamic process of CMS robustness.
of the CMS from the CMN to the CMP, thereby realizing the dual-dimensional analysis of
The rest
the static of thisand
structure paper is arranged
dynamic processasof
follows. Section 3 constructs a multi-agent sim-
CMS robustness.
ulation
The rest of this paper is arranged as follows. Sectionindexes
model of the CMP and proposes process robustness from the
3 constructs simulation
a multi-agent
perspective. Section 4 establishes a complex network model of cloud
simulation model of the CMP and proposes process robustness indexes from the sim- manufacturing re-
sources
ulation and selects structural
perspective. Section 4robustness
establishesmetrics from network
a complex the network perspective.
model Section 5
of cloud manufac-
defines four types of resource node failure modes and three types of resource
turing resources and selects structural robustness metrics from the network perspective. replacement
strategies to deal with
Section 5 defines four resource
types of failure.
resourceSection 6 conducts
node failure modesa case
andstudy,
three combining multi-
types of resource
agent simulation software Anylogic and Python 3.0 tools to study the changes
replacement strategies to deal with resource failure. Section 6 conducts a case study, com- in the ro-
bustness of cloud manufacturing under different failure modes. Section
bining multi-agent simulation software Anylogic and Python 3.0 tools to study the changes 7 provides the
research conclusions
in the robustness and future
of cloud prospects.
manufacturing under different failure modes. Section 7 provides
the research conclusions and future prospects.
3. Model of the Cloud Manufacturing Process and Robustness Evaluation Indicator
3. Model
based of the Cloud Simulation
on Multi-Agent Manufacturing Process and Robustness Evaluation Indicator
Based on Multi-Agent Simulation
3.1. Construction of Multi-Agent Simulation Model
3.1. Construction of Multi-Agent Simulation Model
The cloud platform, cloud task, cloud resource, cloud message, cloud order, and
The cloud platform, cloud task, cloud resource, cloud message, cloud order, and
other types of subjects are all contained in the CMS, along with two different types of user
other types of subjects are all contained in the CMS, along with two different types of user
roles: cloud service providers and cloud demanders [41]. The CMP [2] basically entails the
roles: cloud service providers and cloud demanders [41]. The CMP [2] basically entails the
following, as indicated in Figure 1:
following, as indicated in Figure 1:

Figure 1. Schematic
Schematic diagram
diagram of CMP.

(1) (1)
Through
Through information transformation,
information resource
transformation, sensing,
resource resource
sensing, access,
resource unified
access, mod-
unified
elingofofcloud
modeling cloudservices,
services, and
and other
other technologies,
technologies, cloud
cloud service
service providers
providers integrate
integrate dif-
ferentdifferent
kinds of kinds of manufacturing
manufacturing equipment
equipment and manufacturing
and manufacturing capability
capability resourcesresources
into the
into the cloud platform and deposit them into the cloud resource pool. This allows
globally distributed resources to be managed and shared centrally, thereby circum-
venting the spatial and geographical limitations.
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 7418 5 of 25

(2) Utilizing terminal devices, cloud demanders submit their requests for services
(i.e., orders) to the cloud platform. The cloud demand set uniformly stores orders
awaiting processing from various cloud demanders.
(3) In accordance with the service route of the to-be-processed order, the cloud platform
integrates and adapts various cloud tasks to create structured and reliable cloud
task sequences.
(4) In order to perform cloud manufacturing services, the platform imports each order
into the appropriate cloud task sequence when the cloud demand set is not vacant.
Based on the task type, the appropriate resources are requested from the resource
pool while processing cloud tasks. After being requested, resources in an inactive
state transition to a busy state. The resource is released and returned to an idle state
once the assignment has been finished.
Multiple entity types are present in the CMS, and numerous forms of information
transmission and behavior interactions occur among entities of the same and different
types. Consequently, the CMS model can be stated as follows:

CMS={PA,DA,SA,TA,RA,OA,MA,E} (1)

where PA represents the cloud platform agent; DA represents the cloud demander agent;
SA represents the cloud service agent; TA represents the cloud task agent; RA represents
the cloud resource agent; OA represents the order agent issued by DA; MA represents the
message agent sent to SA when TA requests or releases resources; and E represents the
external environment of information transmission and inter-entity behavior interaction.

3.1.1. Modeling of Cloud Resource Agent

Through information transformation, resource access, cloud service unified modeling,
and other technology, service providers’ manufacturing equipment and manufacturing
capacity resources are integrated into the cloud resource pool to create virtual resources
known as cloud resources. The primary function of the cloud resource agent is to collaborate
with cloud tasks to finish the processing of cloud orders:

RA0 =〈ID,produceLevel,busy,broken,owner,price〉 (2)

where ID represents the resource’s special identification number; produceLevel is an in-

teger ranging from 1 to 10 that specifies the resource’s productivity level; busy indicates
whether the resource is in a busy condition; broken shows whether the resource is defective;
owner identifies which cloud server the resource belongs to; and price denotes the re-
source’s cost, which is randomly generated using a normal distribution at model startup.
Considering the resource substitution strategies developed in this paper in the face
of resource failure (see Section 5.2 for details), it is necessary to continue expanding the
attributes of cloud resource agents:

RA=RA0 +〈 replace_Resource,replace _Rate〉 (3)

where replace_Resource specifies the alternative resource type R j for each resource type Ri ,
with this model assuming that Ri and R j are mutually substitutive; and replace_Rate is the
replacement rate (i.e., matching rate) of the replacement resource. Although the substitute
resource can replace the original resource to complete the established cloud task, there is an
increase in the total work time. The resource replacement rate is generated by a normally
distributed random number at the time of model initialization.

3.1.2. Modeling of Cloud Task Agent

The development of the cloud task agent is essential to cloud manufacturing simu-
lation modeling. It encompasses both the behavior interaction and information transfer
between the cloud server agent and the cloud resource agent, in addition to the processing
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 7418 6 of 25

path for all order kinds (e.g., serial, parallel, and hybrid paths). The cloud task agent
further generates (a) the mechanism for choosing the best service provider, (b) numerous
statistical data, including the service cycle and cost, and (c) information on the cloud task
and cloud resource nodes. The existing process modeling library components are modified
accordingly to accomplish this goal. The following is a description of the cloud task agent:

TA0 =〈ID,owner_Orders,pre_taskList,after _taskList,

reque_resourceList,basicWorkingTime,currentOrder,FuncselectBestServer ,
(4)
FuncselectBestResource ,FuncrecordRouteStamp ,FuncrecordTaskTime ,FuncrecordTaskCost ,
FuncrecordTaskReliability 〉

where ID represents the task’s special identification number; owner_Orders identifies

which type of order processing path the task belongs to; pre_taskList and after_taskList
designate the pre-order and post-order tasks, accordingly; reque_resourceList indicates
the resource type requested by the task. basicWorkingTime specifies the average time
required to complete a task; currentOrder indicates the order being processed at the
moment; FuncselectBestServer identifies the best server by considering the resource cost,
logistics, distance, and other variables; FuncselectBestResource decides the best resource;
FuncrecordRouteStamp records the order–task and task–resource relationships for finished
orders; FuncrecordTaskTime , FuncrecordTaskCost , and FuncrecordTaskReliability record, respectively,
the service time, the service cost, and the service reliability of the present task.
Again, it is necessary to continue expanding the attributes of cloud task agents:

TA=TA0 +〈is_internalReplace,internal _replaceResource,

internal_replaceRate,internal_replaceSerial,is _externalReplace, (5)
external_Partner,external_replaceSerial,FunccalcuWorkingTime 〉

where is_internalReplace indicates whether the current cloud task process has invoked the
internal resource replacement strategy; internal_replaceResource specifies the replacement
resource selected under the internal replacement strategy; internal_replaceRate is the
resource matching rate of the internal replacement resource; internal_replaceSerial is
an integer from 1 to 3 indicating which specific case of internal replacement the current
process belongs to; is_externalReplace indicates whether the current cloud task process
has invoked the external resource replacement strategy; external_Partner indicates the
specific external server with which to cooperate under the external resource replacement
strategy; external_replaceSerial is an integer from 1 to 3 indicating which specific case of
external replacement the current process belongs to; and FunccalcuWorkingTime calculates the
cloud task time under the current resource replacement strategy.
Figure 2 depicts the comprehensive CMP simulation implemented within the cloud
task agent by modifying and adapting existing component codes from Anylogic’s process
modeling library. This procedure’s specifics are as follows:
(1) By means of the enter component, the order is imported into the cloud task’s internal
procedure. The order is immediately assigned by the cloud platform if the current
task is the first in the task sequence; if not, the preceding task assigns the order after it
has been finished (e.g., task 2 orders are assigned by task 1 after task 1 is finished).
(2) The queue component temporarily stores the current order while the following deter-
minations are made: (a) if the current task is first in the task sequence or there is only
one task in the previous task sequence, the hold and hold1 components are opened
concurrently, and the current order is entered into queue2 for further processing; or
(b) if there are multiple tasks in the previous task sequence, the current order must
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 27

(2) The queue component temporarily stores the current order while the following
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 7418 7 of 25
determinations are made: (a) if the current task is first in the task sequence or there is only
one task in the previous task sequence, the hold and hold1 components are opened con-
currently, and the current order is entered into queue2 for further processing; or (b) if there
wait untiltasks
are multiple the orders
in the of all previous
previous task tasks have been
sequence, processed
the current orderbefore
must entering queue2
wait until the
for further processing.
orders of all previous tasks have been processed before entering queue2 for further pro-
(3) The queue1 component combines the information of multiple branch orders, whereas
cessing.
(3) hold2
the The component
queue1 component ensures that only
combines thea information
single order of is multiple
entered for subsequent
branch orders,
processing at any given time. Hold2 reopens and proceeds
whereas the hold2 component ensures that only a single order is entered for subsequent to serve the next order
when the
processing current
at any given order
time. is Hold2
fulfilled and exits
reopens andthrough
proceeds exit.
to serve the next order when
(4) When the order enters queue3, the
the current order is fulfilled and exits through exit. task agent selects the optimal service provider
(4) When the order enters queue3, the task agent selects theoptimal
and sends “resource request” information to it. When the optimalservice
service provider
provider
accepts the request, it chooses to adopt or not adopt the resource replacement strategy
and sends “resource request” information to it. When the optimal service provider accepts
according to whether the target resource is faulty. If the resource substitution strategy
the request, it chooses to adopt or not adopt the resource replacement strategy according
is adopted, it is necessary to further select which resource substitution strategy to
to whether the target resource is faulty. If the resource substitution strategy is adopted, it
adopt. The busy attribute of the corresponding optimal resource is changed to “true”,
is necessary to further select which resource substitution strategy to adopt. The busy at-
the hold3 component opens and the order flows through the delay component to
tribute of the corresponding optimal resource is changed to “true”, the hold3 component
simulate the cloud manufacturing service. After a certain delay time, the service
opens and the order flows through the delay component to simulate the cloud manufac-
is completed.
turing service. After a certain delay time, the service is completed.
(5) The order is placed in queue4 and the “release resource” message is sent to the best
(5) The order is placed in queue4 and the “release resource” message is sent to the
server. When the best server acknowledges the message, the busy attribute of the
best server. When the best server acknowledges the message, the busy attribute of the best
best resource changes from “true” to “false”, and the hold4 component opens. Order
resource changes from “true” to “false”, and the hold4 component opens. Order traverses
traverses the delay1 component, and the release of the resource is accomplished
the delay1 component,
following and the release
a predetermined of the resource is accomplished following a prede-
delay period.
termined delay period.
(6) The order passes through the exit component to conclude all of its service procedures
(6)
for The
this order
task. passes
It then through
imports the theexit component
post-order taskto concludeofall
sequence of its
this service
task: (a) ifproce-
there
duresisfor this task. It then imports the post-order task sequence
only one post-order task, it is imported instantly into the enter component of this task: (a) if there
of the is
only post-order
one post-order task, it is imported instantly into the enter component
task; (b) if there are numerous post-order tasks, the information of the of the post-
ordercurrent
task; (b) if there
order are numerous
is copied and broughtpost-order
into thetasks,
enter thecomponent
information ofof
thethe current order
corresponding
is copied and brought into the enter component of the corresponding
post-order tasks; and (c) if there is no post-order task, this indicates that the task post-order tasks;
is
and (c) if there
already theislast
no post-order
task in thetask, task this indicates
sequence. Asthat the task
a result, the is already
order the last task
is included in thein
the task
groupsequence. As a result,
of completed orders, theand
order
datais such
included
as the inservice
the group of completed
cycle, service cost,orders, and
and route
data record
such asarethetallied
service andcycle, service cost, and route record are tallied and output.
output.

