1

Review: Past simple

Notes:
Past simple
1. In Malay, past simple means telah/ sudah.

2. Timeline: JALYTOR
J - just now
A - ago
L - last Sunday, last weekend, last month, last year
Y - yesterday
T - this Sunday morning, that weekend
O - one day, once upon a time
R - recently

3. How to change to past simple?

a. Regular verbs:

Spelling rules Examples

talk -> talked

base form + ed
watch -> watched

decide -> decided

verbs ending in -e + d
chase -> chased

verbs ending in a consonant + y accompany -> accompanied

change y -> i + ed bury -> buried

Some verbs ending in a single plan -> planned

consonant + the second letter is a vowel stop -> stopped
-> double the last letter + ed

b. Irregular verbs:
An irregular verb is one that does not form its simple past tense or its past
participle by adding "-ed" or "-d" to the base form.

Irregular verbs contrast with regular verbs, which form the simple past tense
and past participle by adding "-ed" or "-d."

Read these sentences:

a) We went to the beach last weekend.

Kami telah pergi ke pantai hujung minggu lepas.

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When do we use past simple?
1. The past simple is used principally to describe events in the past, but it also
has some other uses. Here are the main uses of the past simple:

a) finished events in the past

i. William Shakespeare wrote Hamlet.
ii. Christoph Columbus discovered America in 1492.

b) Past habitual action

i. I visited them every day for a year.
ii. I drove to work every day when I worked with that company.

c) events that were true for some time in the past

i. He lived in Paris for 20 years.
ii. They talked on the phone for ten minutes.

Examples of Past simple

Base Form Past Simple (V2)

arise arose

awake awoke

be was/were

bear bore

beat beat

become became

begin began

bend bent

bet bet

bind bound
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Base Form Past Simple (V2)

bite bit

bleed bled

blow blew

break broke

breed bred

bring brought

broadcast broadcast

build built

burn burnt/burned

burst burst

buy bought

can could

catch caught

choose chose

cling clung

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Base Form Past Simple (V2)

come came

cost cost

creep crept

cut cut

deal dealt

dig dug

do did

draw drew

dream dreamt/dreamed

drink drank

drive drove

eat ate

fall fell

feed fed

feel felt

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Base Form Past Simple (V2)

fight fought

find found

fly flew

forbid forbade

forget forgot

forgive forgave

freeze froze

get got

give gave

go went

grind ground

grow grew

hang hung

have had

hear heard

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Base Form Past Simple (V2)

hide hid

hit hit

hold held

hurt hurt

keep kept

kneel knelt

know knew

lay laid

lead led

sting stung

stink stank

strike struck

swear swore

sweep swept

swell swelled

swim swam 7
Base Form Past Simple (V2)

swing swung

take took

teach taught

tear tore

tell told

think thought

throw threw

understand understood

wake woke

wear wore

weep wept

will would

win won

wind wound

write wrote

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A. Match the verbs with the correct past simple forms.

1. learn started

2. start travelled

3. go watched

4. win decided

5. travel competed (in)

6. become became

7. watch learned

8. do went

9. compete (in) did

10. decide won

B. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of tense.

1.He took (take) pictures last Sunday.

2. We swam (swim) in the river last weekend.
3. Paul caught (catch) a big fish yesterday.
4. Sandra cooked (cook) omelette for breakfast this morning.
5. They picked (pick) flowers for their mother last evening.
6. The children packed (pack) their bags last night.
7. We visited (visit) our uncle farm’s last Saturday.
8. Nancy went (go) in the park yesterday.
9. The boys saw (see) some monkeys in the forest.
10. My mother bought (buy) souvenirs for our family and friends at the shop
this afternoon.
11. My brother and I sailed (sail) a boat last summer.
12. My relatives came (come) to my birthday party last weekend.
13. We ate (eat) pizza for dinner yesterday.

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 Past continuous with past simple
We use the past continuous for the action that started first and the past simple for
the action that interrupted it.

Examples:

a. I was watching TV when Jerry called.

b. Tom was surfing when the shark attacked him.
c. She wasn’t listening when Mr. Tan asked her a question.

general form:

past continuous past simple

I was watching TV when Jerry called.

Tom was surfing when the shark attacked him.

her a
She wasn’t listening when Mr. Tan asked
question.

