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Physics Kaba

This project details the conversion of a galvanometer into an ammeter. A galvanometer is too sensitive to directly measure current and introduces too much resistance in series. To overcome this, a shunt resistance is connected in parallel to allow most current to pass through it while the galvanometer detects a smaller fraction of current. The document provides the theory, circuit diagram, procedure, observations, and calculations for determining the required shunt resistance to convert the galvanometer to a desired ammeter range. Precautions for the experiment are also outlined.

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Prahlad Chaudhary
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64 views24 pages

Physics Kaba

This project details the conversion of a galvanometer into an ammeter. A galvanometer is too sensitive to directly measure current and introduces too much resistance in series. To overcome this, a shunt resistance is connected in parallel to allow most current to pass through it while the galvanometer detects a smaller fraction of current. The document provides the theory, circuit diagram, procedure, observations, and calculations for determining the required shunt resistance to convert the galvanometer to a desired ammeter range. Precautions for the experiment are also outlined.

Uploaded by

Prahlad Chaudhary
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY

PROJECT 2019-20
CONVERTION OF GALVANOMETER INTO
AMMETER
NAME : KABA HITESH

CLASS : XII

GROUP : PCB

REG.NO :

EXAMINER TEACHER-
INCHARGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is my foremost obligation to express my


deep regards and gratitude to our officiating
principal admin MR. Rajiv sharma,
Who accorded me this chance to exhibit my
project and my revered physics teacher
MRS.Sonali kurude, under whose kind
guidance and supervision, I was able to
undertake this sublime project -
“CONVERSION OF GALVANOMETER INTO
AMMETER”
It is her, who’s been my primary source of
inspiration and confidence and motivated me
at different stages to make this project a
successful one.
I wish to extend my gratitude to my beloved
friends, for their help and support.

INDEX
S.NO TITLE

1 Introduction

2 Galvanometer

3 Ammeter

4 Conversion of
galvanometer to ammeter
5 More to know

6 Bibliography
INTRODUCTION

The prime objective of this project is to convert


galvanometer into ammeter, so that it can be
used for multiple purposes. In addition, A
galvanometer can be used to show both
magnitude and direction of current if used as an
ammeter.
However, The galvanometer cannot be as such
used as an ammeter to measure the value of
current in a given circuit. This is for two reasons:

(i) Galvanometer is a very sensitive device, it


gives full scale deflection for a current of
order µA.
(ii) For measuring currents, the galvanometer
has to be connected in series as it has a
large resistance, this will change the value
of current in the circuit.

This project deals with the process of overcoming


these disadvantages by connecting a shunt
resistance in parallel with the galvanometer coil so
that most of the current passes through it.

THE GALVANOMETER

A galvanometer is a type of sensitive


ammeter; an instrument for detecting electric
current. It is an analog electromechanical
actuator that produces
a rotary deflection of
some type of pointer in
response to electric
current through its coil
in a magnetic field.
Galvanometers were the first instruments
used to detect and measure electric currents.
Sensitive galvanometers were used to detect
signals from long submarine cables, and to
discover the electrical activity of the heart
and brain.

Some galvanometers use a solid pointer on a


scale to show measurements; other very
sensitive types use a miniature mirror and a
beam of light to provide mechanical
amplification of low-level signals. Initially a
laboratory instrument relying on the earth’s
own magnetic field to provide restoring force
for the pointer, galvanometers were
developed into compact, rugged, sensitive
portable instruments essential to the
development of electro technology. A type of
galvanometer that records measurements
permanently is the chart recorder. The term
has expanded to include use of the same
mechanism in recording, positioning and
servomechanism equipment.

Different common types of galvanometer are


Tangent galvanometer, Astatic galvanometer,
Mirror galvanometer and Ballistic
galvanometer.

