Genral Science Notes For Grade Seventh

GENEARAL SCIENCE
Notes for class 7th First Edition-2022
PREPARED BY:
QAZI ZOHAIB AHMAD
GENERAL SCIENCE NOTES 1 FOR CLASS SEVENTH
CONTENT
Unit Name Page No

1. Plant System………………………………………………...…….02
2. Human Respiratory and Circulatory System………………...…05
3. Immunity and Diseases…………………………………………...09
4. Chemical Changes and Physical Changes………………………12
5. Structure of an Atom………………………………………..……16
6. Chemical Bond…………………………………………...……….20
7. Solution……………………………………………………....…….25
8. Force and Motion……………………………………..…………..28
9. Waves and Energy…………………………………….......………34
10. Heat and Temperature…………….…………………………….40
11. Technology in Everyday Life……………………………………44
12. Earth and Space……………………………………………..…...47
PREPARED BY: QAZI ZOHAIB AHMAD.

UNIT NO: 01 PLANT SYSTEM.

A. MCQs (Choose the correct option).
1. The root system which can get water from deep underground sources is:
(a) Fibrous roots (b) Tap roots (c) Storage roots (d) Roots nodules
2. Which of the following is not an organ of plant?
(a) Epidermis (b) Root (c) Stem (d) Leaf
3. Vascular Bundle are present in every part of the plant. They are made up of:
(a) Xylem only (b) Phloem only (c) Xylem and phloem (d) Xylem, phloem and rot hair cells
4. Amna liked to grow plants on her terrace. The plants were getting light and water everyday but
they were not growing properly. What suggestion can you give her to improve plant growth?
(a) Add sugar to plant pots (b) Give water once a week
(c) Add compost fertilizer to plants pots (d) Shift them indoors
5. If water available to plants become less, then stomata are closed even at daytime. This protect
plant from:
(a) Photosynthesis (b) Respiration (c) Wilting (d) Transport of water
6. The protective layer around plant parts is:
(a) Epidermis (b) Cortex (c) Mesophyll (d) Vascular bundle
7. If the concentration of Carbon dioxide increase in the air during daytime the process of:
(a) Photosynthesis will decrease (b) Respiration will decrease
(c) Photosynthesis will increase (d) Respiration will increase
8. Plant perform Respiration all the time. The purpose of Respiration in plant is to:
(a) Prepare food (b) Release energy (c) Absorb energy (d) Maintain healthy growth
9. If you stay under trees at night, you can feel Dizziness due to:
(a) High level of Oxygen and low level of Carbon dioxide
(b) Low level of Oxygen and High level of Carbon dioxide
(c) Poisonous gases release by trees
(d) Ghosts living in trees
10. Which of the following is the correct word equation for Respiration?
(a) Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen
(b) Carbon dioxide + Water + Sunlight → Glucose + Oxygen
(c) Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water
(d) Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

B. True or False (Correct the statement if it is False).

1. Exchange of gases in plants takes place through tiny holes called Stomata located on the margins
of leaves. False
Correct Statement: Exchange of gases in plants takes place through tiny holes called Stomata
located on the lower surface of leaves.
2. The rate of Photosynthesis is slow in variegated leaves because there is maximum amount of
Chlorophyll in them. False
Correct Statement: The rate of Photosynthesis is slow in variegated leaves because there is
minimum amount of Chlorophyll in them.
3. Respiration only takes place in animal cells because they need energy. False
Correct Statement: Respiration takes place in all living organism because they need energy.
4. The job of the root hairs is to protect the roots from damage. False
Correct Statement: The job of root hairs is to absorb water and minerals from the soil.
5. Xylem is dead tissue while phloem is living tissue. True
C. Short Questions.
1. What are three function of roots?
ANS: Roots performs the following three function;
1. Absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
2. They anchor the plant firmly.
3. They help in Storage food and nutrients.
2. How Stomata help in the process of Photosynthesis?
ANS: When the air temperature rises the stomata opens the pores to let Carbon dioxide in after
entering through the pores the plant start preparing food through photosynthesis.
3. Why Respiration take place in plants?
ANS: The plants get energy through the process of Respiration in which Glucose food break down in the
presence of Oxygen to form Carbon dioxide and water with the release energy.
4. How is Photosynthesis important for:
(a) Plants (b) Humans and Animals (c) Atmosphere
ANS: (a) Important for Plants: Plants prepare their food due to photosynthesis.
(b) Important for Humans and Animals: Human and other Animals get extra Oxygen for
Respiration and this Oxygen is produce by Plants in Photosynthesis.
Important for Atmosphere: The balance of Carbon dioxide and Oxygen is maintained due to
Photosynthesis.

D. Long Questions
1. Compare the properties of Xylem and Phloem?
ANS:
Xylem Phloem
 Xylem carries water from roots to  Phloem carries food from leaves to
leaves. growing parts and storage organs.
 It is made up of dead cells.  It is made up of living cells.
 Cell walls in xylem is thick.  Cell wall in phloem is thin.
 Xylem is found in Centre of the  Phloem is found outside the vascular
vascular bundle. bundles.
2. Photosynthesis and Respiration are two difference process. Differentiate between them.
Respiration Photosynthesis
Occur in All living things Only Green part of plants
When it occurs All the time Only in day light
Organelle involved Mitochondria Chloroplast
Reactants Glucose and Oxygen Carbon dioxide and Water
Products Carbon dioxide and Water Glucose and Oxygen
Energy Energy is release Energy is absorbed
E. Structure Response Questions.

The following diagram shows the two
process taking place in the plant cell i.e.
photosynthesis and cellular Respiration.
a. Which process takes place only in green
parts of plant?
ANS: Photosynthesis.
b. Which process takes place in all living
cells, at all time?
ANS: Respiration.
c. Which process only takes place during the
day time?

d. Which process can help to balance carbon dioxide level in the air?
e. Which structure acts as a solar panel?
ANS: photosynthesis.
2. The table shows the transpiration rate of a plant in different conditions.
Condition Transpiration rate (mm/min)
Darkness 01
Bright light 17
Still air 09
Moving air 21
Dry air 11
Moist air 5
Warm air 16
Cold air 6
Dry soil 2
Moist soil 18
a. Which condition cause the fastest rate of transpiration?

ANS: Moving air cause the fastest rate of transpiration.
b. What sort of conditions can increase the rate of transpiration?
ANS: Bright light, Moving air, Dry air, Moist soil can increase the rate of transpiration.
c. What sort of conditions can decrease the rate of transpiration?
ANS: Moist air, Cold air, Still air and Darkness can decrease the rate of transpiration.
d. How does transpiration help in the water cycle?
ANS: It help in water cycle as it one of the major sources of water into atmosphere.
UNIT NO: 02 Human Respiratory and Circulatory System.

1. A team of climbers was climbing a high mountain. When they reached near top they felt
difficulty in breathing because at high altitude there is:
(a) More Oxygen (b) Less Oxygen (c) More Carbon dioxide (d) Low Temperature
2. The exchange of substance between blood and cells can take place at the:
(a) Capillaries (b) Veins (c) Arteries (d) Heart
3. A person affected with Anaemia looks pale and feels tired. All his body cells are getting:
(a) Less food (b) Less Oxygen (c) Less water (d) Less Carbon dioxide
4. The exchange of gases between blood and air take place at:
(a) Trachea (b) Bronchi (c) Bronchioles (d) Alveoli

5. Cellular Respiration always requires:

(a) Glucose and Oxygen (b) Glucose (c) Glucose, Oxygen and Carbon dioxide
(d) Alcohol, Lactic acid and Carbon dioxide
6. Valves are flaps that keep blood flowing in one direction. Valves are found in:
(a) Artery and Vein (b) Artery, Vein and Capillary (c) Vein and Heart (d) Artery, Vein, Capillary
and Heart
7. Oxygenated blood is found in two chamber of heart including:
(a) Right and left atrium (b) Right and left Ventricle (c) Right atrium and right Ventricle (d)
Left atrium and left Ventricle
8. Which components of blood is liquid?
(a) Plasma (b) Red blood cell (c) White blood cell (d) Platelets
9. The diagram shows different types of blood cells. Which cell is filled with Haemoglobin?
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
10. The diagram shows blood flow through a human heart.

Which chamber pumps the blood to lungs?
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
B. True and False (correct the statement if it False).

1. Breathing is a chemical reaction and cellular respiration is a physical process. False
Correct Statement: Breathing is a physical process and Respiration is a biochemical process.
2. Blood clotting requires Platelets in the blood. True
3. Anaerobic Respiration release large amount of energy. False
Correct Statement: Anaerobic Respiration release small amount of energy.
4. Thick walls of Alveoli help in the exchange of gases. False
Correct Statement: Thin walls of Alveoli help in the exchange of gases.
5. Most Veins carry blood rich blood with Oxygen and food. False
Correct Statement: Most Veins carry deoxygenated blood rich with Oxygen and food.

C. Short Questions.
1. Can cells survive without energy?
ANS: No! Cells cannot survive without energy.
2. Arrange these words in such a way as to show how Oxygen from air reaches into your blood;
Nasal Cavity, Bronchioles, Blood Capillaries, Air, Alveoli, Bronchi, Nostrils, Trachea.
ANS: Air, Nostrils, Nasal Cavity, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli, Blood Capillaries.
3. Which substances are transported by blood?
ANS: Gases (Carbon dioxide and Oxygen), Nutrients and Waste product are substances,
transported by blood.
4. Differentiate between (a) Artery and Vein (b) Atrium and Ventricle
ANS: (a) Artery: The blood vessel which takes blood away from heart.
Vein: The blood vessel which takes blood towards heart.
(b) Atrium: The upper, blood receiving part of each side is called Atrium.
Ventricle: The lower, blood distributing part is called a Ventricle.
5. How does the blood circulate around the body?
ANS: The blood circulates in your body through a network of vessels and transports gases,
Nutrients, Wastes and heat. Heart pumps this blood through your blood vessel.
6. Compare Respiration and Breathing?
ANS:
Respiration Breathing
 It is a biochemical process involving  It is a physical process involving
reaction of Glucose with Oxygen to exchange of Oxygen and Carbon
produce Carbon dioxide and water. dioxide.
 Energy is release.  Energy is not released.