A. Fill in the blanks with the past continuous form of the verbs given in
brackets.
1. It was snowing (snow) when I got up this morning.
2. The children were eating (eat) when I last saw them.
3. Siti was reading (read) when the lights went out.
4. The boy was crossing (cross) the road when the motorcycle hit him.
5. My daughter was sleeping (sleep) when I peeped into her nursery.
6. Jenny was chopping (chop) the vegetables when she cut her finger.
7. The students were doing (do) the last exercise when the fire alarm went
off.
8. I was walking (walk) when I saw the kitten in the drain.
9. They were living (live) in Germany when the war broke out.
10. We were playing (play) football when Mike hurt his knee. 10
B. Circle the correct answer.

1. He (was driving/ drove) very fast when the police stopped him.

2. It was raining when I (were leaving/ left) home.

3. When I saw her, she (was wearing/ wore) a really nice purple dress.

4. I (was sleeping/ slept) soundly when a loud noise woke me up.

5. What (did you do/ were you doing) when I called you last night?

C. Look at the pictures and put the verbs in the brackets into the
correct tense.

1. My parents were driving (drive) in their

+ new car when it started (start) to rain.

2. Jim was cooking (cook) when the

+ lights went (go) off.

3. The couple was jogging (jog) in the

+ park when a dog attacked(attack) them.

4. Mike was playing (play) football when

+ the ball hit(hit) his bedroom’s window.

5. They were watching (watch) TV when

+ a burglar broke(break) into the house.

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D. Circle the correct answer.

1. I _____ a shower when the lights _____ off.

a.was taking / was going
b.was taking / went
c.took / was going

2. He _____ in a cafe’ when his wife _____.

a.was sitting / was calling
b. sat / was calling
c.was sitting/ called

3. The children _____ in the park when it _____ .

a.were playing / rained
b.was playing / rained
c.played / was raining

4. The politician _____ a speech when they _____ to throw eggs at him.
a.was making / were starting
b.made / started
c.was making / started

5. They _____ a horror movie when they _____ the scream.

a.were watching / heard
b.were watching / were hearing
c.watched / heard

6. Mary _____ to her office when she _____ the accident.

a.was driving / saw
b.was driving / was seeing
c.drove / was seeing

7. Gary _____ at the university when he _____ his wife.

a.taught / was meeting
b.was teaching / met
c.was teaching /was meeting 12
Past continuous: question form with ‘when’ or ‘while’
Example:

Q: What were you doing when I called you last night?

A: I was reading when you called last night.
or
Q: What were you doing when I called you last night?
A: You called while I was reading.

→ When we have a sentence in past simple and another in

past continuous, we often use “when’ or ‘while’. We have to take into
consideration these rules:
Rule Examples

The kids were playing

when past continuous + when + past simple
when I took the photo.

My mother arrived
past simple + while + past continuous while I was eating
lunch.
while
She was watching TV
We use while when two actions are
while her father was
happening simultaneously.
cooking dinner.

A. Fill in the blanks with correct form of the verbs.

1. The phone rang(ring) while she was cooking.
2. The electricity went(go) off while Henry was watching TV.
3. I heard a shout while I was looking(look) for my passport in my bag.
4. I suddenly felt sleepy while I was studying(study).
5. The guests arrived(arrive) while Jess was cooking dinner.
6. They heard a strange noise while they were watching(watch) a
horror movie.
7. He lost(lose) his favourite sunglasses while he went hiking.
8. Tina had a nightmare while she was sleeping(sleep) last night.

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B. Use ‘when’ or ‘while’ to complete these sentences.
1. The police stopped him while he was stealing a TV from the mall.
2. The pupils were exercising when the bell rang.
3. I saw an accident while I was waiting for the bus.
4. My dad arrived home while we were having dinner.
5. The boy broke his leg while he was skateboarding.
6. My baby sister was sleeping when my mom came home.
7. We found some old photos while we were tidying the attic.
8. I was studying for the quiz when you called me last evening.
9. Amin fell down while he was climbing a tree.
10. We were doing our homework when the lights went out.

C. Circle the correct answer.

1. The robber (broke/ was breaking) into the house while we were
sleeping.
2. I was studying maths when my friends (was coming/ came) around.
3. We saw a falling star while we (were going/ went) fishing.
4. He (broke/ was breaking) his arm while he was playing basketball.
5. Sandra and Meredith were talking in the living room when the
doorbell (was ringing/ rang).
6. Alex (came/ was coming) home while her brother was playing XBox.
7. Sheila met her best friend while she (travelled/ was travelling) on a
train.
8. We (lived/ were living) in Penang when our aunt died.
9. The old woman fell down while she (got/ was getting) off the bus.
10. Little Timmy hurt his hand while he (was heating/ heated) dinner.