Figure 2.
Figure 2. Cloud
Cloud task
task agent’s
agent s internal
internal workflow.
workflow.

3.1.3.
3.1.3. Modeling
Modeling ofof Cloud
Cloud Server
Server Agent
Agent
The
Theprimary
primaryfunction
functionofof
cloud
cloudservers is toisconvey
servers information
to convey and interact
information with cloud
and interact with
tasks. Each cloud server’s resource pool has all kinds of cloud resources. The
cloud tasks. Each cloud server s resource pool has all kinds of cloud resources. The serverserver locates
the appropriate
locates resourceresource
the appropriate in its resource pool andpool
in its resource allotsand
it toallots
the cloud taskcloud
it to the after receiving
task after
the
receiving the “request resource” message. The server releases the associated and
“request resource” message. The server releases the associated cloud resource cloudadds
re-
itsource
back to the cloud resource pool after receiving the “release resource” message.
and adds it back to the cloud resource pool after receiving the “release resource” The cloud
server agent
message. Thecan be illustrated
cloud server agentas follows:
can be illustrated as follows:
𝑺𝑨 =< 𝑰𝑫, 𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒆𝑷𝒐𝒐𝒍, 𝒅𝑺𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆,
SA=〈ID,location,resourcePool,dScore,
(6)
𝒑𝑺𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆, 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍𝑺𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒆, 𝑭𝒖𝒏𝒄
pScore,totalScore,FuncconfigureResource ,
𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒇𝒊𝒈𝒖𝒓𝒆𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒄𝒆 , (6)
Funccommon ,Funcinter_replace ,Funcexter_replace ,Funcinter&exter 〉

where ID represents the cloud service provider’s special identification number; location refers
to the server’s latitude and longitude coordinates, which is utilized to initialize the server’s
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 7418 8 of 25

location on the GIS map; resourcePool is used for storing the corresponding virtual resources
of the cloud server; dScore, pScore, and totalScore are the distance score, price score, and total
score when the cloud task chooses the best cloud server; and FuncconfigureResource is used to
manage and distribute resources when receiving cloud task information. If the message is
“release resource”, the server will locate the corresponding resource and set its busy attribute
to “false”. If the message is “request resource”, the broken attribute of the corresponding
resource is examined before any other properties: (1) If the value of the broken property
is “false”, this indicates that the resource is not faulty, so its busy attribute continues to be
judged, where, (a) if the busy attribute is “false”, cloud order processing can be started, and
(b) if the busy attribute is “true”, this means that this resource is being used by other tasks,
so it needs to wait until the other tasks have been completed before starting the processing
of orders. (2) If the value of the broken property is “true”, this means that the resource is
faulty and it cannot complete the processing of the corresponding cloud task. If the resource
is faulty, according to the experimental settings, one of the following strategies is chosen: the
no-resource replacement strategy, the internal resource replacement strategy, the external
resource replacement strategy, or the internal–external integrated strategy. Funccommon is
the no-resource replacement strategy: when the requested resource fails, the requested
processing order is added to the failed order set. Funcinter_replace is the internal resource
replacement strategy: when the requested resource fails, a replacement resource is found
for the failed resource within the current service provider. Funcexter_replace is the external
resource replacement strategy: when the requested resource fails, the same type of resource
as the failed resource from other cloud service providers is requested. Funcinter&exter is a
combination strategy of internal and external resource replacement: when the requested
resource fails, the priority is to find a replacement resource within the service provider;
if the internal replacement resource fails, then external resources are sought from other
service providers.

3.1.4. Modeling of Other Agent

In addition to the above types of agents, the CMS also includes multiple types of
agents, such as the cloud platform agent, cloud orders agent, cloud messages agent, and
cloud demander agent, which can be expressed as:

PA=〈tobeProcessedOrderList,finishedOrderList,
failedOrderList,attackNum,Funcini ,FuncallocationOrders ,FuncsettingFaultStatus , (7)
FunccalcuQos ,FuncoutputNetwork 〉

OA=〈ID,owner,taskList,routeStamp,cost1Accum,cost2Accum,
(8)
cost3Accum,reliabilityAccum,startTime,finishTime〉

MA=〈msg,resourceList,owner〉 (9)

DA=〈ID,location,orderList,FuncsendOrders 〉 (10)
The attributes and methodologies of these four agent types are already detailed in [42],
so they are not repeated here.

3.2. Multi-Agent Simulation-Based Robustness Evaluation Indicator

Based on the multi-agent model in Section 3.1 and the order–task sequence, the
dynamic simulation of the CMP can be realized, and the results data (e.g., the order
completion time, logistics transportation distance, and resource occupation) can be output
to evaluate the performance of the CMP. Quality of service (QoS) is commonly used in
academia to evaluate the CMP, with QoS values mostly being evaluated from multiple
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 7418 9 of 25

dimensions, such as the time, cost, and reliability [43–45]. Referring to the definition of QoS,
this paper proposes robustness of service (RoS) as a robustness measurement indicator from
the perspective of the simulation of four dimensions: service time, service cost, reliability,
and order completion rate. The specific calculation formulae for these four dimensions are
as follows:
(1) Service time
The sum of all orders’ completion times during the simulation cycle is represented by
the following formula:
m
T= ∑ tj (11)
j =1

where m denotes the overall number of orders, j = 1, 2, . . . ,m denotes the jth order in the
order sequence, and t j denotes the finish time of the jth order, which can be derived from
the results of the simulation.
(2) Service cost
The cloud resource service fee, logistics service fee, and cloud resource release fee,
which together make up the overall cloud service cost, are determined as follows:

m nj m nj
serving
C = ∑ ∑ ti,j ∗ presource
i,j + ∑ ∑ di,j ∗ clogistic
j =1 i =1 j =1 i =1
m nj (12)
releasing
+ ∑ ∑ ti,j ∗ prelease ra
j =1 i =1

where m represents the total amount of orders and n j represents the number of assignments
associated with each order; j = 1, 2, . . . , m is the jth order in the order sequence; i = 1, 2, . . . ,
serving
n is the ith the task in the task sequence; ti,j represents the cloud service time of the ith
resource
task in the jth order; pi,j represents the service cost per unit time of the resource related to
the task; di,j represents the logistics distance related to the task; clogistic represents the logistics
releasing
cost per unit distance; ti,j represents the release time of the cloud resources for the task;
and prelease represents the cost per unit time of releasing resources.
(3) Service reliability
The service reliability is measured by a multiplicative index [44], which has the
following form:
nj
∑mj=1 ∏i =1 reli,j
rel = (13)
m
where reli,j represents the service reliability of the ith task in the jth order, as specified in
the order agent’s reliabilityAccum property.
The evaluation of the CMP’s robustness in this paper also refers to the definition
of robustness, which refers to the ability of the CMS to operate normally and maintain
its original performance in the face of various unexpected disruptions and interruptions.
For the CMS, the normal completion of cloud orders within a service cycle can reflect its
normal operation capability more intuitively. Therefore, the order completion rate index
is introduced:
(4) Order completion rate
The order completion rate is the proportion of total scheduled orders to orders actually
completed throughout the simulation cycle.

N1
ofr = (14)
N1 + N2
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 7418 10 of 25

where N1 represents the number of orders fulfilled throughout the simulation cycle and
N2 represents the number of incomplete orders.
In summary, combining the definitions of robustness and QoS, this paper proposes a
new robustness evaluation index, RoS, to comprehensively consider the normal operational
capability of the CMS in the face of unexpected disturbances.
The RoS index takes the order completion rate as the main body, where the higher the
order completion rate, the stronger the normal operational ability in the face of interference,
and the stronger the ability to resist risks (i.e., the stronger the robustness of the cloud
service), and vice versa. When the order completion rates are the same, the index then
compares the differences in the time and cost of completing the same order quantity: if the
same number of orders are completed with less time, lower cost, and higher reliability, the
cloud service is more robust, and vice versa. Therefore, it can be expressed as:

| T − T0 | |C − C0 | |rel − rel0 |
RoS = o f r ∗ [1 − (ω1 ∗ + ω2 ∗ + ω3 ∗ )] (15)
T0 C0 rel0

where T0 , C0 , and rel0 are the respective baseline values of the service time, cost, and
reliability under the condition of no interference; T, C, and rel are the actual values of the
current experimental group; and ω1 , ω2 , and ω3 are the respective weight coefficients of
the three indexes, satisfying ∑3i=1 ωi = 1.

4. Model of the Cloud Manufacturing Network and Robustness Evaluation Indicator

Based on Complex Network
4.1. Development of a Complex Network Model for Cloud Manufacturing
The CMN consists of cloud service resources and their interconnections. The network
can be evaluated utilizing the complex network model due to the vast number of resources
and intricate connection relationships. Figure 3a depicts the processing task paths for
Order-A, Order-B, and Order-C, the resources utilized by each task along these paths,
and the relationships between the resources and servers. If two tasks are linked by a
path,
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW their corresponding resources are also linked. Figure 3b illustrates how the CMN is
11 of 27
formed by considering all resources to be network nodes and resource connections to be
connected edges.

Schematicdepiction
Figure 3.3.Schematic
Figure depictionofof
(a)(a)
thethe
CMSCMS’s internal
s internal relationships
relationships andand (b) cloud
(b) the the cloud resource
resource net-
work.
network.

4.2. Evaluation Indicator for Network Robustness Based on Static Topology

The term “network robustness” is generally used to describe the degree of network
performance retention following the failure of network nodes or edges [44], and the
change in the maximum connected subgraph following node failure can reflect the degree
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 7418 11 of 25

4.2. Evaluation Indicator for Network Robustness Based on Static Topology

The term “network robustness” is generally used to describe the degree of network
performance retention following the failure of network nodes or edges [44], and the change
in the maximum connected subgraph following node failure can reflect the degree of
structural integrity retention in the network. As a result, the rate of change in the maximal
connected subgraph’s node count was chosen as one of the robustness evaluation indicators
for this study.
N0
S= (16)
N
where N’ represents the number of nodes in the maximally connected subgraph after the
network has been attacked, and N represents the number of nodes in the original network.
Specifically, S = 0 indicates that the network is disconnected, whereas S = 1 indicates that
the network is completely connected and there are no isolated nodes.

