NAMIBIA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND CONSTRUCTION

Quantity Surveying Section

ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF FEASIBILITY STUDIES ON CAPITAL CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS

IN NAMIBIA

By

JASON N. KALOLA

218011512

A Proposal Submitted to the Department of Architecture, Planning and Construction in

partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Bachelor of Quantity Surveying Honours
Degree

Windhoek, Namibia

April 2023
DECLARATION

I, Jason Kalola, hereby declare that the work contained in the proposal for the Bachelor of
Quantity Surveying Honors Degree, entitled: “ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF FEASIBILITY
STUDIES ON CAPITAL CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN NAMIBIA” is my own original work and
that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it at any university or other
higher education institution for the award of a degree.

I further declare that I will fully acknowledge any sources of information I will use for the
research in accordance with the Institution's rules.

Signature: Date: _____________________

ii
Contents
DECLARATION................................................................................................................................2
1.1 Background...............................................................................................................................4
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT(S)...........................................................................................................5
1.2 RESEARCH GOAL/AIM.................................................................................................................5
1.3 STUDY AREA (OR SUBJECT FOCUS).............................................................................................5
1.4 RELEVANCE OR SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY...................................................................................5
1.5 LIMITATIONS...............................................................................................................................6
1.6 OBJECTIVES.................................................................................................................................6
1.7 QUESTIONS..................................................................................................................................6
1.8 HYPOTHESES OR PROPOSITIONS................................................................................................6
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW...................................................................................................7
2.0 INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................7
2.1 Definitions of terminologies.......................................................................................................7
2.1.1 Feasibility Studies................................................................................................................7
2.1.2 Construction Industry..........................................................................................................7
2.1.3 Project..................................................................................................................................7
2.14 Capital...................................................................................................................................8
2.2 Feasibility studies on capital construction projects...................................................................8
2.2.1 Consultants Teams...............................................................................................................8
2.3 Challenges that were experienced when implementing capital construction projects............9
2.3.1 Project Selection..................................................................................................................9
2.3.2 Project Risks Management..................................................................................................9
2.3.3 Project Delays....................................................................................................................10
2.3.4 Cost escalation...................................................................................................................10
2.4 Effect of feasibility studies on capital construction projects...................................................10
2.4.1 Feasibility studies on construction projects......................................................................11
2.4.2 integrated project evaluation and selection using multiple-attribute decision-making
technique....................................................................................................................................11
2.5 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK.....................................................................................................11
2.6 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK.....................................................................................................11
2.7 Conclusions...............................................................................................................................12
3.0 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................13
3.1 Research Approaches................................................................................................................13

iii
3.2 Research Strategies...................................................................................................................13
3.3 Instruments and Data collection...............................................................................................14
3.3.0 Table for data collection....................................................................................................14
3.4 Ethical considerations...............................................................................................................15
3.5 Framework for data analysis....................................................................................................15
3.6 Limitations and Research Validity............................................................................................15
CONCLUSION...................................................................................................................................16
References.......................................................................................................................................16

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 CHAPTER ONE

SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION

This chapter introduces the readers to the background of the study, the problem statement, the
research questions and objectives, the research goals, the significance of the study, the limitations,
and the summary.

1.1 BACKGROUND
Since achieving its independence in 1990, Namibia, a country in southwest Africa has made a strong
effort to build its economy (Kößler, 2011). Given its sparse population and wealth of natural
resources, Namibia has enormous potential for the growth of its infrastructure, including large-scale
building initiatives. These initiatives span a variety of industries, including those in the
transportation, energy, housing, water supply, and manufacturing sectors. However, starting large-
scale construction projects before thoroughly evaluating and analyzing their viability might present
serious difficulties and risks. The various dangers that can occur include poor planning, unanticipated
technological issues, budget overruns and environmental effects. As a result, other nations
understand how crucial I t is to conduct feasibility studies as a necessary step before starting capital
construction projects.

In their study on project delays and cost overruns in Ghana, Frimpong et al (2020),  identified capital
turnover issues, poor contractor management, late material purchases, subpar technical
performance, and rising material prices as the primary causes of these problems. In addition,
Flyvbjerg et al (2021) indicated that, statistical research of large-scale building projects, including
trains, bridges, tunnels, and highways with a combined value of ninety billion dollars, revealed that
the project time restriction had a significant impact on project cost.