 It takes place with the cells.  It takes place outside the cells.
 Respiratory enzyme are involved.  Energy are not involved.
D. Long Questions.
1. Differentiate between Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration?
ANS: Aerobic Respiration:
“The process of cellular respiration in the presence of
Oxygen is called Aerobic Respiration”. During aerobic
Respiration Glucose reacts with Oxygen in Mitochondria of
cells to release large amount of energy. Carbon dioxide and
water are produce as the waste products.
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

Anaerobic Respiration:
“The process of cellular Respiration the absence of
Oxygen is called Anaerobic Respiration. This release a small
amount of energy from food as compared to aerobic
Respiration. Waste products can be Lactic Acid or Alcohol
and Carbon dioxide.
Glucose → Lactic Acid/Alcohol + Carbon dioxide
2. How do the Respiratory and Circulatory system work

together to provide body cells with the materials they need?
ANS: The circulatory and respiratory systems work together to circulate blood and oxygen
throughout the body. Air moves in and out of the lungs through the trachea, bronchi and
bronchioles. Blood moves in and out of the lungs through the pulmonary arteries and veins that
connect to the heart.
D. Structure Response Questions.
1. The table shows the composition of the air changes when you inhale and exhale.
Gas Amount in inhaled air Amount in exhaled air
Oxygen 21% 16%
Carbon dioxide 0.04% 4%
Nitrogen 78% 78%
Water vapor Variable Saturated
a. Why Oxygen percentage is reduced in the air that breathed out?

ANS: Because the air inhaled is used by our body for Respiration. So Therefore, exhaled air contains less
Oxygen then air.
b. Amount of which gas is unchanged and why?
ANS: Amount of Nitrogen gas unchanged because it is not Consume or created in the human body.
2. The following diagram shows structure of Artery and Vein.

a. Which blood vessels can be seen only through Microscope?

ANS: Capillary
b. Which blood vessel will hold more blood the other two?
ANS: Artery.
c. Why pulse is produced only in arteries?
ANS: Because the Heart pushes blood through Arties have thick muscles.
3. Anum measures her pulse rate before she exercise. It is
60 beats per minute. She exercise for twenty minutes and
measures it every minute for several minutes. She draws a
graph to her results.
a. Why does her pulse rate keep on increasing during
exercise?
ANS: During exercise the muscles need extra Oxygen.
Therefore, Heart start pumping faster, which makes for a
quicker pulse.
b. After how many minutes does her pulse return to
normal?
ANS: After 50 minutes.
c. What can be concluded from her result?
ANS: During exercise her muscles need more Oxygen so her Heart beats faster. Her Heart goes to
normal due to decline in physical fitness.
UNIT NO: 03 IMMUNITY AND DISEASES.

1. When the skin is damaged, bacteria enter in our body. Which line of defence is crossed by these
bacteria?
(a) First line of defence (b) Second line of defence (c) Third line of defence (d) Forth line of
defence
2. A new born baby was less immunity as compared to other people. The baby has only:
(a) Innate immunity (b) Adaptive immunity (c) Passive immunity (d) Innate and Natural Passive
immunity
3. The army of your body has special bullets which can identify the energy and kill it. These bullets
are small proteins called:
(a) Pathogens (b) Antibodies (c) Virus (d) Bacteria
4. Third line of defence learns about the enemy and adapts accordingly. It is also called:
(a) Adaptive/Learned immunity (b) Natural immunity (c) Innate immunity
(d) Natural Passive immunity

5. Benish is allergic to dust and pollen. Her health issue is a/an:

(a) Infection disease (b) Disease due to pathogen (c) viral attack (d) Non-infectious disease.
6. Rabies is a very serious threat to health and life of a person. If a rabies infected dog bites a
person, the only way to save him is by providing:
(a) Innate immunity (b) Adaptive immunity (c) Passive immunity (d) Learned immunity
7. Maximum number of additional defence layers is required for:
(a) Medical staff (b) Teacher (c) Student (d) Lawyers
8. Typhoid and Polio spread by faecal oral. If we want to prevent such disease in our area we
should:
(a) Control Mosquitoes (b) Control air pollution (c) Improve Hospitals (d) Improve sanitation
Hygiene condition
9. Respiratory system related disease mostly spread through:
(a) Water (b) Food (c) Blood (d) Droplets in air
10. Which of these can provide you with long term immunity against infectious diseases?
(a) Antibodies (b) Vitamins (c) Vaccines (d) Red blood cells
B. Short Questions.
1. Which line of defence acts in immunity response? List its components.
ANS: Third line of defence (Adaptive immunity) acts last in immunity response. The components
of the third line of defence are “T” and “B” cells.
2. Which line/s of defence is/ are not concerned with recognition of the pathogen intruder?
ANS: First and Second (Innate immunity) both lines of defence are not concerned with recognition
of the pathogen.
3. Some harmful chemicals can make you sick but chemical are not included in the list of
pathogens. Why?
ANS: Pathogens are disease causing germs including Virus, Bacteria, Fungi and Parasites (all
Micro-organism) but chemical are Non-living thing, So harmful chemical can make us sick but
not included in the list of pathogens.
4. Adaptive immunity response increase with time. Why?
ANS: Adaptive immunity response increase with time due to vaccine and exposure of pathogens.
5. People throughout the world have become focused on improving immune system from March,
2022. Why?
ANS: People throughout the world have become focused on improving immune system from
March, 2022 because COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease-2019) Virus badly effect all those people
having weak immune system.
C. Long Questions.
1. Explain different types of immunity?
ANS: i) Innate immunity:
This immunity acts without recognizing and different the intruder. It has two components.

First line of defence: Stops entry of germs in the body. It includes skin and mucus membranes of
mouth, nose and lungs etc.
Second line of defence: Incudes some white blood cells, chemical and fever. These after germs
enter into body. All these factor kill germs and protect the body.
ii) Adaptive immunity or Learned immunity:
It identifies the germ and start making special types of white blood cells. “T” cells
directly kill Virus infected cells and activate all other cells of immune system to fight the germs.
“B” cells after activation start making antibodies.
iii) Passive immunity:
The type of immunity by already prepared vaccine are called passive immunity. E.g.
Vaccine for Snake bit etc.
2. Explain the mechanism of Antibody Formation.
ANS: Mechanism of Antibody Formation:
There are two way start antibody by your immune system. Either you get
disease or you get Vaccination. A Vaccine works by training the immune system to recognize and
fight pathogens. Vaccine can be in the form of oral drop e.g. Polio vaccine or injection COVID-
19 (Corona Virus Disease- 2019) Vaccine.
“B” and “T” cells form memory cells as well. These memory cells remember their enemies.
Next time when the pathogen enters these two types of memory cells become active immediately
and start killing pathogen.
C. Structure Response Questions.
Different between active and passive
immunization.
a. Which immunity is produce by a person’s
own immune system?
ANS: Active Immunity.
b. Which type of immunity is produce by
already prepared antibodies?
ANS: Passive Immunity.
c. Which type of immunity will protect for long period of time?
ANS: Active Immunity.

2. The graph shows immune

response after first and second
dose of Vaccination. Primary
response is produce after first
dose and Secondary response is
produced after second dose of
Vaccination. Analyses the graph
and response.
a. Which response is capable of
controlling disease effectively?
ANS: Secondary Response.
b. Which response is slow to
develop antibodies?
ANS: Primary Response.
c. What is the importance of booster dose of vaccines?
ANS: A booster dose is an extra administration of a vaccine after an earlier dose. After initial
immunization a booster increase immunity against Pathogens.
d. What will happen if the Pathogen of this diseases enters in the body at day 90?
ANS: Body will strongly fight with Pathogens due to more concentration of antibodies.
e. What will happen if the Pathogens of this disease enters in the body at day?
ANS: Body will easily become ill due to lack of concentration of antibodies.
UNIT NO: 04 CHEMICAL CHANGES AND PHYSICAL

CHANGES.
1. Which of the following is an example of physical change?
(a) Mixing baking Soda and Vinegar causes bubbles (b) Chopping of log
(c) Burning a paper with a lighter (d) Baking a birthday Cake for your Mother
2. Which of the following is an example of chemical changes?
(a) Filling up a balloon with air (b) Freezing of water (c) Photosynthesis (d) Boiling of water
3. Which change can be easily reversed?
(a) Chemical changes (b) Physical changes (c) Both physical and chemical changes
(d) Neither a physical nor chemical change
4. When a new Substance is formed with properties different from the ones it was formed
(a) Chemical change (b) Physical change (c) Freezing (d) Boiling
5. If the chemical properties of a substance remain unchanged and only the state changes it is called
(a) Chemical change (b) Physical change (c) Both physical and chemical change (d) Neither
physical nor chemical change

6. Which of the following is an example of a physical change?

(a) Melting rusting (b) Silver tarnishing (c) Boiling of water (d) Burning of paper
7. What best describe a physical change?
(a) Composition changes (b) Composition stays the same (c) State stays the same (d) Mass is lost
8. Which of the following is an example of chemical change?
(a) Water freezes (b) Wood is cut (c) Bread is baked (d) Wire is bent
9. Rusting can be prevented by
(a) Scratching (b) Painting (c) Washing (d) Cleaning
10. Milk turns sour, this is a
(a) Physical change (b) Chemical change (c) Physical property (d) Chemical property
B. Short Questions.
1. Why is boiling of egg a chemical change and boiling of water is a physical change?
ANS: Boiling of egg is a chemical change because when egg are boiled then the change in egg are
irreversible and boiling of water is a physical change because this change is reversible. Steam can
be converted into water by cooling.
2. What is chemical property?
ANS: A chemical property is characteristic of a substance that may be observed when it
participates in a chemical change. To identify a chemical property, we look for chemical change.
3. Define the chemical property called rusting?
ANS: The process in which iron combines with water and oxygen to form rust is called rusting.
4. What flammability? Identify examples of flammable matter.
ANS: The ability of combustible material that can burn in air is called flammability. Gasoline,
Acetone and Alcohols are examples of flammability.
5. Why Silver gets tarnished after some time?
ANS: Silver gets tarnished after some time, due to traces of Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) in the air,
which reacts with a Silver (Ag) to form black Silver Sulphide (Ag2S).
C. Long Questions.
1. Distinguish between physical and chemical changes. State with at least two examples from daily
life?
ANS:
Physical change Chemical change
 A physical change is the change of  A chemical change is the change of
matter that occurs without changing chemical composition of matter.
the chemical composition of matter.  It is usually irreversible.
 It is usually reversible.  New products are formed.
 New products are nit formed.  Rusting, Burning and Photosynthesis
 Melting, Boiling and Cutting are the are the examples of the physical
examples of physical change. change.