5. Robust Failure Mode Definition and Formulation of Multiple Resource

Replacement Strategies
5.1. Definition of Failure Modes for Robustness Analysis
The definition of failure modes is the key to robustness analysis. Based on a combina-
tion of the cloud manufacturing characteristics and the spatial topology structure of the
CMN, this paper proposes two types of failure modes: cloud resource failure based on the
initial topology, and cloud resource failure based on the recomputed topology.
The initial topology refers to the initial structural characteristics of the CMN, which is
a static network. The recalculated topology refers to the structural characteristics of the
CMN that are obtained through recalculation after the initial network is attacked, which is
a dynamic network that changes step by step with the attack steps.
Both failure modes are subdivided into degree-based and betweenness-based resource
failures. The degree is widely used to measure the importance of the nodes: it represents
how closely a resource node is connected to other resource nodes in the CMN. The be-
tweenness reflects the structural importance of the nodes in the network [46,47]: a node
with high betweenness has greater control over the logistics and information flow in the
network. The specific failure mode definitions are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Resource failure based on initial topology and recomputed topology.

Failure Mode Failure Mode Calculation Process

Description
Sort the resource nodes in the initial network (Network-0) by
Initial node degree
degree, from largest to smallest. Remove one node at a time, and
loss (ID)
repeat n times until all nodes in the network are removed.
Resource failure based on Initial node Sort the resource nodes in the initial network (Network-0) by
initial topology betweenness betweenness, from largest to smallest. Remove one node at a time,
loss (IB) and repeat n times until all nodes in the network are removed.
Sort the resource nodes in the initial network (Network-0) by
degree, from largest to smallest. Remove the first node and
Recomputed node degree generate a new network (Network-1). Recalculate and sort the
resource nodes in the new network (Network-1) by degree, from
loss (RD)
largest to smallest. Remove the first node and generate a new
network (Network-2) . . . and so on, until all nodes in the network
Resource failure based on are removed.
recomputed Sort the resource nodes in the initial network (Network-0) by
topology betweenness, from largest to smallest. Remove the first node and
Recomputed node generate a new network (Network-1). Recalculate and sort the
betweenness resource nodes in the new network (Network-1) by betweenness,
loss (RB) from largest to smallest. Remove the first node and generate a
new network (Network-2) . . . and so on, until all nodes in the
network are removed.
Note: The removal of nodes is handled differently in the complex network model and the multi-agent model:
(1) In the complex network model, the corresponding resource nodes and all connected edges on the nodes are
deleted. (2) In the multi-agent model, the corresponding resource agent is changed to a “fault” state, which means
the resource is unable to provide services.
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 7418 12 of 25

5.2. Formulation of Multiple Resource Substitution Strategies

Targeting the cloud resource node failure problem proposed in Section 5.1, this pa-
per aims to develop a robustness enhancement strategy for CMNs that involves adding
redundant nodes.
For the supply chain modeling and robustness problem, Zhao [48] took the smartphone
supply chain as an example and put forward three different robustness optimization
strategies: enterprise internal operation management, cooperative management between
enterprises, and a regional development strategy. Inspired by this, and combined with
the characteristics of cloud manufacturing, this paper proposes three kinds of robustness
improvement strategies: internal resource replacement, external resource replacement, and
internal–external integration replacement.
(1) Internal replacement strategy: The cloud service provider Si will internally provide
replacement resources Rj for Ri (noted as Ri-Si and Rj-Si, respectively). If Ri-Si fails,
Rj-Si will replace it to complete the processing of cloud manufacturing tasks. Although
the tasks will be completed, the cloud task time will be increased due to the different
resource types, and additional working hours will be incurred.
(2) External replacement strategy: The cloud service provider Sj, Sk . . . etc. will provide
the same type of resources Ri as Ri-Si (recorded as Ri-Sj, Ri-Sk . . . etc.). When the
resource Ri fails, the strategy will comprehensively select the best cloud service
provider based on multiple factors, such as resource quotation and the distance
between service providers. It will then request alternative resources from them to
replace the failed Ri-Si to complete the cloud manufacturing task. Since the resource
types are the same, this does not add additional task time; however, the transfer of
resources and information among different service providers will generate additional
logistics transportation costs and time.
(3) Internal–external integration replacement strategy: This strategy is the combination of
the previous two strategies. When a cloud resource fails, this strategy first looks for a
replacement resource within the service provider; if no replacement resource is found
or its replacement resource also fails, it continues to seek the same type of resource
from other service providers. The logical flow of these three strategies is shown
in Figure 4.
In addition, in the complex network model, node failure is reflected by removing
the failed resource node and all the edges connected to the node. After selecting the
corresponding resource replacement strategy, the optimal alternative resource node
under the current strategy is first determined. If this replacement node is already
in the original network, all connected edges belonging to the failed node will be
directly linked to the replacement node; if it is not already in the original network, the
replacement node should first be added to the network, then be linked similarly.
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 7418 13 of 25
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 27

Figure 4. Logical flow diagram of resource substitution strategy.