Feasibility studies offer a methodical way to assess a project's viability and likelihood of success.
They entail thorough evaluations of numerous variables, including the project's technical viability,
economic viability, social implications, environmental considerations, and compliance with laws and
regulations (Hofstrand & Holz-Clause, 2009). Decision-makers can make wise choices about project
start, resource allocation, and risk management thanks to these studies' insightful information about
the project's possible advantages, risks, and problems. Furthermore, the socioeconomic setting of
Namibia gives feasibility studies significant weight. (Noghabaei et al., 2020) argue that feasibility
studies are critical in enhancing socio-economic development. Thus, considering the socioeconomic
setting of Namibia, feasibility studies would undoubtedly provide immense benefits to infrastructure

1
development. The nation faces possibilities and problems, such as the need for sustainable
development, regional inequality, and scarce financial resources. By taking into account elements
including local market demand, cost-effectiveness, long-term sustainability, and social inclusion,
feasibility studies assist in addressing these particular challenges (Noghabaei et al., 2020). Feasibility
studies help Namibia's overall socioeconomic development by including these factors in the
decision-making process and ensuring that capital construction projects are in line with national
development objectives. Despite these obstacles, Namibia has advanced significantly in recent years
in terms of expanding its road network and modernizing its existing infrastructure. The next section
will present the problem statement.

1.2 FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM

Some construction projects in Owerri Urban have been abandoned due to poor or no feasibility and
viability appraisal, while some recreational developments, such as Owerri Golf Club, Silver Bird
Cinema, etc., have stood the test of time due to proper planning and forecasting. This huge
expenditure and apparent failure in the primary objectives of the project led to complaints, probe
panels, and the subsequent abandonment of the project. Research has shown that financial,
political, and physical risks are the most significant for Nigerian contractors (Moshinsky, 2015).

A feasibility study is a widespread problem experienced in most capital projects in Namibia, often
resulting in the project being abandoned, standstills, and delays in completion due to poor or no
feasibility and viability appraisal.

1.2 RESEARCH GOAL/AIM

This study aims to examine how Namibian capital construction projects are affected by feasibility
studies.

1.3 STUDY AREA (OR SUBJECT FOCUS)

This research focuses on the impact of feasibility studies on the development of capital projects in
Namibia.

1.3 RELEVANCE OR SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This study gives a clear insight into the many ways in which capital project developers and owners in
Namibia can maximize efficiency and profits through effective and efficient application of feasibility
and viability appraisal methods and techniques. The study also gives a clear insight into various
impacts of feasibility and viability appraisal methods on the development of projects in Namibia. A
feasibility study helps to prevent construction cost overruns by highlighting to project stakeholders
how and where the project needs to be improved. The findings and recommendations of the

2
researcher will help in building a strong and better appraisal technique and strategies for capital
project developers in Namibia.

1.5 LIMITATIONS
This study is limited to the feasibility studies and challenges faced during the implementation of
capital construction project in Namibia only. The researcher might encounter challenges when
getting data from the various respondents due to limited time and cost involved.

1.6 OBJECTIVES
The main objective of this study is:

To assess the effectiveness of feasibility studies and identify the challenges encountered during
1. To investigate how feasibility studies are undertaken on capital construction projects in
the implementation of capital construction projects in Namibia.
Namibia.
2. To Investigate the challenges experienced when implementing capital construction projects
in Namibia.
3. To evaluate the effect of feasibility studies on capital construction projects in Namibia.

1.7 QUESTIONS
The main research question of this study is:

What is the impact of feasibility studies on the success and challenges faced during
the implementation of capital construction projects in Namibia?

1. How are feasibility studies undertaken on capital construction projects in Namibia?

2. What are the challenges experienced when implementing capital construction projects in
Namibia?
3. What is the effect of feasibility studies on capital construction projects in Namibia?

1.8 HYPOTHESES OR PROPOSITIONS

An assertion of the researcher's anticipation or prediction regarding the link between study variables
is known as a hypothesis. The hypothesis is where the research process begins and finishes. It is
crucial since it is the foundation of the entire process (K Dayanand, 2020).

H0 Feasibility studies do not enhance the quality of deliverables in capital projects.

H1 Feasibility studies enhance the quality of deliverables in capital projects.