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D. Circle the correct answer.

1. Where was he going when you _____ him?

a. see
b. seeing
c. saw

2. Lee _____ to Jane on the phone when Greg _____ in.

a.was talking / walked
B. talked / was walking
c.talked/ walked

3. How many people _____ in the waiting room when you _____ ?
a.were sitting / were arriving
b.sat / arrived
c.were sitting / arrived

4. It _____ to snow while they _____ home from the church.

a.was starting / were walking
b.was starting / walked
c.started/ were walking

5. My sister _____ a finger while she _____ vegetables.

a.cut / chopped
b.was cutting / chopped
c.cut / was chopping

6. We _____ back from London when the storm _____ .

a.were driving / started
b.were driving / was starting
c.drove / was starting

7. Gina _____ over the speed limit when the police _____ her car.
a.was driving / was stopping
b.was driving / stopped
c.drove /stopped 15
 used to: affirmative and negative
We use used to to talk about
1. things we often did in the past
2. past situations or habits that are finished or are not true now.

Examples:
a. Sara used to have long hair when she was a child.
b. I used to like big cities, but now I like the country.

general form:

Affirmative

You
used to swim.
He/ She/ It

We/ They

Negative

You
didn’t use to run.
He/ She/ It

We/ They

If something used to happen, it happened often or existed in the

past but it does not happen now.

Examples:
a. I used to be lazy.
b. I used to run fast.
c. She used to be responsible.
d. She used to go fishing every weekend.
e. We used to play every Sunday morning.

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Let’s check out how to make different type of sentences with used to.

The structure to make affirmative sentences with used to is:

Pronouns used to verb + details

I used to play football.

You used to swim in the ocean.

He used to ride a bike.

She used to create website.

We used to bake bread.

Let’s read:
1. I used to play football.
2. You used to swim in the ocean.
3. He used to ride a bike.
4. She used to create website.
5. We used to bake bread.

These are some examples of affirmative sentences using used to.

1. I used to be strong.
2. She used to be fat.
3. He used to be polite.
4. We used to study harder.
5. They used to have a moustache.

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This is the structure to make negative sentences with didn’t use to:

Pronoun didn’t use to verb + details

I didn’t use to play football.

You didn’t use to swim in the ocean.

He didn’t use to ride a bike.

She didn’t use to create website.

We didn’t use to bake bread.

Let’s read:
1. I didn’t use to play football.
2. You didn’t use to swim in the ocean.
3. He didn’t use to ride a bike.
4. She didn’t use to create website.
5. We didn’t use to bake bread.

These are some examples of negative sentences using didn’t use to.
1. I didn’t use to read horror books.
2. You didn’t use to live here.
3. She didn’t use to like the Rock.
4. We didn’t use to come here for lunch.
5. They didn’t use to watch Kdrama.

A. Complete the sentences with ‘used to’/ ‘didn’t use to’ and the verbs
in the brackets.
1. My little sister used to(wear) pink leggings in the kindergarten.
2. I used to (work)in a factory. It wasn’t my favourite job.
3. People didn’t use to have (not have) internet in the old days, so they
read a lot.
4. I used to (run) fast, now my feet hurt.
5. We used to (play)marbles when we were kids.
6. Robert didn’t use to have (not have) a tablet when he was young.

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B. Choose the correct answer to complete the sentences below.

1. Mandy ______ (take) the bus, now she walks to work.

A. used to take
B. was used to taking
C. is used to take
2. Travel ____ (be) very expensive. Now the prices are more reasonable.
A. used to be
B. is used to be
C. is used to being
3. During my childhood, I ___(spend) a lot of time with my grandparents.
A. am used to spend
B. used to spend
C. used to spending
4. My grandmother is often tired now. She ___ (not be) so tired.
A. didn't use to be
B. wasn't used to be
C. not used to be
5. When Peter was young, he ______ (ride) a bicycle to school.
A. used to riding
B. was used to ride
C. used to ride
6. DVDs ______ (be) popular. Now they are outdated.
A. were used to be
B. used to be
C. had used to be
7. We ______ (swim) in the lake. Now it is polluted so we don’t swim
there anymore.
A. used to swim
B. was used to swim
C. used to swimming
8. Ken ______ (not play) the piano. Now he goes to the piano class.
A. wasn't used to play
B. didn't use to play
C. not used to play 19
C. Complete the sentences with the correct form of used to/
didn’t use to in with the verbs in the brackets.