Figure 4. Logical flow diagram of resource substitution strategy.
6. Case Study
6. Case Study
6.1.6.1. Model
Model ParametersDescription
Parameters Description
The cloud manufacturing project for a new energy vehicle is used as a case study.
The cloud manufacturing project for a new energy vehicle is used as a case study. This
This project offers life-cycle cloud manufacturing services for new energy vehicles, with
project offers life-cycle cloud manufacturing services for new energy vehicles, with the
the technologies provided including electrification and autonomous driving.
technologies provided
The cloud including
manufacturing electrification
project consists ofand autonomous
24 order types, 95 driving.
cloud tasks (t1–t95),
The cloud manufacturing project consists of 24 order
and 72 resource types (r1–r72). Table 2 displays the appropriate types, 95 cloud
resource types tasks
for each(t1–t95),
andcloud
72 resource
task, andtypes
Table (r1–r72).
3 displaysTable 2 displays
the routes for eachtheorder
appropriate resourcecloud
type s associated types for each
task.
cloud
Thistask,
paperand Tablea bidirectional
assumes 3 displays the routes for
substitution each order
relationship type’s
between associated
resources (e.g., cloud
if the task.
ri is rj , the substitute resource of rj is ri ). Based on this, the sub-
This paper assumes
substitute resource ofa bidirectional substitution relationship between resources (e.g., if
the substitute resource of ri is r j , the substitute resource of r j is ri ). Based on this, the
stitution relationships among internal resources are shown in Table 4.
substitution relationships among internal resources are shown in Table 4.
Each of the project s five cloud servers (S1-S5) offers 72 different kinds of cloud re-
Each of
sources. Thethe project’s
cloud serversfive cloudfor
compete servers (S1-S5)
different ordersoffers
because72 they
different
chargekinds of cloud
different
resources. The cloud servers compete for different orders because they charge
prices for their resources and are located at various distances from cloud demanders. Re- different
prices forr1their
source resources
of servers S1–S5 and are located
are identified at labels
by the various distances
r1–S1, fromr1–S4,
r1–S2, r1–S3, cloudand demanders.
r1–
Resource r1 of servers S1–S5 are identified by the labels r1–S1, r1–S2, r1–S3, r1–S4, and
S5, respectively.
r1–S5, respectively.
Moreover, there are 14 cloud demanders (d1–d14). Each cloud demander submits
24 orders, with 1 of each order type submitted (i.e., 1 of each of the 24 order types). As
indicated in Table 5, the fundamental details of each cloud service provider and cloud
demander are externally imported from Excel.
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1/3, ω 2222 === 1/3,
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mander
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coefficients
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for
externally
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coefficients
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coefficients RoS
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be ω ω = ==1/3,
2 111= 1/3,
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and The weight
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and ω
and
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 7418
ω
and
1/3.
333 = 1/3.and The = 1/3.
weight
ω 3333 = 1/3.
ω
coefficients for the RoS were set in this study
11 1 to be 2
22 11 1 = 1/3, 22
2 =141/3,
of 25
and ω 3 =
and ωω333 = 1/3.
and 3
= 1/3.
1/3. and ω 3
and ωω 3 ==1/3.
3 3
= 1/3.
1/3.
3 and 33
Table 2.
Table OrderTable
2. Order Table
and 2.
2. Order
and cloud
cloud and
service
Order cloud
route
and route
service service
service route
route correspondence.
correspondence.
cloud correspondence. correspondence.
Table 2.2.OrderTable
and
Table 2.2.Order
cloud and
service
Order and cloud
route
cloud service route
routecorrespondence.
correspondence.
service correspondence.
Table
Table2.
Table Order
2.Order
Order and
and
Table
and cloud
cloud
2.
cloud
Table 2. service
service
Order
Order and
service
and route
route
cloud
route correspondence.
correspondence.
service route
correspondence.
cloud service route correspondence.
correspondence.
Table 2. Order and cloud service route correspondence.
Order
Order Order
Order
Order Type
Order Order
Order Type
TypeType Type Cloud
Cloud Service
Cloud Service
ServiceCloud
Route
Route
Cloud
Route Service
Service Route Order
Route Order
Order Type Cloud Service
Cloud
Order Service Cloud
CloudRoute
Route
Cloud Service
Service Route
Service RouteRoute
Order Type Order Cloud Service Route Order
Order
Order Cloud
Order Service Route
Order Type
OrderType OrderType
Type Order
Order Type
Type Cloud Service
CloudService
Service
Cloud
Cloud
Route
Route
Cloud
Service
Service
ServiceRoute
RouteType
Route
Type
Type
Route
Type
Order
Type
Type Cloud
Cloud Service
Service
Cloud
Cloud
Route
Route
Cloud
Service
Service
Service
Route
Route
Route
Order Type Cloud Cloud
Route Service Type Cloud
Type Service CloudRoute Service Route
Order 11
Order 11 Order
Order11 11 t1 t2
t1 t2 t1 t2 Type
Order
Type
Order
Order 12 Type
1212 Order
Type 12 t3 t4
t3 t4 t3 t4
Order 11 Order
Order11 11 t1 t2 t1t1 t2t2 Order 12 Order
Order12 12 t3 t4 t3t3 t4t4
Order11
Order
Order 11 Order
11 Order 11 t1 t2
t1
t1 t2
t2 t1 t6 Order12
Order
t2 Order 12 Order
12 Order 12 t3 t4
t3
t3 t4
t4 t3 t4t4
13
Order 13 Order
Order
Order 11
13 13
13 t5
t5 t6 t6
t6 t1
t5
t5 t6 t2
t6 Order Order 14
1414 Order
Order 14 12
14
14 t7 t7
t7 t8 t8
t8 t3
t7
t7 t8 t8
Order 13
Order13 Order
13 Order 13
Order 1313 t5
t5 t6 t6 t5 t5 t6 Order
t6 Order
Order1414 Order
Order 14
14 Order 14 t7 t7 t8 t8 t7t7 t8t8 t8
Order
Order 13
15 Order
Order 13 t9t5
t5 t10t6 t5
t5 t6 Order 14
16 Order 14t11 t7 t12 t8 t13 t7
t7 t8
Order
Order 15 Order
15 15 15
Order 15 t9 t10
t9 t10 t9
t9 t10 t10
t10 Order 16
Order16
Order
Order 16
16 Order 16t11 t11 t12 t12 t11 t11
t13 t12
t11
t13
t12
t12 t13 t13
Order15 Order
15 Order 15
Order 1515 t9 t10 t10 t9t9 t10 t10 Order
Order16 Order
16 Order 16
Order 16 16t11 t12 t12 t13 t11 t12
t13 t12 t13 t13
Order
Order 15
21 Order
Order 15 t14 t9
t9 t15 t10 t16 t9t9 t10 Order 16
22 Order 16 t11
t11
t17 t12
t18 t13
t11
t11
t19 t12 t13
t13
Order
Order 21 Order
21 21 21
Order
Order 21
21 t14 t15
t14 t15 t14 t14
t16 t15
t14
t16
t15
t15 t16 t16
Order
t16 22
Order22
Order
Order
Order 22
22 Order 22 t17 t18
22t17 t18 t17 t17
t19 t18
t17
t19
t18
t18 t19 t19
t19
Order21
Order 21 Order 21
21 Order 21 t14 t15
t14 t15 t20
t15 t14 t15
t16
t16 t15 t16 t16
Order22
Order Order 22
22 Order
22 22t17t24 t18
t17 t18t25t17 t17 t18
t19 t18 t19 t19
Order
Order 23
23 Order
Order
Order
Order 23
21
23
23 t14
t20
t20 t21
t21 t14
t14
t16
t22
t22
t20 t15 t22
t21
t21 t16
Order
Order
t22Order
24
2424
Order
Order
Order t23
t23 22t17
24
24 t24 t18t23
t25 t19
t23 t19
t17 t26t18t25
t24
t26
t24 t25 t19t26
t26
Order 23
Order23 Order 23
Order 23
23 Order 23 t20
t20 t21 t21
t21 t27 t22
t20
t20 t21
t22 t21
t21 t22 Order
t22
t22
Order2424 Ordert23
Order
24 Order 24
t23 24 t24t24 t25
t23
t24t31t23 t23 t26
t25 t26
t24
t24 t25
t26 t25
t25 t26 t26
Order
Order
Order 23
25
25 Order
Order 23
25 t20
t20
t27 t21
t28
t27 t28 t27 t22
t20
t20
t22
t29
t29 t28 t29 t21
t28 Order
t22
t29
Order
Order 24
26 Order
Order t23
t23 2624
24t30 t24
2626 Order 26t30 t31 t30 t25
t23
t25 t30
t32 t24
t32 t31 t32 t26
t24
t26 t31 t25 t32 t26
Order 25 Order
Order 25 25 t27 t28 t29 Order
Order 26 t30 t31 t32
Order25 Order
25 Order 25
Order 2525 t27t34 t28 t27
t28t35t27 t27 t28
t29 t28
t28 t29 t29
t29
Order Order 26
Order 26
26 Order 26t30t38 t31t31t39t30t30
t30 t31
t32 t31
t31 t32 t32
t32
Order 25 Order
Order 25 t27 t34 t28t33 t29
t27 t36t28t35 Order 26 Order t30 t38 t31t37 t32
t30
Order
Order
Order
31
31
31 Order 31
31 t33 t27
t33
t33 t34
t35 t29
t33
t35
t34
t36
t34
t36 t35 t29 t36
Order
t36 26
Order
Order
32
32
32
Order
Order t37
t37
t37
26t30
32
32 t38
t39 t32
t37
t39
t40t31t39
t38
t40
t38
t40 t39 t32t40
t40
Order31 Order
Order
31 Order 31 31
Order 3131 t33 t34 t33
t34t42t33 t33 t36
t35 t34
t34 t35
t36 t35 t36
Order
t35 Ordert36 32
Order 32 Order
Order
32 Order 32
t37 32 t38 t37
t38t46t37 t37 t40
t39 t38
t38 t39
t40 t39
t39 t40 t40
Order
Order 31 Order 31 t33
t33 t34 t42 t35
t33
t35 t34
t34
t36 t42
t42 t35 t36
t36
Order 32 Ordert37
t37 32
32 t38 t46 t39
t37
t39 t38
t38
t40 t46
t46 t39 t40
t40
t42
t42 t41t44 t42 t42
t42 t46
t46 t45t48 t46 t46
t46
Order t42 t44 t42 t44 t46 t48 t46 t48
Order 33
Order
Order
33
33 Order 3333 t41
t41
t41
t42 t41t44
Order 34
Order
t44
Order
34
34
Order
Order 34 34t45
t45
t45
t46 t45t48 t48
Order 33 Order
Order 33 33
Order 33 t41 t41
t41 t44 t44
Order34
t44
Order 34 Order 34
Order t4534
t45 t45
t45t48 t48
t48
Order 33
Order 33 Order
Order 33
33 t41
t41 t43
t43 t41
t41 t44
t44 t43 Order
t44
Order
t44 34
34 Order
Order 34t45
34 t47
t47 t45
t45 t48
t48 t47 t48
t48
t43 t43
t43 t47 t47
t47
t43 t51
t43 t43
t43 t47t58
t47 t47
t47
t50 t43 t43 t57 t47 t47
t50
t50 t51 t50
t51 t50
t50
t51
t51
t51
t57
t57 t58
t58 t57
t57
t57
t58
t58
t58
Order 41
41 Order t49 t50
t50
t50 t51
t51
t51 t50
t53 t50 t55 t55t53 t51 Ordert5542 t56 t57
t57
t57 t58
t58
t58 t57
t60 t57 t62 t62t60t58
Order
Order 41 Order
Order 41 t49 t49 t53 t51 Order 42 Order
t56 42 t56 t60 t58 t62
Order41
Order
Order 41
41 Order41
Order 41
41
t49
t49
t49
t49
t49
t49
t53
t49 t53t53
t53
t55
t55
t55
t55
t53
t53
Order
t53 Order
Order
Order
t55
42
t55
42
42
t55
42
t56
Order
Order 42
t56
t56
Order
t56
42
42 t56 t56 t60
t56 t60t60
t60
t62
t62
t62
t62
t60
t60
t60
t62
t62
t62
Order
Order 41 41 t52 t49
t52 t52 t53 Ordert5542 Order 42 t59 t56
t59 t59 t60 t62
t52 t52
t52 t59 t59
t59
t52
t52
t52 t54 t52 t52 t59
t59
t59 t61 t59 t59
t54
t54 t54
t54 t61
t61 t61
t61
t54
t54 t54
t54 t61
t61 t61
t61
t64
t64 t54t65 t64
t65 t54
t65 t71
t71 t61
t72 t71
t72 t61
t72
t64 t65 t64 t64 t65
t65 t71 t72 t71
t71 t72
t72
t64
t64
t64 t65 t64
t65
t65 t65 t71
t71 t72 t71
t72 t72
Order
Order 43
Order 43
43
Order
Order 43
Order 43 t63
t63
t63 t63 t67
t63 t67
t67
t64 t69 t69t67
t69
t65
t67 Order
Ordert69
Order
44
44 t70
t69
44
Order
Order 44
t70
t70 44t71 t70t70 t72 t74 t71 t76
t74
t74
t72
t76t74
t76 t74 t76
t76
Order43
Order 43
43 Order43
Order 43
43 t63
t63
t63
t63
t63 t67t67
t67 t66 t69 t69t67
t69t67t67 Order t69
t69
Ordert69
t67Order 44
t69
Order
Order
t70
44 t70
t70
Order44
4444 t70
44t73 t70 t70
t70 t74 t74
t74 t73 t76 t76t74
t74
t76t74
t74
t76
t76
t76
Order Order 43 t63 t66
t66 t63 t66 44 Order t73 t73 t76
Order 43 t66 t66 Order 44 t73 t73
t66
t66 t66
t66 t73
t73 t73
t73
t66 t68 t66
t68 t68
t68 t73 t75 t73
t75 t75
t75
t68
t68 t68
t68 t75
t75 t75
t75
t78
t78 t68
t68 t78 t68
t68 t82
t82 t75
t75 t82 t75
t75
t78 t78 t82 t82
t78 t77t80 t78 t78
t78 t82 t81 t85 t83 t82
t82
Order 51
Order 51 Order
Order 5151 t77
t77 t78
t78 t77t80 t78 t80 Order 52
Order
t80 52 Order
Ordert81 52
t81
52 t82
t82
t83
t83 t81 t85 t82
t82
t83 t85
t85
Order
Order 51
51 Order
Order 51
51 t77
t77 t77t80
t77 t80 Order
t80
t80
Order 52
52 Order
Order t81
5252
t81 t83
t83 t81
t81 t85
t85 t83
t83 t85
t85
Order51
Order 51 Order
Order
Order 51
51 51 t77
t77 t79
t79 t77
t77 t80
t80 t79 Order
t80
t80
Order
Order 52
5252 Order
Order t81
t81 52
52 t83
t83
t84
t84 t81
t81 t85
t85 t83
t83
t84 t85
t85
t79 t79 t84 t84
t79 t79
t79 t84 t92 t91 t84 t84
t84
t79
t79
t87
t87 t79
t79
t87 t91 t84
t91 t84 t92 t91 t84t92
t87 t87 t91 t92 t92
t87 t86t89 t87 t87
t87 t91 t90 t92 t91t91
t91 t92
t92
Order 53
Order 53 Order
Order 53
53 t86
t86 t87
t87 t86t89 t87 t89
Order
Order
t89 54
54 Order
Ordert90
t90 54
54 t91
t91 t90 t92
t92 t91
t95
t95 t92
t92 t95
t95
Order 53 Order
Order 53
53 t86 t86t89
t86 t89
Order
t89 54 Ordert90
Order 54
54 t90
t90 t95 t95
t95
Order
Order 53
Order 53
53 Order
Order
Order 53 t86
t86
t86 t86 t89
t89
t89 Order
Order
t89
Order 54
54
54 t90
t90
Order
t90 54 t90 t95
t95
t95 t95
53 53 t88
t88 t86 t88
t88 t89
Order 54 Order 54 t93
t93 t90t94 t93
t94 t93 t94
t94 t95
t88 t88
t88 t93 t94 t93
t93 t94
t94
t88
t88
t88 t88 t93
t93
t93 t94 t93
t94
t94 t94
t88 t93 t94
Table 3.
Table 3. Task Table
Task and
and
Table 3. Task
resource
3. Task
resource and resource
correspondence.
and resource
correspondence. correspondence.
correspondence.
Table 3.3.Task Table
Table
and
Table 3.
resource
3. Task
3.3.Task
Task and
and resource
resource
correspondence.
and resource correspondence.
correspondence.
correspondence.
Table
Table3.3.Task Task
TaskandTable
and
and
Table resource
3. Task
resource
Task and resource
correspondence.
correspondence.
and resource correspondence.
correspondence.
Table
Task Table
Resource 3.
resource
Task Task and
Task resource
correspondence.
Resource correspondence.
Task
Resource Resource
Task Task
Resource Resource
Task Task
Resource Resource
Task Task
Resource
Table Resource
3. Task Task
and resource Task
Resource Resource
Task
correspondence. Task
Resource Resource
Task Task
Resource Resource
Task Resource
Task
Task Resource
Task
Resource Resource
Task
Task Resource
Task
Resource Resource
Task
Task Resource
Task
Resource Resource
Task
Task Resource
Resource
Task
t1
Task Resource
(r1)t1
t1
Resource
Task Task
(r1)
t2
(r1)
Task
Resource Resource
(r3)
Resourcet2
t2
Task Task
(r3)
t3
(r3)
Task
Resource Resource
(r2)t3
t3
Resource
Task Task
t4(r2)
(r2)
Task
Resource Resource
(r4)
Resourcet4
t4
Task (r4)
(r4)
Resource
Task
t1
t1 Resource
(r1)t1
Task
(r1)t1t1 Task
t2
(r1)
Resource
t2(r1) Resource
(r3)t2
Task
(r3)t2t2 Task
t3
(r3)
Resource
t3(r3) Resource
(r2)t3
Task
(r2)t3t3 Task
t4 (r2)
Resource
t4 (r2) Resource
(r4)t4
Task
(r4)t4t4 (r4)
Resource
(r4)
t1 t1
(r1)
t5 (r11,(r1)
t2(r1)
r30) t2
(r3)
t6 (r3)
(r3)
t3
(r5) t3
(r2)
t7 (r2)
t4
(r12, (r2)
r29) t4
(r4)
t8 (r4)
(r4)
(r6)
Task t5
t1
Resource
t1
t5 (r11,
(r1)
(r11, r30)
t5
(r1) t1 Task (r11,
r30)
t5
t1 t6
(r11,
t2
t6
(r1) r30)
t2(r1)
r30) (r5)
(r3)
(r5)t6
(r3)
Resource t6
t2t2 t7
(r5)
t3
(r3)
Task
t3
t7
(r5)
(r3) (r12,
(r2)
(r12, r29)
t7
(r2) t3
Resource
r29)
t7
t3 t8
(r12,
t4
t8
(r12, r29)
t4(r2)
(r2)
r29) Task(r6)
(r4)
(r6)t8
(r4)
t8
t4t4 (r6)
(r4)
Resource
(r6)
(r4)
t5
t5 (r11,
(r11,t9t5
r30)
t5t5
r30) (r11,
t6
(r11,
(r11, r30)
r30) (r5)
r30) (r31)
t6 r29) t6
t6
(r5) t6 t7(r5)
(r5)
(r5)
t7 (r12, t7
r29)
t7
(r12,t11 t7
r29) (r12,
t8
(r12,
(r12, r29)
r29) (r6)
r29) (r67)
t8 r30) t8t8
t8
(r6) (r6)
(r6)
(r6)
t9
t5
t9
t5 (r12,
(r11,
(r12,
(r11, r29)
t9
r30)
t5
r29)
t5
r30) (r12,
t10
(r12, t6
(r11,
t10
(r11,
t6 r29)
r30)
r30) t10
(r31)
t10
(r5)
(r5)t6t6 (r31)
t11
(r31)
t11
t7t7
(r5)
(r5) (r11,
(r12,
(r11,
(r12, r30)
t11
r29)
t7t7
r30)
r29) (r11,
t12
(r11,
t8
(r12,
t12
(r12,
t8 r30)
r29)
r29) t12
(r67)
t12
(r6)
(r6)t8t8 (r67)
(r67)
(r6)
(r6)
t1 (r1) t9 (r12, r29) t10 (r31) t11 (r11, r30) t12 (r67)
t9
t9
t13
t9
t13
(r12,
(r12,
(r32)
(r12,
t9
t9
t13
(r32) t9 t2 (r12,
r29)
r29)
t13
r29)
t9
(r12,
t10
t10r29)
(r12,
(r32)
t14
(r32)
t10
t14
(r12, r29) (r3)
r29)
r29)
t10
(r31)
t10
(r31)t10
t14
(r1)
t14
(r31)
(r1) t10
t11 t3
(r31)
(r31)
(r31)
t11
(r1)
t15
(r1)
t11
t15(r31)
(r11,
(r11,
(r11,
t11
r30)
t11
t11
r30)
t15
(r7)
t15
(r7) r30)
t11
(r2) (r11,
(r11,
t12
(r11,
t12
t16(r7)
(r7)
t12
t16
(r11, r30) t4
r30)
r30)
r30)
t12
(r67)
t12
(r67)t12
t16
(r1)
t16
(r67)
(r1) t12
(r4)
(r67)
(r67)
(r67)
(r1)
(r1)
(r67)
t5 t9
(r11,
t13 (r12,
r30) (r32) t9
r29)
t13
t13
t13 t6 (r12,
t10
(r32)
(r32)
t14
(r32) r29) (r5) t10
(r31)
t14
t14
(r1)
t14 (r31)
t11
t15(r1)
t7
(r1)
(r1) (r11, t11
(r7)r30)
t15 (r11,
t12
(r12, r29) t16
t15
t15 r30)
(r7)
(r7)
(r7) t12
(r67)
t16
t8(r1)
t16
t16 (r67)
(r1)
(r6)
(r1)
(r1)
t13
t17
t13
t17 (r32)t13
t17
(r2)
t17
(r32)
(r2) t13 (r32)
t14
(r2)
t18
(r2)
t14
t18(r32) (r1)t14
t18
(r8)
t18
(r1)
(r8) t14 (r1)
t15
(r8)
t19
(r8)
t15
t19 (r1) (r7)t15
t19
(r2)
t19
(r7)
(r2) t15 t16
t20
t20 (r7)
(r2)
(r2)
t16 (r7) (r1)t16
t20
(r5)
t20
(r1)
(r5) t16 (r1)
(r5)
(r5)
(r1)
t9 t13
(r12,
t17 r29) (r32) t13
t17
t17
(r2)
t17 t10 t14 (r32)
t18(r2)
(r2)
(r2) (r31) t14
(r1)
t18
t18
(r8)
t18 t15
t19(r1)
(r8)
t11
(r8)
(r8) t15
(r7) (r11, r30)t16
t19
t19
(r2)
t19 t20 (r7)
(r2)
(r2)
(r2) t12 t16
(r1)
t20
t20
(r5)
t20 (r1)
(r5)
(r67)
(r5)
(r5)
t17
t21
t17
t21 (r2)t17
t21
(r5)
t21
(r2)
(r5) t17 t14 t18 t18 (r2)
(r5)
t22
(r5)
t18
t22 (r2) (r8)t18
t22
(r41)
t22
(r8)
(r41) t18 (r8)
t19
(r41)
t23
(r41)
t19
t23 (r8) (r2)t19
t23
(r6)
t23
(r2)
(r6) t19(r7) t20 t20
t24
t24 (r2)
(r6)
(r6)
t20 (r2) (r5)t20
t24
(r6)
t24
(r5)
(r6) t20 (r5)
(r6)
(r6)
(r5)
t13 t17
t21(r32) t17
(r2)
t21
t21
(r5) t22(r2)
(r5)
(r5) (r1) t18
(r8)
t22
t22
(r41) t19 t15
(r8)
(r41)
(r41)
t23 t19
(r2)
t23
t23
(r6) t24 (r2)
(r6)
(r6) t16 t20
(r5)
t24
t24
(r6) (r1)
(r5)
(r6)
(r6)
t21
t25 t21
(r5)t21
t25
(r71) (r5)
t22 (r5)
(r71)
t26 t22
(r41)t22
t26
(r42) (r41)
(r41)
t23
(r42)
t27 t23
(r6)t23
t27
(r33) (r6)
t24 (r6)
(r33)
t28 t24
(r6)t24
t28
(r9) (r6)
(r6)
(r9)
t17 t21
t25
t21 (r2) t25
(r5)
(r71) t21 t18 t22
t21
(r5)
t25 (r71)
t22
t26 (r5)
(r5)
(r71) (r8) t26
(r41)
(r42) t22
t22
(r41)
t26 (r42)
t23
t27
t23 t19
(r41)
(r41)
(r42) t27
(r6)
(r33) t23(r2) t24
t23
(r6)
t27 (r33)
t24
t28 (r6)
(r6)
(r33) t20 t28
(r6)
(r9)
(r6) t24
t24
t28 (r9)
(r5)
(r6)
(r6)
(r9)
t25
t25 t25
(r71)
t25
(r71)t25 (r71)
t26
(r71)
(r71)
t26 t26
(r42)
t26
(r42)t26 (r42)
t27
(r42)
(r42)
t27 t27
(r33)
t27
(r33)t27 (r33)
t28
(r33)
t28(r33) t28
(r9)
t28
(r9)t28 (r9)
(r9)
(r9)
t21 t29
t25
t29
t25 (r5) t29
(r9)
(r71)
(r9) t25 t22 t26
t29
t25
(r71) (r9)
t30
(r9)
t26
t30(r71)
(r71) (r41) t30
(r34)
t30
(r42)
(r34) t26
t26
(r42) (r34)
t31
t27
t31 t23
(r34)
(r42)
(r42)
t27 t31
(r10)
(r33)
(r10) t27(r6) t28
t31
t27
(r33) (r10)
t32
(r10)
t28
t32 (r33)
(r33) t24 t32
(r10)
t32
(r9)
(r10) t28
t28
(r9) (r10)
(r6)
(r10)
(r9)
(r9)
t29 t29
t29
(r9)
t29 t30(r9)
(r9)
(r9) t30
t30
(r34)
t30 (r34)
(r34)
t31
(r34) t31
t31
(r10)
t31 (r10)
(r10)
t32
(r10) t32
t32
(r10)
t32 (r10)
(r10)
(r10)
t25 t29
t33(r71)
t29
t33 (r9)t29 t26 t34
t33
(r9)
t33
(r9)t29 t30 (r9)
(r9)
t34
(r9)
t30 (r9) (r34)
(r42)
(r7) t30
t34
t34
(r34)
(r7) t30 t35(r34)
t31
(r7)
t27
(r7)
t31
t35(r34) (r10)
(r9) t31(r33) t36
t35
t35
(r10)
(r9) t31 t32
t36 (r10)
(r9)
(r9)
t32(r10) t28(r10)
(r7) t32
t36
t36
(r10)
(r7) t32 (r10)
(r7)
(r9)
(r7)
(r10)
t29
t33 t29
(r9)
(r9)
t33
t33
(r9)
t33 t30
t34(r9)
(r9)
(r9) t30
(r34)
t34
t34
(r7)
t34 (r34)
t31
t35(r7)
(r7)
(r7) t31
(r10)
t35
t35
(r9)
t35 (r10)
t32
t36 (r9)
(r9)
(r9) t32
(r10)
t36
t36
(r7)
t36 (r10)
(r7)
(r7)
(r7)
t29 t33
t33(r9) (r9)
(r9)t33
t33 t30 t34
t34 (r9)
(r9) (r34)(r7)
(r7)t34
t34 (r7)
t31
t35
t35(r7) (r9)
(r9)t35
t35 (r10) t36
t36 (r9)
(r9) t32 (r7)
(r7)t36
t36 (r7)
(r10)
(r7)
t33 t33
(r9) t34(r9) t34
(r7) t35(r7) t35
(r9) t36 (r9) t36
(r7) (r7)
t33 (r9) t34 (r7) t35 (r9) t36 (r7)
t37 (r10) t38 (r8) t39 (r10) t40 (r8)
t41 (r13, r14) t42 (r61) t43 (r21, r23) t44 (r51, r52)
t45 (r15, r16) t46 (r62) t47 (r22, r24) t48 (r53, r54)
t49 (r21, r23) t50 (r47, r48) t51 (r47, r48) t52 (r33)
t53 (r35, r37) t54 (r63) t55 (r43, r45) t56 (r22, r24)
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 7418 15 of 25