1. 9 DELIMITATIONS

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Since the focus of this study is primarily on capital construction projects in Namibia, it is possible that
the conclusions cannot be applied to other nations or circumstances. The study will not go into detail
about other factors like design, procurement, or project management but it will focus only on the
function and effects of feasibility studies on capital construction projects in Namibia.

1.10 ASSUMPTIONS

Participants in the study will answer the interview questions honestly and truthfully. This means all
the participants that are going to participate will answer all the questions by telling the truth.

CONCLUSION

This chapter gives a brief introduction to the effects of feasibility studies on capital construction
projects in Namibia. The history of Namibia's efforts to develop its economy since attaining
independence in 1990 is covered at the outset. The chapter also explained the problem statement of
the topic, research objectives, hypotheses, and significance of the study. This chapter also spoke
about the goal of this study.

4
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 INTRODUCTION
Feasibility studies contain the assessment and investigation of the possible projected project, and
they require wide investigation and study so that decision-making can be implemented. Mentioned
that the definition of the project and initial decision-making are dangerous to total project success
and proposed that the wider decisions in choosing the right project in the initial stages are more
likely to impact total project success. The vital need for feasibility is for the owner to assess the
development to determine if it has a return on investment and is feasible to progress the planned
project.

2.1 Definitions of terminologies

Definitions of terms serve as the dictionary of this research. The terms are defined to enable the
reader to understand the research more clearly.

2.1.1 Feasibility Studies

A feasibility study is an introductory study undertaken at the incredibly early stage of a
construction project. As stated by Halil et al. (2016), a feasibility study is defined in economic logic as
an examination that tries to find whether a product development is cost-effective and feasible for a
client to continue the proposed development or not. Further definitions (Mohammed et al., 2019)
describe in detail that a feasibility study is the valuation and assessment of a proposed project in
terms of the economic, financial, risk valuation, and social and environmental issues.

2.1.2 Construction Industry

According to the government gazette, the construction industry is defined as "the industry in which
employers and employees are associated for the purpose of constructing, altering, renovating,
repairing, or demolishing any building, road, irrigation work, or similar work in the course of
construction, alteration, renovation, repair, or demolition and shall include all work incidental
thereto or consequent thereon (Thomas, 2022).

2.1.3 Project
Project definition is known to the construction industry as strategic facility planning, client briefing,
needs assessment, requirements processing, and project programming, as traditionally practiced by
architects and planners (Bendick et al., 2015).

5
2.14 Capital
Capital could be defined as a process in which a business determines whether projects such as
building a new plant or investing in a long-term venture are worth pursuing (Awomewe, 2019).

2.2 Feasibility studies on capital construction projects

a feasibility study conducted by the outsourced consultants’ services. The process begins with
preparing project documentation, scoping a project execution plan, and formulating a strategic
briefing. This will all be done by the consultant’s team that has duties on the specific project. The
consultant teams must produce planning, environmental impact assessment, analysis of the budget
related to the client requirements, assessment of site information and procurement options etc. All
this will help the contractor and client know whether the project is feasible.

A feasibility study helps in the development of additional project documentation such as the
business case, a project execution plan, and the strategic brief (Heralova, 2017). According to Hyari
& Kandil (2009), the project feasibility study is traditionally worked out through consideration of
financial issues such as return on investment, demand and supply in the market, and risk analysis for
market conditions.

2.2.1 Consultants Teams

(Oyedele et al., 2012) acknowledged that any failure at the conceptual-design stage of a project
might lead to stress factors causing significant problems in the successive stages of the project.
Many studies in construction practice have reviewed the implications of inefficient design, which can
lead to project failure.

Building construction projects need a team of people with hugely separate roles and responsibilities
to work closely both in the design and construction stages to determine the feasibility studies of the
proposed project as per client instruction.

DESIGN ARCHITECT This term refers to the qualified person appointed to prepare the architectural
plans for the building work.

DESIGN STRUCTURAL ENGINEER This term refers to the qualified person appointed to prepare the
structural plans for the building work.

6
 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEER The geotechnical engineer prepares the underground building works
plans relating to the geotechnical aspects for approval and supervises the geotechnical aspects of
the works during construction.