2. Describe combustion with the help of word equation? Explain the harmful effects of combustion
on the environment?
ANS: Combustion:
A chemical process where fuel (Wood/Petrol/Oil) reacts with air (Oxygen) to give heat
and light energy.
Fuel + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (Heat and Light)
Harmful Effect of Combustion:
Complete Combustion Incomplete Combustion

 Release unburnt carbon particles which  Release Carbon monoxide which
causes Asthma Respiratory diseases. Poisonous that can kill people.
 Release Carbon dioxide which cause
Global Warming.
 Release Sulpher dioxide which cause
Acid Rain.
3. What is rusting? Suggest any three ways to prevent the rusting of iron?
ANS: Rusting:
The process in which iron combines with water and Oxygen to form rust is called rusting.
Three Suggestions:
1. Protect and do not allow any material made of metal to be left in open.
2. Apply a coating of another metal that does not get rusted easily, this is also called
galvanizing.
3. Paint the exposed part of the metal object.
1. Why is the pan made of metal and handle of a plastic?
ANS: The pan is made up of metals (like Aluminum) these are good
conductor of heat. The handle of pan is made of Plastic because
Plastic is poor conductor of heat. It does not allow the heat to flow
from pan to handles so that it will be easy to hold the pan.
2. In the process of making Chapatti, there are 3 steps from A to B to
C. Which stage is a physical and chemical change? Give your reasons also.

ANS: Stage A and B: Rolling of Chapatti from a dough is a physical change since only the
shape and size of dough is change and there is no formation of a new product.
Stage C: Cooking on a tava is a chemical change as Chapatti cannot be brought back to its raw
dough.
3. Complete the following flow chart.
4. When a Candle is burned both physical and chemical changes take place.
(a) Identify and explain the change.
ANS: When Candle burns, wax of Candle converts from solid to liquid. This is a physical change
and can be reversed. However wax near the flame burns and converts into Carbon dioxide. This
Carbon dioxide cannot be again converted into wax so this is chemical change.
(b) Give another similar example where both physical and chemical changes take place.
ANS: Burning of wood is an example of both physical and chemical change. When wood is
burnt the moisture present in it turns to Vapors, it is a physical change while it burns and
generate Carbon dioxide, it is a chemical change.
5. During the process of digestion, proteins are broken down into amino acids and molecules
(you must have read it in the chapter on digestion in Grade 6th)
(a) Is digestion a chemical change? How do you know?
ANS: During the process of digestion, the food is broken down into smaller molecules. The
Salivary glands present in our mouth help in the breakdown of the food. In this process, there is
help in a formation of a new substance. Therefore it is considered to be chemical change.

(b) Identify the process in plants where a chemical change take place, justify your answer?
ANS: Photosynthesis occur in the leaves which have specialized cells called Chloroplast. In the
Chloroplast a chemical reaction occur where Carbon dioxide, Water and Light energy are
converted into Glucose and Oxygen.
6. Combustion takes place in the internal combustion engine of Car. What burn in the engine to
release energy for the Car to move? Can it burn without air or Oxygen?
ANS: Specifically, an internal combustion engine is a heat engine in that it converts energy from
the heat of burning Gasoline into mechanical work. That mechanical work is applied to the whets
to make the Car move. Combustion cannot take place without air. Air contains about 21% by
volume of Oxygen. Oxygen is essential for combustion to occur.
7. Melting of Butter is a change where a substance changes from a solid to a liquid state?
Write a few more examples.
1. Melting if Ice.
2. Burning of Candle wax.
3. Metals to molten liquid.
UNIT NO: 05 STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM.

1. Neutrons carry:
(a) No charge (b) Positive charge (c) Negative charge (d) Unit charge
2. The smallest particle of an element is:
(a) Molecule (b) Atom (c) cell (d) DNA
3. Carbon has a mass number of 12. It has protons and neutrons:
(a) 6, 6 (b) 12, 6 (c) 12, 12 (d) 6, 12
4. The nucleus of an atom contains:
(a) Protons, Electrons and Neutrons (b) Electrons and protons (c) Protons and Electrons
(d) Protons and Neutrons
5. Protons carry:
(a) Positive charge (b) Negative charge (c) No charge (d) Zero charge
6. The atomic number of an element tells the number of:
(a) Electrons and Neutrons (b) Protons only (c) Protons and Neutrons (d) Neutrons only
7. If the atomic mass of Nitrogen is 14, and it has 7 Neutrons, how many electrons does a Nitrogen
atom have?
(a) 8 (b) 6 (c) 14 (d) 7
8. The mass number of an atom is represented by
(a) A (b) B (c) Z (d) M

9. Nitrogen is an element with the symbol N and atomic number is 7 its

electronic configuration is represented as:
(a) 2, 5 (b) 2, 6
(c) 5, 2 (d) 2, 2
10. What is the sequence of the elements in the periodic table, 3Li, 4Be, 2He, 7N:
(a) He, Li, Be, N (b) N, Li, Be, He (c) He, N, Li, Be (d) N, He, Li, Be
B. Short Questions.
1. An Atom has atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 16.
a. Determine the number of Protons present in it?
ANS: Number of Protons = Atomic Number
So the Number of Protons = 8
b. Determine the number of Neutrons present in it?
ANS: Mass Number of Protons Number = Neutrons
16 – 8 = 8
Number of Neutrons = 8
c. Determine the Number of Electrons present ibn it?
ANS: Number of Electrons = 8
2. Find the Meaning of Periodic from Dictionary. Explain the arrangement of Elements into
periods and groups in a periodic table?
ANS: Meaning: Occurring or recurring at regular intervals. OR Occurring repeatedly from time
to time.
Arrangement of Elements:
Horizontal rows are also called periods that show the same number of Shells for the
elements. There are 7 periods in periodic table. Vertical column are also called groups, there are
18 groups and they have different properties.
C. Long Questions.
1. What is an atom? Describe the structure of an atom in terms of protons, Neutrons and Electrons.
Explain with the help of an example that atom is electrically neutral.
ANS: Atom:
The smallest particle of an element, which can take part in a chemical reaction. For example; He
and Ne etc. have atoms.
Structure of an atom:
An atom consists of two regions. The centre of the atom is called a nucleus.

The nucleus contains Protons and Neutrons. Protons

have a positive charge, whereas Neutrons have no
charge, means they are neutral. The second much, larger,
region of the atom is a “cloud” of Electrons. Electrons
carry a negative charge and they orbit around the nucleus
in fixed shells. Protons, Neutrons and Electrons are
called subatomic particles. The number of Protons and
Electrons of an atom is always the same which makes an atom a neutral entity.
Example: Hydrogen has one positively charge Protons in its nucleus and one negative charge
Electron in shell. Both are unlike and equal in number, so they cancel each other and atom become
Electrically neutral.
2. How is Periodic table a way to organize elements in a systematic manner? What are the rows
and columns of the periodic table and how are they helpful.
ANS: Elements are arranged in increasing number of Protons or we can say increasing atomic
number.
Periods:
Horizontal rows are also called periods that show the same number of shells for the elements.
There are 7 Periods in the periodic table. Elements like Hydrogen and Helium are in period-1
which mean they have one Orbit of the Electron. Elements such as Sodium and Magnesium,
Aluminum, are in perod-3 meaning they have three electron Orbits.
Groups:
Vertical columns are also called groups, there are 18 groups and they have different properties.
For example, Group 18 has the Noble gases – Helium, Neon, Argon, Radon, Krypton and Xenon
which have low melting and boiling points, and they each are colourless, Odourless, Tasteless and
Non-Flammable. This group is called as low chemical reactive group.
1. The diagram shown on the right is the structure of an
atom.
i. Recognize the atom.
ANS: Sodium (Na).
ii. How many Electrons are there in this atom?
ANS: Eleven Electrons.
iii. What is the Electrical charge on an Electron? (Choose
from; Negative, Positive)
ANS: Negative charge.
iv. Give the names to the different level of the electrons around the nucleus?
ANS: K, L, M.
2. The nucleus of an atom contain two types of particles?

i. What are the names of these two types of particles?

ANS: Protons and Neutrons.
ii. What is the Electrical charge on the nucleus of an atom?
ANS: Positive charge.
3. With the help of given diagrams draw the Electronic arrangement of first eighteen Elements
showing the number of Electrons, Protons and Neutrons. Write the number of Protons and
Neutrons in the Nucleus and colour the Electrons in blue colour.
Name of Atomic Number Number Number of Distribution

Element Symbol Number of Protons of Electrons of Electrons
Neutrons K L M
Hydrogen H 1 1 - 1 1 - -
Helium He 2 2 2 2 2 - -
Lithium Li 3 3 4 3 2 1 -
Beryllium Be 4 4 5 4 2 2 -
Boron B 5 5 6 5 2 3 -
Carbon C 6 6 6 6 2 4 -
Nitrogen N 7 7 7 7 2 5 -
Oxygen O 8 8 8 8 2 6 -
Fluorine F 9 9 10 9 2 7 -
Neon Ne 10 10 10 10 2 8 -
Sodium Na 11 11 12 11 2 8 1
Magnesium Mg 12 12 12 12 2 8 2
Aluminum Al 13 13 14 13 2 8 3
Silicon Si 14 14 14 14 2 8 4
Phosphorus P 15 15 16 15 2 8 5
Sulphur S 16 16 16 16 2 8 6
Chlorine Cl 17 17 18 17 2 8 7
Argon Ar 18 18 22 28 2 8 8

UNIT NO: 06 CHEMICAL BONDS.

