Solution (Sample Questions)

As we approach the upcoming exam, I want to remind you of the formulas that you
need to memorize.
Here are the formulas that you need to memorize:
𝑅(𝑡) = 𝑒 ∫ ( )
r (t)=f(t)/R(t)
R (t) =1-F (t)
And
( )
𝑝 (𝑡) = 𝑝[𝑁(𝑡) = 𝑛]=
!
Please note that any other formulas or equations that you may need will be
provided on the exam paper. So, don't worry about memorizing anything else apart
from what I have listed above.
Best of luck!
/
1. ∑ 𝑝 𝑠 =∑ 1/2 𝑠 = ∑ (𝑠/2) = =
/
𝑠
𝑠
𝐺 (𝑠) = 2 − 𝑠𝑠 =
2− 4 − 3𝑠
2−𝑠
𝑠
𝑠
𝐺 (𝑠) = 2 − 𝑠 =
3𝑠 8 − 7𝑠
4−
2−𝑠
𝑠
𝑠
𝐺 (𝑠) = 2 − 𝑠 =
7𝑠 16 − 15𝑠
8−
2−𝑠
𝑠
𝐺 (𝑠) =
2 − (2 − 1)𝑠
Assume that the formula holds for n. Then G(Gn(s)):
𝑠
2 − (2 − 1)𝑠 𝑠
𝐺(𝐺 (𝑠)) = 𝑠 =
2− 2(2 − (2 − 1)𝑠) − 𝑠
2 − (2 − 1)𝑠
𝑠
= =
(2 − (2 − 1)𝑠)
Which is the formula for Gn+1(s), that is, n is replaced by n + 1 in

the expression for𝐺 (𝑠). Hence, by induction on the integers, the
result is true since we have confirmed it directly for n = 2, 3 and n
= 4.
The power series expansion for 𝐺 (𝑠) can be found by using the
binomial theorem. Thus
𝑠
𝐺 (𝑠) = =
2 − (2 − 1)𝑠
( ) ( ) ( )
(1 ) = ∑ ( ) = ∑ ( ) =
( )
∑ ( ) 𝑠
The probability that the population of generation n is

( )
𝑝 , =( )
µ = E(X1) = G ′ (1) = 2
µn=µ =2
2. Let X be an exponentially distributed inter-arrival time (unit of

time = 1 hour) with parameter λ = 1. Then
P(X ≤ 1) = F(1) = 1 − e −λ·1 = 1 − e −1 ≈ 0.6321
P(1 ≤ X ≤ 2) = F(2) − F(1) = 1 − e −λ·2 − (1 − e −λ·1 ) = e −1 − e −2 ≈
0.2325
P(X > 2) = 1 − P(X ≤ 2) = 1 − F(2) = 1 − (1 − e −λ·2 ) = e −2 ≈ 0.1353.
3. Example 9.4
4. 7.3 the limiting process
5. Solve this question for matrix 2*2
6. The question is not correct, solve Example 4.8.
7. We have
R(t) = (1 − R3(t))[R1(t)R2(t) + R4(t)R5(t) −
R1(t)R2(t)R4(t)R5(t)] +R3(t)[R1(t) + R4(t) − R1(t)R4(t)][R2(t)
+ R5(t) − R2(t)R5(t)].
All components have the same reliability function 𝑅c(𝑡).
So
R(t) = (1 − 𝑅 (𝑡))[ 𝑅 (𝑡) 𝑅 (𝑡) + 𝑅 (𝑡) 𝑅 (𝑡)− 𝑅 (𝑡)𝑅 (𝑡)𝑅 (𝑡)𝑅 (𝑡)]
+𝑅 (𝑡) [𝑅 (𝑡) + 𝑅 (𝑡) – 𝑅 (𝑡) 𝑅 (𝑡)][ 𝑅 (𝑡) + 𝑅 (𝑡) − 𝑅 (𝑡)𝑅 (𝑡)]= (i-
𝑅 (𝑡))(2𝑅 (𝑡) − 𝑅 (𝑡) ) + (2𝑅 (𝑡) − 𝑅 (𝑡) )(2𝑅 (𝑡) − 𝑅 (𝑡) )
𝑅 (𝑡) = 2𝑅 (𝑡) + 2𝑅 (𝑡) − 5𝑅 (𝑡) + 2𝑅 (𝑡)
8. R (t) = 1 -∫ 𝑑𝑡 = 1 − =
r (t)=f(t)/R(t)
r(t)=
E(x)=∫ 𝑑𝑡 = (1/2)(𝑡 + 𝑡 )
9. 𝑅 (𝑡) = 𝑒 ∫ ( )
𝑡
𝑟(𝑠)𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑡 =
1+𝑡
1+𝑡 =𝑢
2𝑡𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑢
/
1/2 ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = 1/2𝐿𝑛(𝑢) = 𝐿𝑛(1 + 𝑡 )
( ) / /
𝑅 (𝑡) = 𝑒 = (1 + 𝑡 )
r(t)=f(t)/R(t)
f(t)= ∗ =
( ) ( )
10. 7.5 Queues with fixed service times
11. R(t)= 1-F(t)=p(T>t)= ∫ λ 𝑡𝑒 , 𝑑𝑡=𝑒 (λt + 1)
r(t)=f(t)/R(t)=( λ 𝑡𝑒 )/ 𝑒 (λt + 1)=λ 𝑡/ λt + 1

mean and variance are 2/ λ and 2/λ
12. Example 5.3
13. Solved
14. The number of cars which pass a roadside speed camera within
a specified hour is assumed to be a Poisson process with intensity λ
= 92: on average 92 cars pass in the hour. It is also found that 1% of
cars exceed the designated speed limit. What are the probabilities
that (a) at least one car exceeds the speed limit, (b) at least two cars
exceed the speed limit in the hour?
λ' = λ(0.01) = 0.92.
The probability of at least one car exceeding the speed limit is:
P(X ≥ 1) = 1 - P(X = 0)
= 1 - e^(-0.92) * (0.92^0 / 0!)
≈ 0.6024
To find the probability that at least two cars exceed the speed limit in the
hour, we can use the Poisson distribution again:
P(X ≥ 2) = 1 - P(X = 0) - P(X = 1)
= 1 - e^(-0.92) - e^(-0.92) * (0.92^1 / 1!)
≈ 0.2350
15. Example 4.3
16. Example 4.7
17. Example 3.3 part a

18. Example 3.1
19. Example 9.4
20. Solved

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Solution (Sample Questions)

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As we approach the upcoming exam, I want to remind you of the formulas that you

Assume that the formula holds for n. Then G(Gn(s)):

Which is the formula for Gn+1(s), that is, n is replaced by n + 1 in

The probability that the population of generation n is

2. Let X be an exponentially distributed inter-arrival time (unit of

5. Solve this question for matrix 2*2

6. The question is not correct, solve Example 4.8.

10. 7.5 Queues with fixed service times

11. R(t)= 1-F(t)=p(T>t)= ∫ λ 𝑡𝑒 , 𝑑𝑡=𝑒 (λt + 1)

r(t)=f(t)/R(t)=( λ 𝑡𝑒 )/ 𝑒 (λt + 1)=λ 𝑡/ λt + 1

12. Example 5.3

15. Example 4.3

16. Example 4.7

17. Example 3.3 part a

19. Example 9.4

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