A quantity surveyor is a construction industry professional who specializes in estimating the value of
construction works and can also be referred to as a "cost engineer" or "cost planner,’ although this
terminology is used on overseas contracts (Moshinsky, 2015). The quantity surveyor is an expert in
construction costs, construction management, and construction communication. He is the essential
link between the client who commissions a construction project, the architect and engineers who
design it, and the builder who builds it.

BUILDING SERVICES ENGINEER Building Services Engineers bring buildings to life by designing the
mechanical and electrical systems that allow people to function within an enclosed structure.

PROJECT MANAGER The project manager has the primary responsibility of planning a particular
construction job and overseeing its progress along the way.

2.3 Challenges that were experienced when implementing capital construction projects.

During the implementation of a capital project, there are many challenges that are faced, such as
budget restrictions and variations that may occur during construction. Scope creep is one of the
challenges: project changes from what was initially agreed at the project initiation, poor risk
management, project delays, cost escalation, and project selection. All this sort of challenge may
cause the time and cost of the project to not be completed on time, some exceeding the budget.

2.3.1 Project Selection

According to Dey (2015), evaluation and selection of industrial projects before investment decisions
are customarily done using marketing, technical, and financial information. This shortens the time
required for project evaluation and selection while also assisting the business in choosing the best
project for sustainable development. The entire methodology has been applied to a cross-country oil
pipeline project in India, and its effectiveness has been demonstrated (Dey, 2015). The project needs
to be assessed before implementation in terms of distance, ground evaluation, and other aspects;
this will help the project be completed properly. Some projects are far away, which also hinders the
contractor's ability to procure materials and deliver them on time to the site.

2.3.2 Project Risks Management

7
Since feasibility studies are crucial step in deciding about the project's implementation, none of the
studies mentioned above discussed the details of the risk identification process in startups and
knowledge-based projects based on feasibility factors and the identification of the relationship
between several factors (Akhavan et al., 2021). It is important to assess all the risks that might
appear during the construction process because risks also hinder the implementation of the projects
if they are not accurately assessed from the beginning.

2.3.3 Project Delays

It should also be noted that managerial causes of time extensions are encountered in developed and
developing countries, whereas financial causes are experienced only in developing countries (Kazaz
et al., 2012). The results show that the feasibility study is an overlooked part of Iraqi construction
projects due to the fact that it is neglected, that it is abused in use, that the feasibility study leads to
cost and time overruns, and that the system dynamic technique is approved to be significant in the
analysis of the impact (Mohammed et al., 2019). The delay is the time overrun either beyond the
completion date specified in a contract or beyond the date that the parties agreed upon for delivery
of a project (Aziz & Abdel-Hakam, 2016).

2.3.4 Cost escalation

Cost escalation refers to the increase in the amount of money required to construct a construction
project over and above the original budgeted amount. Cost escalation occurs when actual costs
exceed previously estimated values (Kaliba et al., 2015). Other studies identified cost escalation
because of problems such as delays in land acquisition, unexpected problems in the supply of raw
materials, illegal encroachment on land even during project implementation, or internal problems in
government organizations. It has further been noted that delays between the planning stage and
actual implementation of especially large infrastructure projects are a ubiquitous problem, resulting
in cost escalation and failure to meet demands as the construction completion horizon is reached
even before the completion of the project (Kaliba et al., 2015).

2.4 Effect of feasibility studies on capital construction projects

The key benefit of feasibility studies is to ensure that the team has identified all the various potential
risks that may occur and delay the project, which might cause cost overruns. Feasibility studies
require an evaluation of what is required to complete a planned project. Sources of finance and
capital are needed to ensure that the project will be completed on time.

8
2.4.1 Feasibility studies on construction projects

Profits are achieved over a lengthy period and should have an accurate investment forecast, so the
investors still have the willingness to invest their money. Risks can influence the profit, and they will
decrease the feasibility parameter until it becomes an infeasible investment to invest in the project.
Under To those assumption, risks should have been anticipated and calculate it into the feasibility
analysis so the not happening for risks will be the addition advantage for the investor (Moshinsky,
2015)

2.4.2 integrated project evaluation and selection using multiple-attribute decision-making

technique.

Investment in construction projects can yield higher benefits despite its high uncertainty. The
uncertainty depends on various risk factors. The influence of the identified risk then must be
evaluated and calculated towards the project's feasibility (Firmansyah et al., 2017). Before
investment, the feasibility of the project must be determined, which gives figures of cash flow for
the following years. Risks that overshadow the construction project must be calculated as an
influential factor in the failure of the project.