1. The valency of Nitrogen is 3 and that of hydrogen is 1. The chemical formula of Ammonia is
(a) NH (b) NH2 (c) NH3 (d) NH4
2. During the formation bonds, Metals tend to:
(a) Gain Electrons (b) Lose Electrons (c) Gain Protons (d) Lose Neutrons
3. Electrostatic attraction occurs between two:
(a) Neutral atoms (b) Ions of opposite charges (c) Ions of similar charge (d) Bonded atoms
4. The Electrons involved in bonding are found in:
(a) Closest to the nucleus (b) In the nucleus (c) In the outermost shell (d) Innermost shell
5. An atom that has 6 out of 8 Electrons in its outermost shell will:
(a) Give up 2 Electrons (b) Gain 2 Electrons (c) Give up 6 Electrons (d) Considered stable and
not react with other elements
6. A negative ion is formed when an atom has:
(a) Gained a Proton (b) Gained an Electron (c) Lost a Proton (d) Lost an Electron
7. Aluminum Oxide is formed from aluminum ion (Al+3) and an oxide ion (O-2). The formula of
aluminum
(a) AlO (b) AlO2 (c) Al2O3 (d) Al3O2
8. The atomic number of Hydrogen atom is one. The number of valence Electron in Hydrogen
atom is:
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 3
9. The Elements of group II loses:

(a) One Electron (b) Two Electrons (c) Three Electrons (d) Do not lose Electrons
10. A chemical formula is used to describe the types of:
(a) Ions and their number (b) Atoms and their number (c) Molecules and their numbers
(d) Valence Electrons and their numbers
B. True or False (Correct the statement if it is false).
1. Opposite charge attract each other. True
2. Ions with same charge are held together by Electrostatic force of attraction between them. False
Correct Statement: Ions with different charge are held together by Electrostatic force of attraction
between them.
3. Chemical formula are used to describe the types of atoms only. False
Correct Statement: Chemical formula are used to describe the types of atoms and their numbers.
4. The combining capacity of an atom to form a compound is called its valency. False
Correct Statement: The combining capacity of an atom to form a bond is called valency.
5. Chemical bond formed as a result of attraction between nuclei and valence Electrons. True

B. Short Questions.
1. Why the valency of group II Elements is 2?
ANS: All the elements in group II have 2 Electrons in their valence shells, giving them an oxidation
state of +2 that is why the valency of group II Element is 2.
2. By using valency, write the chemical formula for Carbon dioxide?
ANS: Co2
C: Group IVA
O: Group VI A
3. In the formation of anion, why Magnesium atom losses two Electrons?

ANS: Its compound with Non-Metalic Oxygen is an Electrovalent compound. Therefore in the
formation of Magnesium Oxide magnesium atom losses two electrons from its valence shell to
attain the stable octet structure of nearest noble gas Ne.
4. How could you relate the formation of chemical bond with valence Electrons?
ANS: A chemical bond is a mutual attraction between the nuclei and valence Electrons of different
atoms that binds the atoms together. The valence Electrons are involved in bonding of one atom
to another. The attraction of each atoms nucleus for the valence Electrons of the other atom pulls
the atoms together.
5. With the help of Venn diagram compare and contrast between Cat ion and Anion?
ANS:
6. Briefly explain the formation of chemical bond as a result of Electrostatic force of attraction
between atoms?
ANS: A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms that allows the formation of chemical
substances that contain two or more atoms. The bond is caused by the Electrostatic force of
attraction between opposite charge, either between Electrons and nuclei or as the result of a dipole
attraction.

7. How are H+1 ion and O-2 ion different from each other?
ANS:
H+1 ion O-2ion
 It has Positive velency.  It has negative valency.
 It can donate 1 Electron.  It can accept 2 Electrons.
 It Carried cations (Positive ions).  It carries anions (Negative ions).
D. Long Questions.
1. Write the steps for writing a chemical formula. Illustrate with few examples?
ANS: Steps for writing chemical formula:
1. Write down the symbols of the Elements.
2. Above each symbols write its valency.
3. Cross the valency of both Elements.
4. If the valency can be simplified, divide them by the least valency.
5. Write the chemical formula.
Examples:
1. NaCl
Na: Group IA
Cl: Group VII A
2. H2O
H: Group IA
O: Group VI A
3. NH3
N: Group VA
H: Group IA
4. Co2
C: Group IVA
O: Group VIA
2. How chemical bond is formed?
Explain in detail with the help of an example.
ANS: Chemical bond:
A chemical bond is a mutual attraction between the nuclei and valence Electrons of different atoms
that binds the atoms together. The valence Electrons are involved in bonding of one atom together.

The attraction of each atoms nucleus for the valence

Electrons of the other atom pulls the atoms together.
Explanation:
When two atoms interact with each other they experience a force of attraction. Electrons have
a Negative charge and the nuclei have Positive charge. The nucleus of one atom attracts the
electrons of other atom. When
atoms comes close to each other
both attractive and repulsive
force increase as the distance
between the two atom decreases.
This Electrostatic attraction
holds the two atoms together.
As the attraction brings the
atoms together, Electrons from
each atom are attracted to the
nucleus of both atoms and from chemical bonds.
1. Complete the table.
Atomic Electronic Outer most In forming
Element Number Distribution
Electrons compound Valency
the atom…..
Gain or Share
Nitrogen 7 2,5 5 3 Electrons 3
Lose 2
Beryllium 4 2,2 2 Electrons 2
No Gain, No
Neon 10 2,8 8 Lose 0
No Gain, No
Magnesium 12 2,8,2 2 Lose 2
Lose 1
Lithium 3 2,1 1 Electron 1
No Gain, No
Helium 2 2 2 Lose 0
2. Magnesium and Oxygen react to form magnesium oxide (MgO). The Electronic arrangement
for two Elements is:

a. Answer these questions about Magnesium b. Answer these questions about magnesium
atom. atom. Or now repeat (a), but for Oxygen
atom.
i. Does it gain or lose Electrons to form an ion? i. Does it gain or lose Electrons to form an ion?
ANS: It loses 2 Electrons to form motion. ANS: It gain 2 Electrons.
ii. How many Electrons are transferred? ii. How many Electrons are transferred?
ANS: 2 Electrons are transferred ANS: 2 Electrons are transferred.
iii. Is the ion form positive or negative? iii. Is the ion form positive or negative?
ANS: The ion form is positive ANS: The ion form is negative.
iv. What charge does the ion have?
ANS: It is cation. iv. It is anion.
3. The four circles below represent atoms of four common Elements. Study these carefully and
then write the chemical formula for each of the eight molecules shown in the chart. Water (H2O),
has already been done for you.

UNIT NO: 07 SOLUTIONS.

1. The mixture of solid and liquid is called a solution. What is the liquid called?
(a) Solute (b) Solvent (c) Suspension (d) Sediment
2. A solution containing less solute than its capacity to dissolve is:
(a) Saturated (b) Unsaturated (c) Supersaturated (d) Aqueous
3. When the more solute is dissolved in saturated solution, the solution becomes:
(a) Saturated (b) Unsaturated (c) Supersaturated (d) Dilute
4.In aqueous solution which of the following is most soluble solute?
(a) Oil (b) Sugar (c) Chalk (d) Sand
5. Choose the most effective factor for increasing solubility in a solution.
(a) Grinding (b) Stirring (c) Heating (d) Increasing pressure
B. Write True or False (Correct the statement if it is false).
1. The substance in which the substance dissolve and is in greater amount is called a solute. False
Correct Statement: The substance in which the substance dissolve and is in lesser amount is called
a solute.
2. The amount of solute which dissolves in a given solvent has no upper limit. False
Correct Statement: The amount of solute which dissolves in a given solvent has an upper limit.
3. Dissolving the solute can be faster by stirring the mixture. True
4. The chances of solubility between two like substances are more challengeable than the unlike
substances. False
Correct Statement: The chances of solubility between two unlike substances are more
challengeable than the like substances.
5. An unsaturated solution is a solution in which the solute has completely dissolved in the solvent
leaving no remaining substance. True
C. Short Questions.
1. What is different between Saturated and Unsaturated solution?
ANS:
Saturated solution Unsaturated solution
A saturated solution is a solution in which the An unsaturated solution is a in which the solute
maximum amount of solute has been dissolved has completely dissolved in the solvent leaving
in the solvent at a given temperature. no remaining substance.
2. Bilqees was preparing her morning coffee. She add hot water and sugar to her coffee which fully
dissolves and make it sweeter to taste.
a. Is her cup of coffee is considered a solution and why?
ANS: Yes! A cup of coffee is definitely a solution, in the sense that it is composed of dissolves
solutes.