THE AMMETER

An ammeter is a measuring device used to


measure the current in a circuit. Electric
currents are measured in amperes (A), hence
the name. Instruments used to measure
smaller currents, in the milliampere range, are
designated as milli ammeters or
microammeters.
Early ammeters were laboratory instruments
which relied on the Earth’s magnetic field for
operation. By the late 19th century, improved
instruments were designated which could be
mounted in any position
and allowed accurate
measurements in
electric power systems.
Common types of
ammeter in use are Moving coil ammeter,
Moving Magnet Ammeter, Electrodynamic
Ammeter, Moving Iron ammeter, hotwire
ammeter, Digital ammeter and Integrating
ammeter.
A picoammeter,
measures very low
electric current, usually
from the picoampere
range at the lower end
to the milliampere at the upper end.
picoammeters are used for sensitive
measurements where the current being
measure below the theoretical limits of
sensitivity of other devices, such as
Multimeters.
CONVERSION OF
GALVNOMETER INTO
AMMETER

OBJECTIVE:
To convert the given galvanometer (of
known resistance and figure of merit) into an
ammeter of desired range and to verify the
same.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
 Pivoted galvanometer
 Milli Ammeter
 A battery
 Two Resistance boxes
 A resistance wire
 Screw gauge
 One way key
 A Rheostat and
 Sand paper.
THEORY:
Let Ig be the current for maximum deflection
in a Galvanometer to be converted into an
ammeter to measure a current I, then a shunt
S is applied across its terminals such that
current Ig flows through the Galvanometer
and (I - Ig).
Ig = SI/S+G
SI = Ig(S+G)
SI-Ig.S = Ig.G
S(I-Ig) = Ig.G
S = Ig.G
I-Ig

Where Ig = nk,
n is number of division in galvanometer,
k is figure of merit and
Ig is the range of conversion.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURE:
 Count the total number of divisions on
either side of zero of the galvanometer
scale.
 Calculate the current Ig for full scale
deflection.
 Calculate the value of shunt resistance
for conversion into ammeter using the
formula-
S= Ig.G
I-Ig .

 Cut a length of wire of 2cm more than


the calculated value of I. Mark two points
on the wire one cm away from each end.
Connect this wire to the two terminals of
galvanometer such that the marked points
are just outside the terminal screws. This
galvanometer with shunt wire will now act
as an ammeter of range I.
 Make the electric connections as shown
in the circuit diagram.
 Insert the key and adjust the rheostat so
that the galvanometer shows nearly
maximum deflection.
 Note the reading on the galvanometer
scale and also corresponding reading on
the ammeter.

 Record your observations.

OBSERVATIONS:
S.NO DEFLECTION IN AMMETER
GALVANOMETER READINGS
(θ=2a) (A)
1 5 0.25
2 10 1.75
3 15 1.O
4 20 1.25
5 25 1.5

CALCULATIONS:
S = Ig.G / I- Ig
S= 2.25 x 15 / 1.15-2.25
S= 33.75/ 1.10
S = 30.68Ω
PRECAUTIONS:
 Make all connections neat clean and
tight.
 The resistance box to be used in series
should have very high resistance as
compared to resistance of galvanometer
and that to be used in parallel should have
very low resistance.
 Use a freshly charged battery so that its
emf may remain constant throughout the
experiment.
 The deflection in galvanometer should
be large and in even number of divisions.
 For verifications use the ammeter of the
same range as the range of conversion.
 Take 3 to 4 cm extra length of wire than
the calculated one.
MORE TO KNOW
 Since an ammeter is a parallel
combination of the galvanometer and the
shunt resistance, so its resistance is even
less than that of the shunt resistance.
Moreover, RA << G.
 Because of its very small resistance, an
ammeter placed in a series circuit does
not practically change the current in the
circuit to be measured.
 Higher the range of ammeter to be
prepared from a given galvanometer,
lower the value of shunt resistance
required for the purpose.
 The ammeter of lower range has a
higher resistance than the ammeter of
higher range.
 The range of an ammeter can be
increased but it cannot be decreased.

BIBILIOGRAPHY

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