Table 3. Cont.

Task Resource Task Resource Task Resource Task Resource

t57 (r49, r50) t58 (r49, r50) t59 (r34) t60 (r36, r38)
t61 (r64) t62 (r44, r46) t63 (r35, r37) t64 (r41)
t65 (r41) t66 (r39) t67 (r25, r27) t68 (r65)
t69 (r13, r14) t70 (r36, r38) t71 (r42) t72 (r42)
t73 (r40) t74 (r26, r28) t75 (r66) t76 (r15, r16)
t77 (r47, r48) t78 (r51, r52) t79 (r57, r58) t80 (r47, r48)
t81 (r49, r50) t82 (r53, r54) t83 (r68) t84 (r59, r60)
t85 (r49, r50) t86 (r57, r58) t87 (r17, r19) t88 (r63)
t89 (r55) t90 (r59, r60) t91 (r18, r20) t92 (r69)
t93 (r64) t94 (r70) t95 (r56)

Table 4. Substitution relationships among internal resources.

Alternative Alternative Alternative Alternative
Resource Re-Source Re-Source Re-Source
Resource Resource Resource Resource
r1 r2 r2 r1 r3 r4 r4 r3
r5 r6 r6 r5 r7 r8 r8 r7
r9 r10 r10 r9 r11 r12 r12 r11
r13 r16 r14 r15 r15 r14 r16 r13
r17 r20 r18 r19 r19 r18 r20 r17
r21 r24 r22 r23 r23 r22 r24 r21
r25 r28 r26 r27 r27 r26 r28 r25
r29 r30 r30 r29 r31 r32 r32 r31
r33 r34 r34 r33 r35 r38 r36 r37
r37 r36 r38 r35 r39 r40 r40 r39
r41 r42 r42 r41 r43 r44 r44 r43
r45 r46 r46 r45 r47 r49 r48 r50
r49 r47 r50 r48 r51 r53 r52 r54
r53 r51 r54 r52 r55 r56 r56 r55
r57 r59 r58 r60 r59 r57 r60 r58
r61 r62 r62 r61 r63 r64 r64 r63
r65 r66 r66 r65 r67 r68 r68 r67
r69 r70 r70 r69 r71 r72 r72 r71

Table 5. Properties of cloud demanders and cloud servers.