b. In the above scenario which one is the solute and which one is the solvent?
ANS: Coffee powder is the solute and hot water is solvent.
3. How increase in temperature speed up the dissolving process?
ANS: Increasing temperature result in increased kinetic energy. Gas molecules with greater kinetic
energy move more rapidly resulting in the intermolecular bonds between the gas solute and solvent
breaking.
4. What happens when solution become supersaturated?
ANS: Supersaturated solution are formed when more solute is added to saturated solution at a
higher temperature, so as the temperature decreases, the solute comes out of the solution forming
crystals.
5. In gases, solubility increases with increase in pressure. Give a daily life example.
ANS: In gases solubility increases with increase in pressure. Gases dissolve in liquids to form
solution. Increasing pressure squeezes gas solute into solvent. Gases have higher solubility at
higher pressure. For example, the solubility if Carbon dioxide in water under normal atmospheric
pressure is low, but when the water surface is subjected to higher pressure, a lot of Carbon dioxide
gas gets dissolved in it.
6. How do nature of solutes have an effect on the solubility?
ANS: In genera “like dissolves like”. Thus, a polar solute dissolves in a polar solvent, and a non-
polar solute dissolves in a non-polar solvent.
7. Khusi added some Olive oil to a cup of water. Why a layer of oil formed at the surface of water?
ANS: Both oil and water are liquids but their chemical composition is different from each other.
Water molecules attract each other and the oil molecules stick together. It causes oil and water to
form two separate layers. Water molecules pack closer together, so they sink to the bottom, leaving
oil sitting on top of the water.
8. How increase in temperature effects the solubility of gases?
ANS: Solubility of a gas in water tends to decrease with increase in temperature gases have higher
solubility at lower temperature.
D. Long Questions.
1. What is the effect of increasing temperature on the solubility of solid in liquids?
ANS: The effect of temperature on the solubility of a solid solute in liquid is more difficult to
predict. Generally, it appear that solubility of solid increases with increasing temperature, but this
is not always happening.
 Solubility of some solute decrease with increase in temperature e.g. CaO.
 Solubility of some solute increase with increase in temperature e.g. CaCl2.
 The solubility of some solute is not effected with increases or decrease in temperature e.g.
NaCl.
2. Explain the formation of saturated and supersaturated solution?
ANS: Formation of Saturated solution:
A saturated solution is formed when the maximum amount of solute has been dissolved
in the solvent at a given temperature.

For example, 40 g of NaCl added to 100 ml of water, 36 g dissolves and 4 g remains undissolved
forming saturated solution.
Formation of supersaturated solution:
A supersaturated solution in the solution in which amount of solute which dissolves in a
given solvent has an upper limit more solute can be added to the saturated solution with an increase
in temperature.
1. Look at the beaker of concentrated solution.
How will you change

dilute solution to
concentrated
solution?
2. (a) Write the definitions in the empty boxes.

Dilute A dilute solution in which there is a relatively small amount if dissolved in the
solution solution.
Concentrated A solution which contains a large amount of solute in a solution.
solution
Solution A homogenous mixture of two or more substances is called solution.
Solvent The substance which is able to dissolve other substances.
Solute The substance dissolved in a solvent in forming a solution.
Saturated A saturated solution in which the maximum amount of solute has been
solution dissolved.
Unsaturated A solution in which solute has completely dissolved in the solvent leaving no
solution remaining solute.

(b) Name the factors affecting the solubility and how these factors effect it
ANS: Factors effecting the solubility:
(1) Nature of solute and solvent. (2) Temperature. (3) Pressure
UNIT NO: 08 FORCE AND MOTION.

1. SI unit of force is:
(a) Kilogram (b) Centi-meter (c) Meter (d) Newton
2. By dividing distance of a moving body with time, we obtain:
(a) Speed (b) Mass (c) Gravity (d) Force
3. If a body moves for 10 seconds with speed of 30 m/s then its covered distance is:
(a) 30 m (b) 3 m (c) 300 m (d) 150 m
4. Which of the following animal has highest running speed?
(a) Horse (b) Turtle (c) Cheetah (d) Silver ant
5. Every action has reaction equal in magnitude but:
(a) Opposite (b) Perpendicular (c) Parallel (d) Anti-parallel
6. Unit of speed is:
(a) N (b) m/s (c) Kg m (d) Kg m/s
7. If a body covers equal distance in equal intervals of time then speed will be:
(a) Increasing (b) Decreasing (c) Uniform (d) Zero
8. You draw distance-time graph for a moving car and get straight line parallel to time axis. Then
speed of the car is:
(a) Increasing (b) Decreasing (c) Uniform (d) At rest
9. A person is swimming in a pool, swimming is an example of:
(a) Action and reaction forces (b) Friction (c) Gravity (d) All of these
10. Which of the following is non-contact force?
(a) Gravity (b) Friction (c) Spring force (d) Tension is string
B. True or False (correct the statement if it false).
1. Action and reaction forces never balance each other. True
2. Action and reaction forces act on same body. False
Correct Statement: Action and reaction forces acts on different body.
3. Force can change direction of motion of the body. True
4. Distance-time graph of rest car is parallel to time axis. True
5. Gravity is a non-contact force. True

B. Short Questions.
1. Define average speed. Write SI unit of speed?
ANS: Average speed of a body is equal to total distance covered by body in total time taken it.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
SI unit of speed is meter per second (m/s).
2. If a cyclist covers 15 kilometer distance in 1.5 hours. What is his speed in kilometer per hours
(km/h) and in meter per second (m/s).
ANS:
Speed in kilometer per hour(km/h) Speed in meter per second (m/s)
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 1 km = 100 m
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 1 hour = 3600 s
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒
So here distance = 15 x 1000 = 15000
15 𝑘𝑚 Time = 1.5 x 3600 = 5400
= = 10 𝑘𝑚/ℎ 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 15000
1.5 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 10 𝑘𝑚 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = =
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 5400
= 2.78 m/s
3. Draw the distance time graph for increasing seed of the car?
ANS:
Distance (meters 0 10 30 60 100 150
Time (seconds) 0 1 2 3 4 5
4. A car is moving with uniform speed, Diver

apply breaks to slow it down after some time and
finally stops. Sketch a distance time graph to represent this motion of the car.
ANS:
Distance (meters) 0 50 90 120 130 135

5. Explain briefly, why action and reaction forces cannot cancel each other?
ANS: Action and reaction forces cannot cancel each other because they act on different objects.
6. How do birds fly in the Sky? Briefly explain with action and reaction pair concept.
ANS: The flying of a bird is based on action and reaction force that Newton’s third law of motion.
While flying, the birds pushes the air down with its wings to get an equal and opposite reaction in
the upward direction, which helps the bird in going up and fly smoothly.
7. Define force and its SI unit?
ANS: Force is an agent that pulls or pushes an object. SI unit of force is Newton N).
8. Look at the distance-time Graph.
a) Which part is representing uniform motion?
ANS: Part B to C represents uniform motion.
b) Which part is representing decreasing speed?
ANS: C to D represents decreasing speed.
c) Which part of body is at rest?
ANS: Part A to B represents body is at rest.
D. Long Questions.
1. Draw distance-time graph for (a) body a at rest, (b) with uniform speed (c) moving increasing
speed (d) decreasing speed.
ANS: (a) Body a at rest:
Consider a car is standing at 10 meter away from door 5 seconds. Look at the data.
Distance (meters) 10 10 10 10 10 10

(b) With uniform speed:

Consider the car is moving with uniform speed. Look at this data in table and graph.
Distance (meters) 0 10 20 30 40 50
(c) Moving increasing speed:

Distance (metes) 0 10 30 60 100 150

(d) Decreasing speed:

Distance (meters) 0 50 90 120 130 135
2. Define force and its unit. Give examples to explain different effects of forces on body.
ANS: Force:
Force is an agent that pulls or push an object. SI unit of force is Newton (N).
Examples:
 Ball falling straight down due to gravity and footballer kicks it to his front, this force
changes direction of ball’s motion almost perpendicularly.
 When we push a stroller in a mall, we apply force on it.
 When we push accelerator of moving car, engine applies force due to which car speeds
up.
3. With the help of examples, show that forces act in pair?

ANS: Force act in pair:
1. Throwing a ball against a wall:
When you throw the ball against the wall, the force that ball applies on the wall is
action. After striking the wall, ball comes back to you due to force exerted by wall on the
ball is reaction.
2. Walking the ground:
To walk on the road, we push the ground backward as action and ground then pushes
us forwarded due to reaction.
3. Propulsion of Rocket:
When a rocket is fired, hot gases move out with action force and rocket moves
forward due to reaction force.


1. A car is travelling on the highway. Its distance and time is recorded at intervals of time (see the
table).
a) Draw distance-time graph for this car:
ANS:
Time (seconds) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Distance (meters) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
b) Tell whether it has uniform speed, increasing or decreasing speed. Give reason of selection.
ANS: We see that car is covering equal distance of 20 meter after each 6 seconds. Therefore car
is neither speeding, nor slow down. It has uniform speed.
c) Draw the speed-time graph of this moving car.

ANS:

2. A boy is standing on the skateboard in skating field and throws the ball as shown.
a) If there is no friction, Will the man move?
ANS: If there is no friction the man will move.
b) (If boy moves then) In which direction he will move? (In the direction
of ball or opposite it). Support your answer with reason.
ANS: As we know that energy action has a reaction so due to this when
the man throws ball in forward direction, the man due to reaction will
move in the opposite direction throw.
c) Give an example that match with the situation of the question?
ANS: (1) Walking on the ground (2) Throwing a ball against a wall
(3) Balloon rocket (4) Propulsion of rocket.
UNIT NO: 09 WAVES AND ENERGY.