1. The traffic doesn't bother me because I used to live(live) in the

city.
2. Women in this country didn’t use to have(not have) the same
rights as men.
3. When I was young I used to play(play) tennis twice a week.
4. He's the boss so he used to make(make) the most important
decisions.
5. I didn’t use to listen(not listen) to the radio when I was a child.
6. He didn’t use to smoke(not smoke) when he was in secondary
school.
7. She used to attend(attend) gym classes but she doesn't have
time now.
8. Before this, I didn’t use to ride(not ride) my bicycle to work. Now
I ride my bicycle to save petrol.
9. She didn’t use to wear(not wear) a hijab when she was in
primary school.
10. Six years ago, Tom and Jane used to study(study) Japanese.
Now they study French.
11. Long ago people used to travel(travel) long distances on foot.
12. When she was a child, she didn’t use to sleep(not sleep) until 12
midnight.
13. My father used to go(go) to the arcade to play video games.

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 used to: question forms
Examples:
a. What did people use to do before television was invented?
b. How did people use to travel before there were planes?

Questions with ‘used to’

The structure to make sentences with used to is the following:

Did Pronoun use to Verb Object Complement

Did you use to play soccer?

Did you use to run a lot?

We can make closed questions with ‘used to’. Check these examples:

1. Q: Did you use to live in Labuan?

A: Yes, but now I live in Sandakan.
2. Q: Did you use to play badminton?
A: Yes, but I have a job now
3. Q: Did you use to play PS4?
A: Yes, I do.
4. Q: Did you use to be shy?
A: Yes, I did. I used to be shy but now I am talkative.
5. Q: Did you use to have a digital camera?
A: No, I didn’t.

Wh-Questions with ‘used to’.

These are some wh-questions with ‘used to’

1. Q: Where did you use to work?

A: I used to work in a factory.
2. Q: What games did you use to play?
A: I used to play among us and Call of Duty.
3. Q: What did you use to watch?
A: I used to watch Hospital Playlist.
4. Q: Who did you use to date?
A: I used to go out with Prince William.
5. Q: What did you use to study at school?
A: I used to study maths, science and English language.

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 A. Match these questions with the correct answers.
1. Where did you use to a. I used to have a cat
live as a child? named Meow.

2. What games did you b. I used to live in a village

use to play as a child? near the mountains.

3. What chores did you c. I used to play spinning

use to do? top.

4. Did you use to go to

d. I used to sweep the floor.
school?

5. What did you use to

e. Yes, I did.
study?

f. I used to study history,

6. What did you use to do
maths and Malay
in the evening?
language.

7. Did you use to play any g. I used to read in the

sport? evenings.

8. What pet did you use h. Yes, I did. I used to play

to have? football.

Rewrite the question and answer below.

1. Q: Where did you use to live as a child?
A: I used to live in a village near the mountains.
2. Q: What games did you use to play as a child?
A: I used to play spinning top.
3. Q: What chores did you use to do?
A: I used to sweep the floor .
4. Q: Did you use to go to school?
A: Yes, I did.
5. Q: What did you use to study?
A: I used to study history, maths and Malay language.
6. Q: What did you use to do in the evening?
A: I used to read in the evenings.
7. Q: Did you use to play any sport?
A: Yes, I did. I used to play football.
8. Q: What pet did you use to have?
A: I used to have a cat named Meow. 22
 B. Rearrange the phrases to form correct sentences.

1. use to do did people social media? before What

What did people use to do before social media?

____________________________________________________________

2. How did use to people were cars? travel before there

How did people use to travel before there were cars?

____________________________________________________________

3. did he use to What games play?

What games did he use to play?

____________________________________________________________

4. have Did they a big castle? use to

Did they use to have a big castle?

____________________________________________________________

before there was

5. buy things use to How did people
money?

How did people use to buy things before there was money?
____________________________________________________________

6. have Did you a handphone? use to

Did you use to have a handphone?

____________________________________________________________

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 Present perfect: affirmative, negative with ‘never’
Affirmative : general form: -

Subject has/ have V3(past participle) O/C

We have eaten a watermelon.

They

He

She has eaten a watermelon.