2.5 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The study adopted the Theory of Business as the theoretical framework. Peter Drucker was a
proponent of business theory, arguing that the expectations upon which the business was built
shaped an organization's behavior, which dictated its decisions and the expected business output or
result (Thomas, 2022). Thomas (2022) further indicated that the root cause of most business crises is
that the assumptions upon which the business is built no longer align with reality and not because
things are done poorly.

2.6 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Pre-Feasibility
Study

Detailed Study

Legal Study Market Study Technical and Financial and Social Study
Engineering Study Economic
Study

9
 Project Appraisal

Implementation

Traditional feasibility study procedure

The traditional feasibility study implies the collection and arrangement of data from different project
alternatives to extract information and measurements to appraise each alternative to support
decision-making (Abou-Zeid et al., 2018). (Abou-Zeid et al., 2018) The detailed feasibility study
includes more detailed studies of the investment idea with a detailed legal, marketing, technical,
engineering, financial, economic, or social criterion that led to the project appraisal.

2.7 Conclusions

The feasibility study is a neglected part of Iraqi construction projects (Mohammed et al., 2019). Since
they were neglected, and they were abused in use. The abuse of the feasibility study leads to cost
and time overruns, and the environmental impact has a negative impact on the time and cost of the
project, which increases the time and cost. Both systems' dynamic techniques are approved to be
significant in the analysis of the impact of the feasibility study and should be used in these studies to
simulate the impact of an unsuitable feasibility study.

10
 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter expounds on the research methodology of the study. The goal of this study is to analyze
the impact of feasibility studies on capital construction in Namibia. The study also has objectives,
which are to investigate how feasibility studies are undertaken and the challenges experienced when
implementing capital construction in Namibia. It summarizes research approaches and strategies,
instruments, and data collection. Moreover, the chapter also presents ethical considerations, data
analyses, limitations, and research validity. The summary of the chapter is also discussed at the end
of the chapter.

3.1 Research Approaches

According to Zalaghi (2016), research approach is the method chosen by the researcher to gather,
examine and interpret data.

The multi-method model of research is recommended to develop robust research designs (Xing et
al., 2021). Furthermore, based on Xing et al. (2021), it is favorable to combine qualitative and
quantitative approaches to conduct the empirical study. The research approach adopted in this
research is a mixed approach. The method of direct observation will be used to analyze the site area
of the study. Direct observation is a method of collecting evaluative information in which the
evaluator watches the research subject in his or her usual environment without altering that
environment (Firmansyah et al., 2017)

This study is going to focus more on the qualitative approach. Qualitative research involves
collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (e.g., text, videos, and audio) to understand concepts,
opinions, and experiences (Xing et al., 2021). It is used to gather insights into a problem or generate
innovative ideas for research. This approach is good since you can use the surveys by distributing
questionnaires with open-ended questions to different people to get feedback on various ideas. The
study will take a mixed-methods approach, using quantitative data (such as project success metrics)

11
and qualitative data (gathered through interviews or surveys) to examine the effects of feasibility
studies and difficulties encountered during project implementation.

3.2 Research Strategies

This study will make use of qualitative research strategy using interview and survey research.
Interview allows data to be collected from the participants and it gives more answers to be obtained
from the participants(Saunders, Lewis, & Thornhill, 2018). Survey research means collecting
information about a group of people by asking them questions and analyzing the results (Noghabaei
et al., 2020). Surveys are used as a method of gathering data in different fields. They are an excellent
choice when you want to find out about the characteristics, preferences, opinions, or beliefs of a
group of people. The target population of people where I will find more information is consultant
teams in the construction industry, such as architects, quantity surveyors, and engineers. These
strategies will suit the objectives since the objective observation and evaluation studies being
undertaken or implemented on the capital Projects in Namibia require the survey method by
distributing the questionnaires to different consultants’ teams in the construction industry.