1. Hertz (Hz) is the unit of:
(a) Mass (b) Energy (c) Loudness (d) Frequency
2. To hear echo, minimum distance between sound source and obstacle should be:
(a) 71 m (b) 17 m (c) 17 cm (d) 0.17 m
3. Which of the following is a longitudinal wave?
(a) X-rays (b) Waves on stretched rope (c) P-seismic waves (d) S-seismic waves
4. Which is highest pitch of sound?
(a) Lion roar (b) Whistling sound (c) Train horn (d) Traffic noise
5. If a wave has three crests and three troughs then what is its frequency?
(a) 3 Hz (b) 1 Hz (c) 5 Hz (d) 6 Hz
6. Sound waves cannot pass through:
(a) Solids (b) Liquids (c) Gases (d) Vacuum
7. Which of the following animal has the lowest pitch of sound?
(a) Sparrow (b) Dog (c) Cat (d) Mosquito
8. If frequency of sound is doubled but amplitude of this sound wave is kept constant, then:
(a) Loudness and pitch both increase (b) Loudness and pitch both decrease (c)
Loudness increases and pitch remains same (d) Loudness remain same and pitch increases
9. Which of the following is a longitudinal wave?
(a) Sound wave (b) Water waves on surface (c) Light (d) String wave
10. Product of frequency and time period of wave is:
1 1
(a) 1 (b) 𝑇 (c) 𝑓 (d) 0


1. In waves, matter is also transported along with energy. True
2. Sound is a form of energy that travels through a medium as transverse wave. False
Correct Statement: Sound is a form of energy that travels through a medium as longitudinal
wave.
3. High pitch sound means grave sound. False
Correct Statement: Low pitch sound means grave sound.
4. If you are standing near a loudspeaker then you sound waves of large amplitude. True
5. Red light has greater speed in air than speed of sound in steel. False
Correct Statement: Red light has greater speed in air than speed of sound in steel.
C. Short Questions.
1. Give at least two difference between mechanical and electromagnetic waves?
ANS:
Mechanical waves Electromagnetic waves
 Mechanical waves can only travel  Electromagnetic waves can pass
through medium. through vacuum as well as through
 They cannot pass through vacuum. medium.
 All these waves travel with the speed of
light in vacuum.
2. Differentiate between transverse waves and longitudinal waves. Give at least one similarity and
one difference?
ANS:
Similarity Difference
 Both waves are mechanical waves.  In transverse wave the medium moves
 Both transport energy without perpendicular to the direction of waves.
transporting matter.  In longitudinal wave the medium
moves in the same direction of the
waves.
3. Why do we not hear sound caused by explosion on the sun?

ANS: Sound required material to travel. There is vacuum between the sun and earth, Therefore
sound is not heard on earth due to explosion on the sun.
4. Define the following terms; Crest, Trough, Rarefaction and Compression?
ANS: Crest: It is the portion of transverse waves above the mean position.
Trough: it is the portion of transverse waves below the mean position.
Rarefaction: The portion of longitudinal waves in which particles of the medium are speed out is
called rarefaction.

Compression: The portion of longitudinal waves in which particles of the medium are close to
each other is called compression.
5. If 100 waves (or cycles) of water are passing are through a point in the river in 20 seconds,
calculate frequency and time period of these waves?
Number of waves 100
ANS: number of waves = 100 Frequency= = =5 Hz
time 20
Time = 20 seconds Frequency = 5 Hz
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 20 1
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 = 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠 = 200 => 5 = 0.2 𝑠𝑒𝑐
Time period = 0.2 seconds
6. Waves are produced in stretched string continuously. A crest passes through a point on it in 1.5
seconds, What is Frequency of waves?
ANS: Time = 1.5 seconds
1 1 2
𝑓=𝑇 => × 10 => 3 = 0.66𝐻𝑧
15
7. How can a body produce sound? Explain briefly.
ANS: Sound is produced when an object vibrates, creating a pressure wave. This pressure waves
causes particle (air, water or solid) in the surrounding medium to have vibrational motion. As the
particle vibrates, they move nearby particles transmitting the sound further through the medium.
8. What is the pitch of sound? How is it related with the frequency of sound?
ANS: Pitch of the sound is the property of sound that helps us to distinguish between sounds of
different frequencies. A high pitch while a low frequency is regarded as a low pitch?
9. What is loudness of sound? Name the factors on which loudness of sound depend?
ANS: The property of sound which help us to distinguish between a soft sound and a louder sound
is called loudness of sound.
Factors affecting loudness of sound:
 Amplitude of the wave.
 Surface area of sound source.
 Distance from sound source.
 Sensitivity of ear.
10. A mobile phone is vibrating in your hand and another mobile is vibrating on a table. Which
will be producing louder sound and why?
ANS: A mobile phone vibrating in hand will produce louder sound because it is closer than that
on a table.
11. How can you hear echo?
ANS: The minimum distance between the speaker and the reflecting surface should be at least 17
meters, then the time gap between the reflected sound and the original sound will be equal to 0.1
second. As a result, we will be able to hear an echo.
12. In a cricket ground, batsman hits four in a test match. You notice that hitting sound of the bat
is heard slightly after you see the bat actually hitting the ball. Why is it so?
ANS: It is because the light travels faster than the sound.

D. Long Questions.
1. Define the following terms; Crest, Trough, Rarefaction, Wavelength, Amplitude.
ANS Crest: It is the portion of transverse waves above the mean position.
Trough: it is the portion of transverse waves below the mean position.
Rarefaction: The portion of longitudinal waves in which particles of the medium are speed out is
called rarefaction.
Compression: The portion of longitudinal waves in which particles of the medium are close to
each other is called compression.
Wavelength: it is distance between two consecutive crest or two consecutive trough.
Amplitude: it is maximum displacement of vibrating particle of the medium from mean position
when a wave is passing through it.
2. Show that frequency and time period of waves are inverse of each other.
ANS: Frequency:
Number of waves passing through a point in one second is called frequency.
Time period:
It is the time taken by a wave to pass through a point in the medium.
Relation between frequency and time period of waves:
Number of waves passing through a point 𝑛
We know that 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦(𝑓) = Time taken by waves to pass through a point = 𝑡
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑡
And 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 = =𝑛
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
Multiply both equations:
Frequency of waves (f) x Time period (T)
𝑛 𝑡
= ( 𝑡 ) (𝑛) => (𝑓)(𝑇) = 1
Frequency of a wave and its time period are inverse of each other.
1 1
=> 𝑓 = 𝑇 OR 𝑇=𝑓
3. What is pitch of sound? On what factors it depends?
ANS: Pitch:
Pitch of sound tells us how shrill or grave sound is.
Factor it depends:
Pitch of sound depends in the frequency of the vibrating body.
Pitch of sound ∝ Frequency of sound.
If frequency of vibration of a body increases then shrillness of sound produced by it will increase
and sound will changing from low pitch (grave sound) to high pitch (shrill sound).

4. What is loudness of sound? On what factors at depends?

ANS: Loudness:
The property of sound which help us distinguish between a soft sound and a louder sound
is called loudness of sound.
Factors affecting loudness of sound:
1. Amplitude of the wave:
Loudness of sound is related with the amplitude of the wave. Louder sound has greater amplitude
and soft sound has small amplitude. So, loudness of sound is directly proportional to amplitude of
the wave.
2. Surface area of sound source:
If the sound source has larger surface to vibrate, it produce louder sound. For example,
if we strike a large drum and a small drum with same amount of force, then large drum will produce
louder sound than small drum.
3. Distance from sound source:
If a listener is hear louder sound than the person standing at far off place.
4. Sensitivity of ear:
Loudness of sound also depends upon condition of ear usually, old people cannot listen
to soft voice.
1. Waves are produced in water
pool. A group is plotted between
instantaneous displacement of
particles of the medium and time
as shown.
a. How many crests and troughs
are there?
ANS: There are four crests and
three troughs in the above figure.
b. What is the amplitude of the wave?
ANS: The amplitude of the wave is 5 cm.
c. What are displacements of particles of the wave at time 4 second and 11 seconds?
ANS: Displacements of the particles wave at time 4 seconds is 10 cm and at 11 seconds it is 27.5
cm.
d. How many waves are there?
1
ANS: There are 3 waves.
2
e. What is time period of the wave?
ANS: Time period of the waves is 4 seconds.

f. What is frequency of the waves?

ANS: The frequency of the waves is 0.25 Hz.
g. If there are 3.5 waves in distance of 7 meters then find the wavelength for these waves?
ANS: 3.5 waves = 7 meter
By cross multiplying; 3.5x? =7x1
7
= 3.5 = 2 𝑚
2. Consider the diagrams, one
end of each ruler is made fixed
by placing under heavy book
and their other ends are free to
vibrate. When the free end of
each ruler is plucked with same
force then.
a. Which ruler will produce
louder sound? And why.
ANS: Ruler with 20 cm produce louder sound because shorter material vibrate faster than longer
ones. The faster the rod vibrate, the higher the pitch and louder the sound.
b. Which ruler will produce sound of high pitch?
ANS: Ruler with length 20 cm vibrate more and produces sound of high pitch.
3. Draw the wave form/graph to differentiate between situations given below?
i. You talking to a friends and you shouting during the football match.
ANS:
ii. Whistle sound and male voice of same loudness.

ANS:

UNIT NO: 10 HEAT AND TEMERATURE.

1. “J” is the symbol for unit joule, it is the unit of:
(a) Temperature (b) Heat (c) Power (d) Voltage
2. If your class room temperature is 27𝑜 C, what is its value in Kelvin scale?
(a) 27 K (b) 373 K (c) 300 K (d) 246 K
3. Which of the following is the best conductor?
(a) Wood (b) Water (c) Metal (d) Plastic
4. Which temperature of the following is representing melting point of ice?
(a) 0 K (b) 32𝑜 C (c) 273 K (d) 0𝑜 F
5. Mercury thermometer is used to measure temperature of a body. Which process is used in it?
(a) Convection (b) Radiation (c) Thermal expansion (d) Insulation
6. Which of the following is the worst conductor?
(a) Metal (b) Wood (c) Wool (d) Air
7. Conduction of heat best takes place in:
(a) Solids (b) Fluids (c) Gases (d) Vacuum
8. Materials that trap air like fur, wool and saw dust are heat:
(a)Insulators (b) Conductors (c) Reflectors (d) Convectional devices
9. The heat transfer that occurs due to a density difference in fluids is:
(a) Conduction (b) Radiation (c) Convection (d) Insulation
10. Huge amount of heat is being generated on sun. This heat reaches from sun to earth by:
(a) Radiation only (b) Convection only (c) Convection and Radiation (d) Conduction, Convection
and Radiation
B. True or False (Correct the statement if it false).
1. Heat and Temperature are two same things. False
Correct Statement: Heat and Temperature are two different things.
2. Only Radiation can pass through vacuum. True
3. On heating, solids expand more than liquids. True
4. At hot end of a metal rod, its particles vibrate faster than its colder end. True
5. In double glazed windows, heat can flow from room to outside but heat cannot enter from
outside to room. True
C. Short Questions.
1. Define these terms; Thermal energy, Temperature and Heat. Write SI units.