It

Examples

Subject has/ have V3(past participle) O/C

1. She has written a book.

2. We have done our chores.

3. Jack has been here before.

4. They have cleaned the kitchen.

5. I have seen her before.

Let’s read!

1. She has written a book.

2. We have done our chores.
3. Jack has been here before.
4. They have cleaned the kitchen.
5. I have seen her before.
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 Negative : general form:-

Subject has/ have never V3(past participle) O/C

I
a
We have never eaten
watermelon.
They

He
a
She has never eaten
watermelon.
It

Examples

V3 (past
Subject has/ have never O/C
participle)

1. She has never written a book.

2. We have never done our chores.

3. Jack has never been here before.

4. They have never cleaned the kitchen.

5. I have never seen her before.

Let’s read!

1. She has never written a book.

2. We have never done our chores.
3. Jack has never been here before.
4. They have never cleaned the kitchen.
5. I have never seen her before.

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A. Complete the sentences with ‘has’ or ‘have.’
1. I _______
have answered the door.

2. Sandra _______
has opened the curtains.
has
3. The boy _______ eaten breakfast.
have bought a new TV.
4. My parents _______
5. Ben _______
has visited his grandparents.
6. Her mum _______
has locked the door.
have
7. The pupils _______ visited the zoo.
8. Phil _______
has washed his car.
9. My brother _______
has helped my mother in the kitchen.
has
10. Cathie _______ read an entertainment magazine.

B. Circle the correct answer.

1. Pam (has/ have) gone home.
2. Siti and Tina (has/ have) been to London before.
3. Kieran (has/ have) spent a lot of money of gadgets.
4. My brother (has/ have) bought a new laptop.
5. Sarah (has/ have) never tasted French food.
6. We (has/ have) never been to Arau before.
7. The students (has/ have) joined the protest against the rising
cost of living.
8. The singer (has/ have) just arrived for the concert.
9. They (has/ have) eaten lunch.
10. The girls (has/ have) travelled to many countries.
11. Samantha (has/ have) never played baseball.
12. The boys (has/ have) completed their homework.

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 Usage Examples

1. How long? She has been at work for three hours.

2. The work that has been

My mother has just cooked dinner.
recently completed.

3. Duration that has not

Jack has drunk two cups of coffee today.
finished.

4. To describe specific
They have lived in this town since 1996.
moment of time.

What
are past
participles?

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 What Are Past Participles? (with Examples)
1. A past participle is a word with the following three traits:
a) It is formed from a verb.
b) It is used as an adjective or to form verb tense.
c) It probably ends "-ed," "-d," "-t," "-en," or "-n."

2. A Closer look at Past Participle

i. Let's look at the past participle of the verb to whisper:
ii. Here's the past participle: whispered
iii. Here it is used as an adjective: The whispered word
iv. Here it is used to form a verb tense: She had whispered him the answer.

3. Examples from the literatures:

i. I had crossed the line. (Political activist Harriet Tubman)
ii. I had seen birth and death but had thought they were different. (Poet T S Eliot)
iii. Poets have been mysteriously silent on the subject of cheese.
iv. Like all great travellers, I have seen more than I remember, and remember more
than I have seen. (British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli)
v. Don't take the wrong side of an argument just because your opponent has taken
the right side.

Forming the Past Participle (Regular Verbs)

If it's a regular verb, the past participle is the same as the simple past tense. In other
words, it is formed like this:

(a)Add "ed" to most verbs:

jump > jumped
paint > painted

(b)If a verb of one syllable ends [consonant-vowel-consonant], double the final

consonant and add "ed":
chat > chatted
stop > stopped

(c)If the final consonant is "w," "x," or "y," don't double it:
sew > sewed
play > played
fix > fixed

(d)If last syllable of a longer verb is stressed and ends

[consonant-vowel-consonant], double the last consonant and add "ed":
incur > incurred
prefer > preferred

(e)If the first syllable of a longer verb is stressed and the verb ends
[consonant-vowel-consonant], just add "ed":
open > opened
enter > entered
swallow > swallowed
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(f)If the verb ends "e," just add "d":
thrive > thrived
guzzle > guzzled

(g)If the verb ends [consonant + "y"], change the "y" to an "i" and add
"ed":
cry > cried
fry > fried

Forming the Past Participle (Irregular Verbs)

If it's an irregular verb, the past participle is formed in all sorts of
different ways. Here are some examples:
arise > arisen
catch > caught
choose > chosen
know > known
You just have to learn them.

COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS IN ENGLISH

REGULAR IRREGULAR

Base Form / Past Simple / Past

Participle
Verb / Verb + ed / These are ALL
Verb + ed work / different!
worked / worked

Please see below and

Verbs ending memorize them!
in 'Y'
Verb / Verb + ied /
Verb + ied study /
studied / studied

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 V1 V2 V3
Base Form of Past Past
Verb simple Participle

be (is, am, are) was, were been

beat beat beaten

become became become

begin began begun

bend bent bent

bet bet bet

bid bid bid

bite bit bitten

blow blew blown

break broke broken

bring brought brought

build built built

burn burned/burnt burned/burnt

buy bought bought

catch caught caught

choose chose chosen

come came come

cost cost cost

cut cut cut

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 V1 V2 V3
Base Form of Past Past
Verb simple Participle

dig dug dug

dive dove dived

do did done

draw drew drawn

dream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt

drive drove driven

drink drank drunk

eat ate eaten

fall fell fallen

feel felt felt

fight fought fought

find found found

fly flew flown

forget forgot forgotten

forgive forgave forgiven

freeze froze frozen

get got gotten

give gave given

go went gone

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 V1 V2 V3
Base Form of Past Past
Verb simple Participle

grow grew grown

hang hung hung

have had had

hear heard heard

hide hid hidden

hit hit hit

hold held held

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept

know knew known

lay laid laid

lead led led

leave left left

lend lent lent

let let let

lie lay lain

lose lost lost

make made made

mean meant meant

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 V1 V2 V3
Base Form of Past Past
Verb simple Participle

meet met met

pay paid paid

put put put

read read read

ride rode ridden

ring rang rung

rise rose risen

run ran run

say said said

see saw seen

sell sold sold

send sent sent

show showed shown

shut shut shut

sing sang sung

sit sat sat

sleep slept slept

speak spoke spoken

spend spent spent

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 V1 V2 V3
Base Form of Past Past
Verb simple Participle

stand stood stood

swim swam swum

take took taken

teach taught taught

tear tore torn

think thought thought

throw threw thrown

understand understood understood

wake woke woken

wear wore worn

win won won

write wrote written

A. Change these words to past participle.

1. climb climbed 7. play played

2. do done 8. visit visited

3. write written 9. win won

4. swim swum 10. eat eaten

5. fly flown 11. carry carried

6. try tried 12. read read 34

Revision of Present Perfect
1. The present perfect is formed from the present tense of the verb
have and the past participle of a verb.

2. We use the present perfect:

a) for something that started in the past and continues in the
present:

i. They've been married for nearly fifty years.

ii. She has lived in Liverpool all her life.

b) when we are talking about our experience up to the present:

i. I've seen that film before.
ii. I've played the guitar ever since I was a teenager.
iii. He has written three books and he is working on another one.

3. We often use the adverb ever to talk about experience up to the

present:

i. My last birthday was the worst day I have ever had.

- and we use never for the negative form:

ii. Have you ever met George?

Yes, but I've never met his wife.

35
A. Complete the sentences with the present perfect of the verbs in
brackets ( ).
1. Sally and I have _____________
known (know) each other since we were at
school together.
2. I have _____________
played (play) tennis since I was ten years old.
been
3. Alice has _____________ (be) in hospital four times this year.
4. I have _____________
wanted (want) to be an actor for as long as I can
remember.
smoked
5. My uncle has _____________ (smoke) 40 cigarettes a day for 40
years – and he's a doctor!
6. You have _____________
had (have) that suit for more than six years!
Isn't it time to get a new one?
7. Since she finished university, my cousin has _________
worked (work) in six

different countries.
watched
8. Zali has _____________ (watch) that TV programme every week
since it started.
liked
9. I have never _____________ ( like) bananas. I think they're horrible!
10. What's the most interesting city you have ever __________
visited (visit)?