Location Location
ID City ID City
(Latitude, Longitude) (Latitude, Longitude)
S1 Beijing (39.91, 116.41) d5 Jinan (36.4, 117)
S2 Shanghai (31.21, 121.43) d6 Lanzhou (36.03, 103.73)
S3 Chengdu (30.66, 104.06) d7 Wulumuqi (43.76, 87.68)
S4 Hangzhou (30.26, 120.2) d8 Changsha (28.21, 113)
S5 Shenzhen (22.61, 114.06) d9 Nanchang (28.68, 115.9)
d10 Fuzhou (26.08, 119.3)
d1 HaErbin (45.75, 126.63) d11 Nanning (22.48, 108.19)
d2 ShenYang (41.8, 123.38) d12 Lasa (29.6, 91)
d3 Baotou (40.39, 109.49) d13 Lianyungang (34.36, 119.1)
d4 Tianjin (39.13, 117.2) d14 Hefei (31.52, 117.17)

The weight coefficients for the RoS were set in this study to be ω1 = 1/3, ω2 = 1/3,
and ω3 = 1/3.

6.2. Structural Robustness Analysis

Based on the network model construction method described in Section 4.1, Figure 5 depicts
the initial cloud manufacturing resource network. Matlab-2020a software was implemented
 Topological Parameter Number of Nodes Average Degree Density Average Path Length
Topological
Cloud Parameter
resource Number of Nodes Average Degree Density Average Path Len
231 21.208 0.087 4.231
Cloud network
resource
231 21.208 0.087 4.231
network
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 7418 The network contained 231 resource nodes, and the distribution of node degrees was 16 of 25
very unbalanced. A small number of nodes occupied the vast majority of connected edges,
The network contained 231 resource nodes, and the distribution of node degre
proving that the network possessed the traits of a scale-free network. It was a sparse net-
very as
work, unbalanced.
the nodes A small
with higher number
degree of nodes
values tendedoccupied the vast majority of connected
to conduct data statistical analysis on the network, andto
as connect
shown inthe nodes
Table 6 andwith lower
Figure 6, the
proving
degree that
values,
relevant
the network
as indicated
network
possessed
topologybyparameters
the network the traits
ands degree
low density.of a scale-free network.
distribution were obtained.
It was a spars
work, as the nodes with higher degree values tended to connect the nodes with
degree values, as indicated by the network s low density.

Figure
Figure 5. Layout
5. Layout of the
of the cloud
cloud resource
resource network
network in space.
in space.

Table 6. Topological parameters of initial cloud resource network.

Topological Parameter Number of Nodes Average Degree Density Average Path Length
Cloud resource
231 21.208 0.087 4.231
network Figure 5. Layout of the cloud resource network in space.

Figure 6. Cloud resource network degree distribution.

Then, using the four failure modes outlined in Section 5.1, Python 3.0 was used to
simulate and determine how the structural robustness indexes changed in response to
each failure mode.

Figure6.
Figure Cloud resource
6. Cloud resourcenetwork degree
network distribution.
degree distribution.
The network contained 231 resource nodes, and the distribution of node degrees was
veryThen, usingAthe
unbalanced. four
small failure
number modes
of nodes outlined
occupied inmajority
the vast Sectionof5.1, Python
connected 3.0 was u
edges,
simulate andthe
proving that determine how thethe
network possessed structural
traits of a robustness indexes
scale-free network. changed
It was in respo
a sparse
network, as the
each failure mode. nodes with higher degree values tended to connect the nodes with lower
degree values, as indicated by the network’s low density.
Then, using the four failure modes outlined in Section 5.1, Python 3.0 was used to
simulate and determine how the structural robustness indexes changed in response to each
failure mode.
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of 27

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 7418 17 of 25

6.2.1. Structural Robustness Comparison of Three Substitution Strategies under Initial

Node
6.2.1.Degree LossRobustness
Structural (ID) FailureComparison
Mode of Three Substitution Strategies under Initial
NodeAs shown in Figure 7, (1) inMode
Degree Loss (ID) Failure the ID failure mode, the maximum connectivity sub-
graphsAs under
shownthe in
no-substitution
Figure 7, (1) instrategy (“common”)
the ID failure mode, the andmaximum
the three resource substitution
connectivity subgraphs
strategies
under the (“internal”, “external”,
no-substitution and
strategy “inter&exter”)
(“common”) and all
theshow
three aresource
decreasing trend asstrate-
substitution the
gies (“internal”, “external”, and “inter&exter”) all show a decreasing
number of node failures increases. This indicates that from the complex network perspec- trend as the number
of the
tive, node failures robustness
structural increases. of This
theindicates that from
CMS gradually the complex
decreases. (2) Thenetwork
curves ofperspective,
the three
the structural
resource robustness
substitution of the
strategies areCMS gradually
all located above decreases.
the curve(2) Theno-substitution
of the curves of the three
strat-re-
egysource substitution
(i.e., their maximum strategies are all located
connectivity subgraphabove
valuestheare
curve of the
larger thanno-substitution strategy
the no-substitution
(i.e., their
strategy maximum
s value). connectivity
This indicates thatsubgraph values are
all three resource larger thanstrategies
substitution the no-substitution
can improve strat-
the structural robustness of the CMS in the face of initial node degree failure. (3) The “in-the
egy’s value). This indicates that all three resource substitution strategies can improve
structural
ternal” curverobustness of the CMS
is only slightly higher inthan
the face
the of initial node
“common” degree
curve, andfailure.
when (3)theThe “internal”
number of
curve is only slightly higher than the “common” curve, and
node attacks is high, the maximum connected subgraph values of these two strategies when the number of de-
node
attacks
crease is at
to 0, high,
whichthe point
maximum connected
the CMN subgraph collapsed.
has completely values of these two strategies
In contrast, decrease
the “external”
andto “inter&exter”
0, at which point the CMN
curves has completely
are significantly highercollapsed.
than the In contrast, the
“common” “external”
curve, and even and
when the number of node attacks is high, the connected subgraph values still maintain athe
“inter&exter” curves are significantly higher than the “common” curve, and even when
number
high level. of node
This attacksthat
indicates is high, the connected
the external subgraph
replacement valuesand
strategy stillthe
maintain a high level.
internal–external
This indicates that the external replacement strategy and
integrated replacement strategy both offer more significant robustness enhancementthe internal–external integrated
than
replacement strategy both offer more significant
the internal replacement strategy under the ID failure mode. robustness enhancement than the internal
replacement strategy under the ID failure mode.

Figure 7. 7.
Figure Variation of of
Variation S under IDID
S under failure mode.
failure mode.

6.2.2.
6.2.2. Structural
Structural Robustness
Robustness Comparison
Comparison ofof Three
Three Substitution
Substitution Strategies
Strategies under
under Initial
Initial
Node Betweenness Loss (IB) Failure Mode
Node Betweenness Loss (IB) Failure Mode
As shown in Figure 8, (1) in the IB failure mode, the maximum connectivity subgraphs
As shown in Figure 8, (1) in the IB failure mode, the maximum connectivity sub-
under the no-substitution strategy (“common”) and the three resource substitution strate-
graphs under the no-substitution strategy (“common”) and the three resource substitution
gies (“internal”, “external”, and “inter&exter”) all show a decreasing trend as the number
strategies (“internal”, “external”, and “inter&exter”) all show a decreasing trend as the
of node failures increases. This indicates that from the complex network perspective,
number of node failures increases. This indicates that from the complex network perspec-
the structural robustness of the CMS gradually decreases. (2) The curves of the three re-
tive, the structural
source substitution robustness
strategiesofare theallCMS
locatedgradually decreases.
above the curve of(2)
theThe curves of thestrategy
no-substitution three
resource substitution strategies are all located above the curve of
(i.e., their maximum connectivity subgraph values are larger than the no-substitutionthe no-substitution strat-
egy (i.e., theirvalue).
strategy’s maximum Thisconnectivity
indicates that subgraph values
all three are larger
resource than thestrategies
substitution no-substitution
can im-
strategy s value). This indicates that all three resource substitution
prove the structural robustness of the CMS in the face of initial node betweenness strategies can improvefailure.
the
(3)structural robustness
The “internal” curveofisthe CMS
only in the higher
slightly face of than
initialthe
node betweenness
“common” curve,failure. (3) The
and when the
“internal” curve is only slightly higher than the “common” curve,
number of node attacks is high, the maximum connected subgraph values of these two and when the number
ofstrategies
node attacks is high,
decrease the
to 0, atmaximum
which point connected
the CMNsubgraph valuescollapsed.
has completely of these two strategiesthe
In contrast,
decrease to 0, at which point the CMN has completely collapsed.
“external” and “inter&exter” curves are significantly higher than the “common” curve, In contrast, the “exter-and
nal” and “inter&exter” curves are significantly higher than the “common”
even when the number of node attacks is high, the connected subgraph values still maintain curve, and even
when
a highthelevel.
numberThisofindicates
node attacks
that theis high,
externalthereplacement
connected subgraph values
strategy and the still maintain a
internal–external
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 19 of 27

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 19 of 27

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 7418 high level. This indicates that the external replacement strategy and the internal–external
18 of 25
integrated replacement strategy both offer more significant robustness enhancement than
high level. This indicates that the external replacement strategy and the internal–external
the internal replacement strategy under the IB failure mode.
integrated replacement strategy both offer more significant robustness enhancement than
integrated
the replacementstrategy
internal replacement strategyunder
both offer more
the IB significant
failure mode. robustness enhancement than
the internal replacement strategy under the IB failure mode.

Figure 8. Variation of S under IB failure mode.

Figure
Figure
6.2.3. 8. 8. Variation
Variation
Structural of of S under
S under
Robustness IB IB failure
failure
Comparison mode.
mode. of Three Substitution Strategies under
Recomputed NodeRobustness
6.2.3. Structural Degree Loss (RD) Failure
Comparison ofMode
Three Substitution Strategies under
6.2.3. StructuralNode
Recomputed Robustness
Degree Comparison
Loss (RD) of Three
Failure ModeSubstitution Strategies under
As shown
Recomputed in Figure
Node Degree 9, Loss
(1) in(RD)
the RD failure
Failure Mode mode, when the number of node attacks
is high,Astheshown
maximum in Figure 9, (1) in the
connectivity RD failure
subgraph valuesmode,
underwhen the number
all three of node
substitution attacks is
strategies
As the
high, shown in Figure 9, (1) in thesubgraphRD failure mode, whenallthe number of nodestrategies
attacks
decrease to maximum
0, at whichconnectivity
point the CMN has completely values under
collapsed. three substitution
This indicates that the
is decrease
high, theto maximum
0, atiswhich connectivity subgraph values under all three substitution strategies
RD failure mode morepoint the CMN
destructive to has
the completely collapsed. This
structural robustness of theindicates
CMS thanthateither
the RD
decrease modeto 0, atis which point the CMN has completely collapsed.
of theThis indicates thatthethe
thefailure
ID or IB modes. more(2) destructive
The “external” to the structural
curve is alwaysrobustness
located above CMS than either
the “internal” curve,ID
RD orfailure
IB modes.mode (2)isThemore destructive
“external” curveto isthe structural
always locatedrobustness
above of the CMScurve,
than either
and the “inter&exter” curve is nearly always located above thethe “internal”
“external” curve. This and in-the
the ID or IB
“inter&exter” modes. (2) The “external” curve is always located above the “internal” curve,
dicates that the curve
maximumis nearly always located
connectivity subgraphabovevalue
the “external” curve. This
is largest under indicates that
the internal–ex-
andthethe “inter&exter”
maximum curve subgraph
connectivity is nearly always
value islocated
largest above the the internal–external
“external” curve.integration
This in-
ternal integration replacement strategy, followed byunder
the external replacement strategy,
dicates that
replacement the maximum
strategy, connectivity
followed by subgraph
the external value is
replacement largest under the internal–ex-
and then the internal replacement strategy. Therefore, for the strategy,
structuraland then the of
robustness internal
the
ternal integration
replacement replacement
strategy. Therefore, strategy,
for the followed
structural byrobustness
the external of replacement
the CMS strategy,
under the RD
CMS under the RD failure mode: internal–external integration replacement strategy>ex-
and then mode:
failure the internal replacement integration
internal–external strategy. Therefore,
replacementfor the structural robustness of the
ternal replacement strategy>internal replacement strategy. strategy > external replacement
CMS under> the
strategy RD failure
internal mode:strategy.
replacement internal–external integration replacement strategy>ex-
ternal replacement strategy>internal replacement strategy.