ANS: Thermal energy: The total kinetic energy and potential energy of all the particles in a
substance is called thermal energy. Generally, in the SI system, all forms of energy are measured
in terms of joules.
Temperature: Temperature of a body is measure of average kinetic energy of its particles. The
Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature.
Heat: Heat is a form of thermal energy that flows from hatter body to colder body. Heat is a form
of energy therefore its unit is also joules.
2. Temperature of hot iron is 100oC. Convert this temperature into Kelvin and Degree Fahrenheit?
ANS:
Conversion of Kelvin Scale Conversion of Fahrenheit
T(K) = TC˚+273 T F˚ = 1.8 T(C˚) + 32
= 1000˚+273 = 1.8 (1000) +32
= K1273 = 1800 + 32
= 1832 F˚
3. Why base of cooking utensils is made up of steel but handles are made up of plastic?
ANS: Cooking utensils are made up of steel because metals conduct heat fast and cooks the food
easily. Handles are made up of plastic because plastic is bad conductor is heat. So we can hold the
handle easily.
4. If you put a dented pin pong ball in hot water, its dented part gets the proper shape. How does
it happen?
ANS: If you put a dented pin pong ball in hot water, its dented part gets proper shape because the
water will heat up air inside the pin pong ball. This causes the air to expand, popping the ball back
into shape.
5. How can gilders fly very high without any engine? Give reason.
ANS: Gliders can fly very high without any engine by holding the currents of air. This air current
works as a medium for their glider to fly high.
6. Why most materials become less dense as their temperature is increased?
ANS: Materials becomes less dense as their temperature is increased because when a substance is
heated the molecule more faster causing the molecule to push outward making them further apart
from each other.
7. Why exhaust fans are connected near the room ceiling?
ANS: Exhaust fans are connected near the room ceiling because warmer state air goes up and gets
collected near the ceiling. Exhaust fan suck that air out of the room and allows fresh air to enter
the room through door, windows etc. Thus improving room ventilation.
8. Briefly explain the expansion joints use in the bridges.
ANS: Bridges have expansion joints, due to which bridges can expand or contract easily during
summer and winter without any damage to bridge.
9. How false ceiling helps to keep room at lower temperature than outside during the summer?
ANS: False ceiling below the roof is done with the air trapped between ceiling and roof. Air being
good insulator reduce the heat flow from roof to room.

D. Long Questions.
1. Differentiate between heat and temperature on the basis of kinetic molecular theory.
ANS:
Heat Temperature
 Heat is the amount of energy in a body.  Temperature is the measure of heat
 Total kinetic and potential energy energy in a body.
contained by molecules in an object.  Average kinetic energy of molecules in
 Heat flows from hotter object to cooler a substance.
objects.  Temperature rises when heated and
falls when cooled.
2. Explain in detail on the basis of kinetic molecular theory?

ANS: Solids are good conductor because when solid substance is heated, its particles are gaining
kinetic energy and heat can easily be transferred from one particle to another.
Gases poor conductor of heat, because their molecules are far apart and always constant
motion. It is very difficult for heat to pass from one point to another inside a closed container.
3. What is conduction? How heat is transferred by conduction? Why metals are good conductor of
heat?
ANS: Conduction:
Conduction is the method of transfer of heat from hot body to cold body by the
vibrations of particles.
Process of heat transfer:
Conduction also take place from hot part of the body to its cold part. In solids, its particles are
very close to each other. When one end of metal rod is heated then particles at that end begins to
vibrate more energetically. The Collide with neighbouring particles and transfer a part of heat
energy to them. In this way, energy transfers to its other end.
Metal are good conductor:
Metals are good conductor of heat because in metals, they have free electrons. These free
electrons more fast and transfer the energy to other part of the metal quickly.
4. What is Convection? How he is transferred by convection?
ANS: Convection:
Transfer of heat by actual movement of molecules from hot place to cold place is known
as convection.
Process of heat transfer:
Convection can take place in fluids (Liquid and Gases) only. When cold water is heated
in the pot then water touching the bottom of the pot first receives heat. It expands and become less
dense. The cold water (denser) flows downward and hot water (lighter) rises up. This process
continues and circulating flow of water is established (called convectional currents).This will

warm the whole water in the pot. We see that this is the method of transfer of heat due to actual
movement of particles from bottom to top.

1. You are asked to design a temperature scale. Lets call it “atto” temperature scale with unit
symbol “A”. If melting point of ice water is 25˚ A and boiling point of water is 125˚.
a. Draw and label the diagram with value on lower and upper reference point.
ANS: Boling point = 125˚A
Freezing point = 25˚ A
b. Find the number of divisions on it. Also draw on the scale.

ANS: 25 A = 273.15 K
So 1A = 10.926 K
c. Which one is greater, 1˚A or than 1 K?
ANS: It is clear that 1A is greater than 1K.
2. Consider the apparatus show in the figure, the metal ball can pass easily through
the ring.
a. When metal ball is heated and we try to pass it through the ring again, it will not pass why?
ANS: When metal ball is heated, it will not again pass from the ring because of expansion. When
metal ball is heated, molecules vibrates, expand and cause large size of substance.

3. Water is boiling in a pot as shown in the figure.

a. Identify which letter A/B/C is representing each of following processes:
Conduction, Convection and Radiation.
A. Convection.
B. Conduction.
C. Radiation.
b. Explain how heat is transferred from stove to the base of pot?
ANS: Heat is transfer from stove to the base of pot by conduction process.
c. Explain how heat is transferred from water to air?
ANS: Heat is transferred from water to air through convection.
d. Pot handle is made up of plastic, will it get hot? If yes, justify your answer?
ANS: Pot handle is made up of plastic and it will not hot because it is insulator and can’t conduct
heat.
4. A building is shown in figure. You want t the thermally
insulate it.
a. How would you insulate its rooftop?
ANS: Rooftop of building can be insulated by using polythene
or charcoal as a protective.
b. What steps would you take to insulate it from in side?
ANS: Fiber glass, cellulose to insulation for form insulation can
be used to insulate building from inside.
5. A balloon is fixed on the mouth of a glass bottle which has a little amount of water, when this
glass bottle is placed on hot plate balloon is inflated. Explain why?
ANS: A balloon is fixed on the mouth of a glass bottle which has a
little amount of water when this glass bottle is placed on hot plate
balloon, because balloon is made up of rubber get interacted with
steam, its molecule expand and cause balloon to inflated.
UNIT NO: 11 TECHNOLOGY IN EVERYDAY LIFE.

A. MCQs (choose the correct option).
1. The percentage of fresh water on earth is not more than only:
(a) 2% (b) 30% (c) 20% (d) 25%
2. Drip irrigation system is useful for agriculture because it allow water to:
(a) Spread equally (b) Reach the roots directly (c) Sprinkles water (d) Evaporates

3. Which one is not a way to preserve food?

(a) Freezing (b) Pickling (c) Curing (d) Garnishing
4. The best way to preserve vegetables is:
(a) Salting (b) Drying (c) Curing (d) Picking
5. The instrument used by doctors for listening to heart beats is called:
(a) Stethoscope (b) Microscope (c) Periscope (d) Ophthalmoscope
6. Which of the following is used for making a working model of a stethoscope?
(a) Funnels, Plastic tube, Balloons and Duct tape (b) Funnels and Duct tape only
(c) Tubing and Duct tape only (d) Balloons and Duct tape only
7. Use of hand sanitizer helps in:
(a) Killing germs from the skin and keeping it safe (b) Removing germs
(c) Keeping skin safe (d) Keeping skin moisturized
8. In pickling food is soaked in:
(a) Water (b) Oil (c) Solution of salt and acid (d) Solution of sugar and acid
9. The process of food preservation in which bacteria is allowed to grow against the harmful
bacteria is called:
(a) Fermentation (b) Dry salting (c) Pickling (d) Canning
10. Pasteurization means:
(a) Freezing at a certain temperature to keep food microbe free
(b) Heating at a certain temperature to keep food microbe free
(c) Drying at a certain temperature to keep food microbe
(d) Heating to change the colour of food
B. Long Questions.
1. What is preservation of food? Describe any five ways in which food can be preserved?
ANS: Preserving food means preventing it from spoilage, which can be achieved by many
methods.
i. Canning:
The food is heated at a specified temperature for a certain time (pasteurizing) and then
vacuum sealed in special glass jars. Canning works for most foods including fruits, vegetable,
meats and seafood.
ii. Freezing:
Fruits, vegetables, meats, seafood, nuts, grains, dairy and eggs, can be frozen, however
foods must be chilled to at least-18 Celsius.
iii. Drying:
Drying is the process of dehydrating (removing moisture) foods until there is not enough
moisture to support growth of microorganism. Fruits, vegetable, meats, seafood, grains, legumes
and nuts can be dried.

iv. Pickling:
In pickling the food is soaked in a solution containing salt and acid (vinegar or lemon juice)
this can be done with a wide variety of foods.
v. Dry salting:
This is an old-fashioned method which was used in the early twentieth century as an
alternative to canning.
2. Why water conservation a challenge in Pakistan? Why it is important to conserve water? Suggest
a few ways in which we can conserve water at an individual, community and national level.
ANS: Water conservation challenges in Pakistan:
Water conservation is a challenges in Pakistan because increasing population is
increasing the water demand, if we will not use this precious resource carefully we will face water
shortages.
Importance to conserve water:
Water is essential to life. Drinking, bathing, cleaning, cooking, washing are few
domestic purposes of water. Water is also used for agriculture and industrial purpose.
Ways to conserve water:
 Avoid un-necessary use of water for domestic purpose.
 Creating awareness among people about need the ways to conserve water.
 Important legislation regarding water usage and consumption by Government.
3. Write the steps to make a stethoscope in the school?
ANS: i. Cover the top of funnel with balloon.
ii. Wrap electrical tape around the balloon to hold it in place if needed.
iii. Stick the end of funnel into a piece of clear. Flexible plastic tubing.
iv. Add, a small matching funnel to the other end.
v. Use the Stethoscope in a quite room.
C. Structure Response Questions.
1. Imagine you and friends are going camping for one week at a destination where electricity and
shops are not available. Your stay can extend for 15 days to a month. Make a table to list:
a. The food items you will need keeping in mind the nutritional requirements.
ANS: Fruits, water, Juice, Dairy items, Dry fruits, Emergency lights, Candles, Match boxes,
Necessary medicine, Protein food milk etc.
b. Method of preservation used.