3.3 Instruments and Data collection

A questionnaire is a research tool or survey instrument that consists of a set of questions or prompts
designed to gather information from individuals or groups of people (Noghabaei et al., 2020). It is a
standardized way of collecting data from a larger group of people by asking them a series of
questions related to a specific topic or research objective. The questions may be open-ended or
closed-ended, and the responses will be qualitative. Questionnaires are widely used in research,
marketing, social sciences, healthcare, and many other fields to collect data and insights from a
target population (Noghabaei et al., 2020). This instrument will be the best to collect data towards
the research objectives since I will formulate questionnaires of the same nature and distribute them
to the group of people that I targeted, which is consultants’ teams in the construction industry in
Namibia. In this case, I will get different answers or feedback from the respondents. Questionnaires
are so effective in terms of cost-effectiveness that they gather a large volume of information in a
brief period from diverse groups of people. On the other hand, it covers most aspects of the topic.

3.3.0 Table for data collection

OBJECTIVES DATA COLLECTION POPULATION TARGETED

INSTRUMENT

1. To investigate how ▪ Questionnaire ▪ Architect

12
 feasibility studies are ▪ Quantity Surveyors
undertaken on capital
▪ Project Manager
construction projects in
Namibia. ▪ Engineers

▪ Construction planners

2. Investigate the ▪ Questionnaire ▪ Architect

challenges experienced
▪ Quantity Surveyors
when implementing
capital construction ▪ Project Manager

projects in Namibia. ▪ Engineers

▪ Construction planners

3. To evaluate the effect ▪ Questionnaire ▪ Architect

of feasibility studies on
▪ Quantity Surveyors
capital construction
project in Namibia. ▪ Engineers

▪ Construction planners

3.4 Ethical considerations

Both the Ethics Code offered by the Namibia University of Science and Technology and the APA's
Ethics Code, which were both used in the research, stipulate that the researcher must first obtain
approval to conduct the research at the desired institution as well as the participant's consent to
participate voluntarily. The main purpose of ethical consideration is to make sure that no
participants are harmed, or any resultant activity comes out related to the study's research. Both the
individual and the organization will be kept in the dark about any information. The computer's
stored data will be safeguarded by robust passwords. The data that will be obtained from the
respondent is neither private nor sensitive. To maintain the rights of the organization, the researcher
swears to treat all material as confidential.

3.5 Framework for data analysis

The data will be analyzed using descriptive data analysis and statistics like means, standard
deviations, and frequency distributions. Regression analysis will be used as an inferential statistical
test that will be used to determine the connection between feasibility studies and project success.
Considering aspects that could cause confusion, such as project size and complexity,

13
 3.6 Limitations and Research Validity
Limited data availability: The study's capacity to fully analyze data on Namibian construction projects
may be constrained. The data may not fully represent all the pertinent factors, and the sample size
may be limited.

Bias in sample selection: It is possible that not all of Namibia's construction projects are represented
by the study's sample of completed projects. If the projects chosen were not chosen at random or
there were restrictions on the availability of the data for project types, there might be selection bias.

Limited generalizability: Because the building industry may function differently in various situations,
the findings may not be applicable to other nations or areas.

Data that project managers or other stakeholders self-report: If the study relies on this information,
there may be problems with the data's completeness or correctness.

Lack of a control group: The study might not have a control group, which makes it harder to draw
conclusions regarding how feasibility studies affect causes and effects.

3.7 Work plan

Task Task (sub- (Resources) Deliverables Start and Duration Dependency

number objectives/ (Interim Finish dates Tasks number
milestones) achievements)
1 Compile Internet/ Research 15/02/2022 1st Approval
Research journal Proposal - Semester
Proposal 30/06/2022

2 Design Data Data collection 01/07/2022 2nd 1

Collection Instruments - Semester
Instruments 30/11/2022
and Approval
of Ethical
Clearance
Application
3 Collect Data, Results and 30/06/2022 2nd 2
interviews Data Analysis – Semester

14
 30/03/2023
4 Write Up and Printer/ Full mini thesis Date 2nd 3
Conclude Paper/Binding report 01/04/2023 Semester
materials –
30/07/2022

CONCLUSION
This chapter examines research methodologies, tools, and techniques, as well as ethical issues, the
data analysis framework, constraints, and study validity. A thorough summary of the study's
research methodology is given in this chapter. It establishes the use of questionnaires as the main
tool for data collection, together with the qualitative approach and survey techniques. The
foundation for data analysis, limitations, and ethical issues are also covered.

15
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