B. Circle the correct answer.

1. Shirley has a car, so she __________ there many times.
A. has driven
B. have driven
C. has drove

2. I’m sorry, but I __________ my homework yet.

A. hasn’t finished
B. haven’t finished
C. have finished
36
3. Puteri ______much lately.
A. hasn’t slept
B. haven’t sleep
C. haven’t slept

4. Paul and his family ______ to many different countries in Europe.

A. has been
B. have been
C. has be

5. Tammy ______ a lion in the wild.

A. hasn’t seen
B. hasn’t saw
C. haven’t seen

6. It’s a great Kdrama. I ______ that drama thrice!

A. has watched
B. has watch
C. have watched

7. She still ______ what to pack for her vacation.

A. hasn’t decided
B. haven’t decide
C. haven’t decided

8. The greedy boy ______ all the cookies and snacks.

A. has eaten
B. have eat
C. have eaten

9. The marathon ______ yet.

A. hasn’t started
B. haven’t start
C. haven’t started

10. I ______ out the rubbish last night.

A. has taken
B. has took
C. have taken

37
 Present perfect: questions with ever
- Ever means at the time.
- We can use ‘ever’ in questions.
- We can use ever in questions and it goes between the verb have/
has and past participle
general form

Has/ Have Subject ever V3 (past participle)

you
Have ever eaten a watermelon?
they

she
Has ever eaten a watermelon?
he

Examples
1. Q: Has she ever travelled to Paris?
A: Yes, she has.
2. Q: Have you ever studied Arabic?
A: Yes, I have.
3. Q: Has Derek ever been to the theatre?
A: No, he hasn’t.
4. Q: Have they ever visited Tokyo?
A: Yes, they have.
Q: Have you ever met J. K. Rowling?
A: Yes, I have.
Q: Have you ever seen a ghost?
A: No, I haven’t
5. Q: Has your sister ever bought something expensive?
A: No, she hasn’t.

A. Circle the correct answer.

1. (Has/ Have) you ever eaten really strange food?
2. (Has/ Have) your brother ever been to your school?
3. (Has/ Have) Hartini ever seen a famous person?
4. (Has/ Have) you ever seen a tiger?
5. (Has/ Have) Evelyn ever helped her mother in the kitchen?
6. (Has/ Have) Mandy and Lisa ever stayed in any hotels?
7. (Has/ Have) Alan ever played golf?
8. (Has/ Have) your parents ever visited Wales?
38
B. Choose the correct answer.

1. Have you ever ___________ asleep in class?

A. fallen
B. fell
C. felt

2. Have you ever ___________ your handphone?

A. lose
B. lost
C. losen

3. Have you ever ___________ during a movie?

A. cried
B. crying
C. cry

4. Have you ever ___________ a bone?

A.broke
B. broked
C. broken

5. Have you ever ___________ an email to the wrong person?

A. send
B. sended
C. sent

6. Have you ever ___________ in front of a large audience?

A. speaked
B. spoken
C. speak

7. Have you ever ___________ your wedding anniversary?

A. forgot
B. forgotten
C. forgetting

39
8. Has Kelly ever ___________ abroad?
A. work
B. worked
C. worken

9. Has Keith ever ___________ a competition?

A. win
B. won
C. worn

10. Have Jill and Lulu ever ___________ to Australia?

A. been
B. went
C. go

11. Has your mother ever ___________ you do your homework before
you could play PS5?
A. made
B. make
C. maken

12. Have your parents ever ___________ shooting stars?

A. see
B. saw
C. seen

13. Have you ever ___________ about starting your own business?
A. think
B. though
C. thought

14. Have you ever ___________ an elephant?

A. ride
B. rode
C. ridden

15. Have you ever ___________ a snowman?

A. make
B. made
C. makes

40
C. Write the questions in present perfect with ‘ever.’ Then,
complete the short answers.
1. you - taste - Japanese food?
Have you ever tasted Japanese food?
Q: __________________________________________________________
A: No, _______________________________________________________
I haven’t.

2. your brother - see - a bear?

Q: __________________________________________________________
Has your brother ever seen a bear?

A: No, _______________________________________________________
he hasn’t.

3. the boys - be - to London?

Q: __________________________________________________________
Have the boys ever been to London?

A: Yes, ______________________________________________________
they have.

4. Jenny - fail - a test?

Q: __________________________________________________________
Has Jenny ever failed a test?

A: No, _______________________________________________________
she hasn’t.

5. Tom and Kate - be - on TV?

Q: __________________________________________________________
Have Tom and Kate ever been on TV?

A: Yes, ______________________________________________________
they have.

6. you - cry - during a sad movie?

Q: __________________________________________________________
Have you ever cried during a sad movie?
I have.
A: Yes, ______________________________________________________

7. your mother - bake - a cheesecake?

Q: __________________________________________________________
Has your mother ever baked a cheesecake?

A: Yes, ______________________________________________________
she has.
41
 Present perfect with How long?,
Answers with ‘for’ and ‘since’
general form with examples:

V3
How long have subject O/ C
(past participle)

How long have you had your laptop?