Figure 9. Variation
Figure of of
9. Variation S under RDRD
S under failure mode.
failure mode.

6.2.4.9.Structural
Figure Variation ofRobustness
S under RDComparison
failure mode. of Three Substitution Strategies under
Recomputed Node Betweenness Loss (RB) Failure Mode
As shown in Figure 10, (1) in the RB failure mode, when the number of node attacks is
high, the maximum connectivity subgraph values under all three strategies decrease to 0,
at which point the CMN has completely collapsed. This indicates that the RB failure mode
 6.2.4. Structural Robustness Comparison of Three Substitution Strategies under
Recomputed Node Betweenness Loss (RB) Failure Mode
As shown in Figure 10, (1) in the RB failure mode, when the number of node attacks
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 7418 19 of 25
is high, the maximum connectivity subgraph values under all three strategies decrease to
0, at which point the CMN has completely collapsed. This indicates that the RB failure
mode is more destructive to the structural robustness of the CMS than either the ID or IB
is more
modes. (2)destructive to thecurve
The “external” structural robustness
is always locatedof the CMS
above than eithercurve,
the “internal” the IDand
or IB
themodes.
ma-
(2) The “external” curve is always located above the “internal” curve, and
jority of the “inter&exter” curve is located above the “external” curve. This indicates thatthe majority
ofmaximum
the the “inter&exter” curvesubgraph
connectivity is located above
value the “external”
is largest under thecurve. This indicates
internal–external that the
integra-
maximum connectivity subgraph value is largest under the internal–external
tion replacement strategy, followed by the external replacement strategy, and then the integration
replacement
internal strategy,
replacement followed
strategy. by the external
Therefore, for thereplacement strategy, and
structural robustness then
of the the under
CMS internal
replacement strategy. Therefore, for the structural robustness of the CMS
the RB failure mode: internal–external integration replacement strategy>external replace- under the RB
failure
ment mode: internal–external
strategy>internal replacement integration
strategy. replacement strategy > external replacement
strategy > internal replacement strategy.

Figure
Figure 10.10. Variation
Variation of of S under
S under RBRB failure
failure mode.
mode.

InIn summary,from
summary, fromthe
thecomplex
complexnetwork
networkperspective,
perspective, allall three
three resourcesubstitution
resource substitution
strategies significantly improved the structural robustness of
strategies significantly improved the structural robustness of the CMS. In the four the CMS. In the four failure
failure
modes
modes (i.e.,
(i.e., ID,ID,
IB,IB,
RD,RD,
andand
RB),RB),
the the structural
structural robustness
robustness levels levels
underunder all three
all three strate-
strategies
gies were higher than those with no strategy. Further, the internal–external
were higher than those with no strategy. Further, the internal–external integration re- integration
replacement
placement strategy
strategy brought
brought the greatest
the greatest robustness
robustness enhancement
enhancement to thetoCMS,
the CMS, followed
followed by
the external replacement strategy, and then the internal replacement strategy. This isThis
by the external replacement strategy, and then the internal replacement strategy. rea- is
reasonable
sonable because because the essence
the essence of a resource
of a resource substitution
substitution strategystrategy
is to addisredundant
to add redundant
nodes,
nodes, so when a resource fails, redundant alternative resources
so when a resource fails, redundant alternative resources will be there to replace will be there to replace
it to com- it
to complete the task. Therefore, as the number of node failures
plete the task. Therefore, as the number of node failures increased, the strategies with increased, the strategies
withinitial
more moreredundant
initial redundant nodes
nodes (i.e., (i.e.,
the the internal–external
internal–external resource resource integration
integration strategy strategy
and
and the external replacement strategy) were more robust. Conversely, the strategy with
the external replacement strategy) were more robust. Conversely, the strategy with fewer
fewer initial redundant nodes (i.e., the internal replacement strategy) was less robust. In
initial redundant nodes (i.e., the internal replacement strategy) was less robust. In addi-
addition, in the failure modes based on the initial topology (i.e., ID and IB), only the struc-
tion, in the failure modes based on the initial topology (i.e., ID and IB), only the structural
tural robustness under the no-replacement strategy and the internal replacement strategy
robustness under the no-replacement strategy and the internal replacement strategy sig-
significantly decreased. In contrast, in the failure modes based on the recomputed topology
nificantly decreased. In contrast, in the failure modes based on the recomputed topology
(i.e., RD and RB), the structural robustness under all strategies significantly decreased, indi-
(i.e., RD and RB), the structural robustness under all strategies significantly decreased,
cating that the failure modes based on the recomputed topology were more destructive to
indicating that the failure modes based on the recomputed topology were more destruc-
the structural robustness of the CMS. However, for all four failure modes, all three resource
tive to the structural robustness of the CMS. However, for all four failure modes, all three
substitution strategies could protect the structural robustness of the CMS to some extent.
resource substitution strategies could protect the structural robustness of the CMS to some
extent.
6.3. Process Robustness Analysis
This research analyzed changes in the RoS under the four failure types using the
6.3. Process Robustness Analysis
multi-agent simulation program Anylogic and Python 3.0.

6.3.1. Process Robustness Comparison of Three Substitution Strategies under ID

Failure Mode
As shown in Figure 11, (1) in the ID failure mode, the RoS values under the no-
substitution strategy (“common”) and the three resource substitution strategies (“internal”,
“external”, and “inter&exter”) all show a decreasing trend as the number of node failures
 Mode
As shown in Figure 11, (1) in the ID failure mode, the RoS values under the no-sub-
stitution strategy (“common”) and the three resource substitution strategies (“internal”,
“external”, and “inter&exter”) all show a decreasing trend as the number of node failures
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 7418 increases (i.e., as the cloud order completion rate decreases). This indicates that 20 of 25
from a
multi-agent simulation perspective, the robustness of the CMP gradually decreases. (2)
The curves of the three resource substitution strategies are all located above the curve of
theincreases (i.e., as the
no-substitution cloud (i.e.,
strategy ordertheir
completion rate are
RoS values decreases).
larger than Thisthe
indicates that from strat-
no-substitution
a multi-agent simulation perspective, the robustness of the CMP gradually
egy s value, which means their order completion rates are higher). This indicates that all decreases.
(2) The curves of the three resource substitution strategies are all located above the curve
three resource substitution strategies can improve the robustness of the CMP in the face
of the no-substitution strategy (i.e., their RoS values are larger than the no-substitution
of strategy’s
initial node
value, degree
which failure.
means their(3) order
The “internal”
completion curve
rates areis higher).
only slightly higherthat
This indicates than the
“common” curve, and
all three resource when the
substitution numbercan
strategies of improve
node attacks is high, the
the robustness RoSCMP
of the values of these
in the
two strategies decrease to 0, at which point all cloud orders fail to be processed.
face of initial node degree failure. (3) The “internal” curve is only slightly higher than the In con-
trast, the “external”
“common” curve, and andwhen
“inter&exter”
the numbercurves
of nodeare significantly
attacks is high, thehigher
RoS than the
values of “common”
these
two strategies
curve, and though decrease to 0,values
the RoS at which point all when
fluctuate cloud orders fail to be
the number ofprocessed.
node attacksIn contrast,
is high, they
themaintain
still “external” and “inter&exter”
a high level (abovecurves are significantly
0.6). This indicates that higher than the “common”
the external replacement curve,
strategy
and though the RoS values fluctuate when the number of node attacks
and the internal–external integration replacement strategy both offer more significant is high, they still ro-
maintain a high level (above 0.6). This indicates that the external replacement strategy
bustness enhancement than the initial replacement strategy under the ID failure mode. In
and the internal–external integration replacement strategy both offer more significant
particular, when the number of node attacks is high, the slight fluctuations of the RoS
robustness enhancement than the initial replacement strategy under the ID failure mode. In
value indicate
particular, when that
thethe cloud
number orderattacks
of node completion
is high, rate tends
the slight to be stable
fluctuations atRoS
of the thisvalue
time, but
different resource substitution strategies will lead to changes in the service
indicate that the cloud order completion rate tends to be stable at this time, but different time, cost, re-
liability,
resourceand other factors.
substitution strategies will lead to changes in the service time, cost, reliability, and
other factors.

Figure
Figure Variationof
11.11.Variation of RoS
RoS under
underID
IDfailure
failuremode.
mode.
6.3.2. Process Robustness Comparison of Three Substitution Strategies under IB
6.3.2. Process
Failure ModeRobustness Comparison of Three Substitution Strategies under IB Failure
Mode As shown in Figure 12, (1) in the IB failure mode, the RoS values under the no-
substitution
As shown strategy (“common”)
in Figure 12, (1) inand theIBthree
the resource
failure mode, substitution strategies
the RoS values (“internal”,
under the no-sub-
“external”, and “inter&exter”) all show a decreasing trend as the number
stitution strategy (“common”) and the three resource substitution strategies (“internal”,of node failures
increases (i.e.,
“external”, as the cloud order
and “inter&exter”) completion
all show rate decreases).
a decreasing trend asThis indicatesof
the number that
nodefromfailures
a multi-agent simulation perspective, the robustness of the CMP gradually decreases.
increases (i.e., as the cloud order completion rate decreases). This indicates that from a
(2) The curves of the three resource substitution strategies are all located above the curve
multi-agent simulationstrategy
of the no-substitution perspective, the RoS
(i.e., their robustness of larger
values are the CMP thangradually decreases. (2)
the no-substitution
The curves value,
strategy’s of thewhich
three means
resource
theirsubstitution strategies
order completion arehigher).
rates are all located
Thisabove thethat
indicates curve of
theallno-substitution strategy (i.e., their RoS values are larger than the
three resource substitution strategies can improve the robustness of the CMP in the faceno-substitution
of initial node betweenness failure. (3) The “internal” curve is only slightly higher than the
“common” curve, and when the number of node attacks is high, the RoS values of these
two strategies decrease to 0, at which point all cloud orders fail to be processed. In contrast,
the “external” and “inter&exter” curves are significantly higher than the “common” curve,
and though the RoS values fluctuate when the number of node attacks is high, they still
maintain a high level (above 0.6). This indicates that the external replacement strategy
and the internal–external integration replacement strategy both offer more significant
 face of initial node betweenness failure. (3) The “internal” curve is only slightly higher
than the “common” curve, and when the number of node attacks is high, the RoS values
of these two strategies decrease to 0, at which point all cloud orders fail to be processed.
In contrast, the “external” and “inter&exter” curves are significantly higher than the
“common” curve, and though the RoS values fluctuate when the number of node attacks
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 7418 21 of 25
is high, they still maintain a high level (above 0.6). This indicates that the external replace-
ment strategy and the internal–external integration replacement strategy both offer more
significant robustness enhancement than the initial replacement strategy under the IB fail-
urerobustness
mode. In enhancement thanthe
particular, when thenumber
initial replacement strategy
of node attacks under
is high, thethe IB failure
slight mode. In
fluctuations
in particular, whenindicate
the RoS value the number
that of
thenode
cloudattacks
orderiscompletion
high, the slight
ratefluctuations
tends to bein the RoS
stable value
at this
indicate
time, that theresource
but different cloud order completion
substitution rate tends
strategies will to be to
lead stable at this
changes time,
in the but different
service time,
resource
cost, substitution
reliability, strategies
and other factors.will lead to changes in the service time, cost, reliability, and
other factors.