ANS: Dry things used milk and other food items are preserved by ice packs.
c. Also mention the days it will be safe consumption.
ANS: Dry fruits, Juices and water should be safely used for 15 days. Fruits and dairy items can
easily be used for week or more.
2. Using the same technique applied for making a stethoscope, make string telephone.

a. What is common in both projects?

ANS: Both require transmitter and vibration to produce sound.
b. Using the same technique what else can you make?
ANS: Same technique like stethoscope and telephone is microphone.
3. You made a hand sensitizer
a. What is the difference in hand wash with soap and using a hand sanitizer?
ANS: There are important differences between washing hands with soap and water and using hand
sanitizer soap and water work to remove all types of germs from hands, while sanitizer acts by
killing certain germs on the skin.
b. Make a poster to promote self-hygiene and cleanliness.
ANS:
UNIT NO: 12 EARTH AND SPACE.

1. SI unit of weight is:
(a) Newton (b) Kilogram (c) Meter per second (d) Pascal
2. If 20 Kg mass is lifted from to moon, what is mass its on moon?
(a) 20 Kg (b) 2 Kg (c) 4 Kg (d) 3.2 Kg
3. If value of on a planet is 25 N/Kg then what is weight of 2 Kg body on it?
(a) 25 N (b) 50 N (c) 75 N (d) 150 N
4. If it is spring in southern hemisphere of earth then which weather is in northern hemisphere?
(a) Summer (b) Winter (c) Spring (d) Autumn

5. Which of following is involved in producing tides in ocean?

(a) Gravitational pull of moon on earth (b) Gravitational pull of sun on earth
(c) Rotation of earth (c) All of these
1. Weight is quantity of matter in a body. False
Correct Statement: Mass is quantity of matter in a body.
2. Seasons on earth are related to spinning motion of earth. True
3. Spring balance is a device to measure weight of a body. True
4. Axial tilt of earth is about 23.5˚. True
5. When it is summer in northern hemisphere then it is spring in southern hemisphere. False
Correct Statement: When it is winter in northern hemisphere then it is spring in southern
hemisphere.
C. Short Questions.
1. Differentiate between mass and weight of body?
ANS:
Mass Weight
 Quantity of matter in a body is called  The force with which earth attracts
its mass. anything towards its center is called
 SI unit of mass is Kilogram (Kg). weight of the body on earth.
 SI unit of weight is Newton (N).
2. What is difference in value of gravitational field strength on earth and moon?

ANS: Gravitational field strength on surface of moon is also 6 times less than that of earth.
1
gmoon = 6 (g earth)
1
gmoon = 6 (10) = 1.6 N/kg
3. If mass of the body is 50 kg, then calculate its weight on earth and on moon.
ANS:
Weight on earth. Weight on moon.
Wearth = mg Wmoon = m x gmoon
Wearth = 50 kg x 10 N/kg Wmoon = 50 x 1.6 N/kg
Wearth = 500 N. Wmoon = 80 N.
4. Define the following terms; Axis of earth, Hemisphere, equator.

ANS: Axis of earth: The line around which earth spins is called axis of earth.
Hemisphere: A hemisphere is a half part of the earth above equator.
Equator: An equator is an imaginary line around the middle of planet.

5. What is constellation? Why does a constellation position change during a year?

ANS: A constellation is a group pf stars that appears to firm a pattern or picture. Due to axial tilt
of the earth, angle of the view to each constellation charges with the motion of earth, that is why
they appear at different positions in different months of the years.
6. Briefly explain, how axial tilt is used in season change on earth?
ANS: Earth revolves around the sun with this axial tilt. Earth’s tilted axis causes the seasons. When
the axis of the earth is towards the sun, the summer season is there for that part of the earth. When
the axis of earth is away from the sun then winter season is there for that part of the earth. In
between these two times, it is spring and autumn.
7. “ If there was to no axial tilt then there would have been no change in seasons on earth”. Support
or oppose this statement with reason.
ANS: This statement is right. Scientist think as earth without a tilt would be stratified into climate
bands that would get progressively colder as you move away from the continuous winter of the
high altitude.
8. How does Sun hold planets in their orbits?
ANS: The Sun’s gravity pulls the planets in orbit around it.
9. If the gravity between earth and moon suddenly disappears, what will happen to moon which is
revolving around earth?
ANS: When the earth’s gravity suddenly disappear, the moon will start to move in a straight line
in the same direction it was moving at that time.
D. Long Questions.
1. How does gravity help to keep the planets in their orbits around sun?
ANS: The planets all formed from this spinning disk-shaped cloud, and continued this rotating
course around the sun after they were formed. The gravity of the sun keeps the planets in their
orbits. They stay in their orbits because there is no other force in the solar system which can stop
them.
2. Differentiate between mass and weight of body?
ANS:
Mass Weight
 The mass of a body is the amount of  The weight of a body is the force with
matter present in it. which the earth attracts it.
 It has magnitude but not direction.  It has both magnitude and direction.
 It doesn’t change from place to place.  It changes from place to place.
 It can never be zero.  It is zero at the center of the earth.
 Its SI unit is the Kilogram.  Its SI unit is the Newton.
3. What is the axial tilt of the Earth? Describe its role in the earth’s day and night. What role does
it play in the earth seasonal change?
ANS: Axial tilt:
The axial tilt is defined as the angle between the direction of the north pole and the
perpendicular to the orbital plane.

Role of axis tilt in day and night:

As the earth spines on its axis producing day and night, it also moves above the
sun in an elliptical orbit that requires about 365 days to complete.
Reasons of axis tilt in season:
Earth tilted axis causes the season. Throughout the year, different parts of earth receives
the sun’s most direct rays, so when the north pole tilts towards the sum, its summer in the northern
hemisphere and when the south pole tilt towards the sun, its winter in the northern hemisphere.
4. Describe how seasons in earth’s hemisphere are related to Earth’s annual movement around the
sun?
ANS: Seasons in earth hemisphere are related to earth annual movement around the sun by the
help of axis tilt. The earth’s spin axis is tilted with respect to it’s orbital plane. When the earth axis
pointed towards the sun, it is summer for that hemisphere while if Earth’s axis pointed away from
the sun, it is expected to be winter in that hemisphere.
1. Draw equator, axial tilt, spinning axis of earth, longitude and latitude, southern and northern
hemisphere.

2. Label the diagram with different seasons in southern hemisphere.

ANS:

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GENEARAL SCIENCE

Notes for class 7th First Edition-2022

Unit Name Page No

2. Human Respiratory and Circulatory System………………...…05

3. Immunity and Diseases…………………………………………...09

4. Chemical Changes and Physical Changes………………………12

8. Force and Motion……………………………………..…………..28

9. Waves and Energy…………………………………….......………34

10. Heat and Temperature…………….…………………………….40

11. Technology in Everyday Life……………………………………44

12. Earth and Space……………………………………………..…...47

PREPARED BY: QAZI ZOHAIB AHMAD.

UNIT NO: 01 PLANT SYSTEM.

(b) Carbon dioxide + Water + Sunlight → Glucose + Oxygen

(c) Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water

(d) Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

PREPARED BY: QAZI ZOHAIB AHMAD.

B. True or False (Correct the statement if it is False).

PREPARED BY: QAZI ZOHAIB AHMAD.

Occur in All living things Only Green part of plants

When it occurs All the time Only in day light

Organelle involved Mitochondria Chloroplast

Reactants Glucose and Oxygen Carbon dioxide and Water

Products Carbon dioxide and Water Glucose and Oxygen

Energy Energy is release Energy is absorbed

E. Structure Response Questions.

PREPARED BY: QAZI ZOHAIB AHMAD.

a. Which condition cause the fastest rate of transpiration?

UNIT NO: 02 Human Respiratory and Circulatory System.

PREPARED BY: QAZI ZOHAIB AHMAD.

5. Cellular Respiration always requires:

10. The diagram shows blood flow through a human heart.

B. True and False (correct the statement if it False).

PREPARED BY: QAZI ZOHAIB AHMAD.

 Energy is release.  Energy is not released.

PREPARED BY: QAZI ZOHAIB AHMAD.

2. How do the Respiratory and Circulatory system work

a. Why Oxygen percentage is reduced in the air that breathed out?

PREPARED BY: QAZI ZOHAIB AHMAD.

a. Which blood vessels can be seen only through Microscope?

UNIT NO: 03 IMMUNITY AND DISEASES.

PREPARED BY: QAZI ZOHAIB AHMAD.

5. Benish is allergic to dust and pollen. Her health issue is a/an:

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2. The graph shows immune

UNIT NO: 04 CHEMICAL CHANGES AND PHYSICAL

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6. Which of the following is an example of a physical change?

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Complete Combustion Incomplete Combustion

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UNIT NO: 05 STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM.

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9. Nitrogen is an element with the symbol N and atomic number is 7 its

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The nucleus contains Protons and Neutrons. Protons

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