Figure
Figure 12.12. Variation
Variation of of
RoSRoS under
under IB IB failure
failure mode.
mode.

6.3.3.
6.3.3. Process
Process Robustness
Robustness Comparison
Comparison of of Three
Three Substitution
Substitution Strategies
Strategies under
under RD RDFailure
Failure Mode
Mode
As shown in Figure 13, (1) in the RD failure mode, as the number of node attacks
As shown in Figure 13, (1) in the RD failure mode, as the number of node attacks
increases, the RoS values under all three substitution strategies rapidly decline and finally
increases, the RoS values under all three substitution strategies rapidly decline and finally
decrease to 0, at which point all cloud orders fail to be processed. This indicates that
decrease
the RDtofailure
0, at which
mode point all cloud
is more orderstofail
destructive thetorobustness
be processed. ThisCMP
of the indicates
than that
either thethe
RDIDfailure
or IB mode
modes. is more
(2) Thedestructive
“external” to curve
the robustness
is alwaysoflocated
the CMP thanthe
above either the ID orcurve,
“internal” IB
modes. (2) The “external” curve is always located above the “internal”
and the “inter&exter” curve is nearly always located above the “external” curve. This curve, and the “in-
ter&exter”
indicates curve
that theis nearly
RoS valuealways located
is largest above
under thethe “external” curve.
internal–external This indicates
integration that
replacement
thestrategy,
RoS value is largest under the internal–external integration replacement
followed by the external substitution strategy, and then the internal substitution strategy, fol-
lowed by the external substitution strategy, and then the internal substitution
strategy. Further, under the three strategies, the numbers of node attacks required to make strategy.
Further, under
all cloud theprocessing
order three strategies, the when
fail (i.e., numberstheof node attacks
process required
robustness to make
decreases toall
itscloud
lowest)
order
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW processing fail (i.e., when the process robustness decreases to its lowest)
are approximately 110 (“internal”), 140 (“external”), and 160 (“inter&exter”). Therefore, are approx-
23 of 27
imately 110 (“internal”), 140 (“external”), and 160 (“inter&exter”). Therefore,
to attain robustness of the CMP under the RD failure mode: internal–external integration to attain ro-
bustness of the CMP under the RD failure mode: internal–external
strategy > external substitution strategy > internal substitution strategy. integration strat-
egy>external substitution strategy> internal substitution strategy.

Figure 13.13.
Figure Variation of RoS
Variation under
of RoS RDRD
under failure mode.
failure mode.

6.3.4. Process Robustness Comparison of Three Substitution Strategies under RB Failure

Mode
As shown in Figure 14, (1) in the RB failure mode, as the number of node attacks
increases, the RoS values under all three substitution strategies rapidly decline and finally
 Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 7418 22 of 25

6.3.4. Process Robustness Comparison of Three Substitution Strategies under RB

Failure Mode
As shown in Figure 14, (1) in the RB failure mode, as the number of node attacks
increases, the RoS values under all three substitution strategies rapidly decline and finally
decrease to 0, at which point all cloud orders fail to be processed. This indicates that
the RB failure mode is more destructive to the robustness of the CMP than either the
ID or IB modes. (2) The “external” curve is always located above the “internal” curve,
and the “inter&exter” curve is nearly always located above the “external” curve. This
indicates that the RoS value is largest under the internal–external integration replacement
strategy, followed by the external substitution strategy, and then the internal substitution
strategy. Further, under the three strategies, the number of node attacks required to make
all cloud order processing fail (i.e., when the process robustness decreases to its lowest) are
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW110 (“internal”), 150 (“external”), and 160 (“inter&exter”). Therefore, to obtain robustness
24 of 27
of the CMP under the RB failure mode: internal–external integration strategy > external
substitution strategy > internal substitution strategy.

Figure
Figure 14.14. Variation
Variation of RoS
of RoS under
under RBRB failure
failure mode.
mode.

In summary,
6.4. Management from the perspective of multi-agent simulation, all three resource sub-
Suggestion
stitution strategies significantly improved the process robustness of the CMS. In the four
Based on the analysis results in Sections 6.2 and 6.3, the following management sug-
failure modes (i.e., ID, IB, RD, and RB), the process robustness levels under all three strate-
gestions were obtained. First, focus should be placed on protecting the resource nodes
gies were higher than those with no strategy. Further, the internal–external integration
with a larger degree and larger betweenness (i.e., the important nodes in the CMS). The
replacement strategy brought the greatest robustness enhancement, followed by the exter-
structural robustness and process robustness of the CMS decreased rapidly in the failure
nal replacement strategy, and then the internal replacement strategy. This is reasonable
modes based on the node degree (i.e., ID and RD) and node betweenness (i.e., IB and RB),
because the three strategies provided different amounts of alternative resources: the in-
indicating that nodes with a larger degree and betweenness are crucial to maintaining
ternal substitution strategy can provide fewer alternative resources, which corresponds
system robustness.
to lower Morethe
robustness; specifically, nodes with astrategy
external substitution large degree are closely
can provide fiveconnected
resourceswithof the
other
same nodes, so they can
type because five play an important
external cloud serviceroleproviders
in maintaining systeminconnectivity,
are involved this paper; andandthe
nodes with a large betweenness
internal–external have greaterstrategy
integration replacement control can
overprovide
the logistics and information
more than five resources
flow in the system, so they can play an important role in
of the same type or alternative resources, which corresponds to higher maintaining the robustness.
information In
transmission
addition, inratetheof the system.
failure modesSecond,
based on alternative
the initialresources
topologymust be provided
(i.e., ID and IB), onlyto ensure
the pro-
that when the original resources fail, alternative resources can replace
cess robustness under the no-replacement strategy and the internal replacement them to complete
strategy
their tasks. These
significantly alternative
decreased. resourcesincan
In contrast, thebe set up
failure within
modes (1) the
based on same service provider,
the recomputed topology
(2)(i.e.,
other external service providers, or (3) a combination of both, and all these
RD and RB), the process robustness under all strategies significantly decreased, indi- methods
cancating
protect thethe
that robustness of thebased
failure modes CMS to onathe
certain extent. topology were more destructive
recomputed
to process robustness. However, for all four failure modes, all three resource substitution
7. Conclusions
strategies could protect the process robustness of the CMS to some extent.
This study combined the complex network with multi-agent simulation to propose a
new analysis method for the structural robustness and process robustness of the CMS. To
target the frequent failure of resource nodes in the cloud manufacturing environment,
three resource substitution strategies were proposed to better ensure the stability and ro-
bustness of the system. First, a multi-agent simulation model was constructed to study the
dynamic process robustness of the CMS. Here, RoS was proposed as a robustness meas-
ure, and the behavior characteristics and modeling methods of several key types of CMP
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 7418 23 of 25

6.4. Management Suggestion

Based on the analysis results in Sections 6.2 and 6.3, the following management
suggestions were obtained. First, focus should be placed on protecting the resource nodes
with a larger degree and larger betweenness (i.e., the important nodes in the CMS). The
structural robustness and process robustness of the CMS decreased rapidly in the failure
modes based on the node degree (i.e., ID and RD) and node betweenness (i.e., IB and RB),
indicating that nodes with a larger degree and betweenness are crucial to maintaining
system robustness. More specifically, nodes with a large degree are closely connected with
other nodes, so they can play an important role in maintaining system connectivity, and
nodes with a large betweenness have greater control over the logistics and information
flow in the system, so they can play an important role in maintaining the information
transmission rate of the system. Second, alternative resources must be provided to ensure
that when the original resources fail, alternative resources can replace them to complete
their tasks. These alternative resources can be set up within (1) the same service provider,
(2) other external service providers, or (3) a combination of both, and all these methods can
protect the robustness of the CMS to a certain extent.

7. Conclusions
This study combined the complex network with multi-agent simulation to propose a
new analysis method for the structural robustness and process robustness of the CMS. To
target the frequent failure of resource nodes in the cloud manufacturing environment, three
resource substitution strategies were proposed to better ensure the stability and robustness
of the system. First, a multi-agent simulation model was constructed to study the dynamic
process robustness of the CMS. Here, RoS was proposed as a robustness measure, and
the behavior characteristics and modeling methods of several key types of CMP agents
were detailed. Second, a complex network model of cloud manufacturing resources was
established through the order–task relationship and task–resource relationship to study
the static topological robustness of the CMS. Here, the maximum connectivity subgraph
was proposed as a robustness measure. Regarding attack strategies, four failure modes
(i.e., ID, IB, RD, and RB) were defined, and regarding robustness enhancement strategies,
three resource substitution strategies (i.e., internal replacement, external replacement, and
internal–external integration replacement) were proposed. Third, a case study of a cloud
manufacturing project of a new energy vehicle was conducted. The results of this show that
(1) the proposed RoS index was effective at portraying the variations of CMP robustness,
(2) the three resource substitution strategies could improve both the structural robustness
and process robustness of the CMS (with the internal–external integration strategy being
most effective, followed by the external substitution strategy, and then the internal substi-
tution strategy), and (3) the two node failure modes based on the recalculated topology
were more destructive to the robustness of the CMP than the two node failure modes based
on the initial topology. However, for all four failure modes, all three resource substitution
strategies could protect the robustness of the CMS to some degree.
In combining the complex network with multi-agent simulation, the robustness anal-
ysis object of the CMS is extended from the CMN to the CMP, which provides a new
perspective with two dimensions (i.e., structure and process). Moreover, the three proposed
recovery strategies (elastic measures) are designed based on the idea of adding redundant
nodes, which is of great significance to the implementation and deployment of cloud man-
ufacturing projects. This research will be furthered by investigating the robustness of cloud
path interruption, cloud logistics interruption, city lockdowns, and other phenomena, to
provide a quantitative and dynamic decision-making basis for improving the robustness of
the CMS.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, X.Z. (Xin Zheng); methodology, X.Z. (Xiaodong Zhang).;
software, X.Z. (Xin Zheng); formal analysis, X.Z. (Xin Zheng); investigation, X.Z. (Xin Zheng);
resources, X.Z. (Xin Zheng); data curation, X.Z. (Xin Zheng) and Y.W.; writing—original draft
Appl. Sci. 2023, 13, 7418 24 of 25

preparation, X.Z. (Xin Zheng); writing—review and editing, X.Z. (Xin Zheng) and X.Z. (Xiaodong
Zhang); visualization, X.Z. (Xin Zheng) and Y.W.; supervision, X.Z. (Xiaodong Zhang); project
administration, X.Z. (Xiaodong Zhang). All authors have read and agreed to the published version of
the manuscript.
Funding: This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
(No. 71871018).
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: The used and analyzed datasets during the present study are available
from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design
of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or
in the decision to publish the results.

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