How long has Joshua lived in New York?

How long has Australia been a country?

How long have you studied French?

How long have we known each other?

Asking and answering questions. Examples:

1. Q: How long has Kate been a fashion designer?

A: For 3 years.
2. Q: How long have you lived in Los Angeles?
A: Since 2015.

‘For’ or ‘Since’?

+ a period of time
for + number + time word

Examples:
1. I have studied medicine in Ireland for 4 years.
2. Jill will be there for around 3 weeks.
3. They have been married for 25 years.

for ten minutes

for six hours
for three days
for
for three centuries

42
 + starting point
since + a time/ a date
+ exact moment in the past

Examples:
1. He has been in the hospital since Sunday.
2. My parents have known each other since they were in university.
3. Mira hasn’t eaten since 8 am.

since ten pm
since Tuesday
since December
since 1981
since
since she left college
since the end of 20th century

A. Write the phrases in the correct space provided.

four months 2021 last month

two minutes 9 pm she started work
three weeks a long time ago April

for since

four months 2021

two minutes 9 pm
three weeks a long time ago
last month
she started work
April

43
B. Circle the correct answer.
1. He has been working at that company (for/ since) three years.
2. The dodos have been extinct (for/ since) 1662.
3. Pedro has studied at this school (for/ since) only a month.
4. It has been snowing (for/ since) a few days.
5. Peter has wanted to be an engineer (for/ since) he was a child.
6. Mandy and Timothy have been married (for/ since) ten years.
7. They have been waiting for their train (for/ since) an hour.
8. The laptop has been on (for/ since) 9 pm.
9. Harry has lived there (for/ since) 2020.
10. My aunt has been unwell (for/ since) last Friday.
C. Complete the sentences below with ‘for’ or ‘since.’
1. I have been here _____________________
for eleven days.
2. We haven’t seen Gina _____________________three
for months.
since
3. He has known Greg __________________ they were students.
4. Hana has lived there __________________
since she was a child.
since
5. Emma has been cooking _____________ 11 am.
6. Lisa hasn’t eaten anything ______________
since breakfast.
7. She has had that teddy bear __________________
since she was a baby.
since
8. I haven’t played the piano __________________ 2021.
9. Madame Tan has been a teacher _______________
for twelve years.
for
10. Wendy hasn’t spoken to Angie __________________ three days.
D. Write the questions using How long and present perfect. Then,
answer for you with ‘for’ or ‘since.’
1. How long - have - your car?
Q : ____________________________________________________________
How long have you had your car?
For 10 years.
A: ____________________________________________________________
2. How long - have - we - know - each other?
Q : ____________________________________________________________
How long have we known each other?
Since 1994.
A : ____________________________________________________________ 44
 Present perfect with ‘already’ and ‘yet’
general form: yet - asking questions

V3
Have you O/ C yet?
(past participle)

Have you met the new teacher yet?

Have you cooked dinner yet?

that new
Have you seen yet?
Kdrama

general form: already - affirmative

V3
I’ve already O/ C
(past participle)

I’ve already met the new teacher.

I’ve already cooked dinner.

I’ve already seen that new Kdrama.

Let’s read.

Questions Affirmative Negative

Have you met the Yes, I have. I haven’t met the new
new teacher yet? teacher yet.

Have you cooked Yes, I have. I haven’t cooked dinner yet.

dinner yet?

Have you seen that Yes, I have. I haven’t seen that new
new Kdrama yet? Kdrama yet.

45
 general form: yet - negative

V3
I haven’t O/ C yet.
(past participle)

I haven’t met the new teacher yet.

I haven’t cooked dinner yet.

I haven’t seen that new Kdrama yet.

Notes:
1. We use ‘already’ in affirmative sentences.
2. ‘Already’ goes before the main verb.
3. We use ‘yet’ in questions and negative sentences.
4. ‘Yet’ goes at the end of the sentence.

Examples:
a) Q: Have they finished their homework yet?
A: They haven’t finished their homework yet.

b) Q: Have you sent the email yet?

A: Yes, I have. or;
A: I have already sent the email./ I’ve already sent the email.

A. Circle the correct answer.

1. I’m not hungry. I have (already/ yet) eaten a sandwich.
2. Have you finished your test paper (already/ yet)?
3. He hasn’t finished his school project (already/ yet)
4. They have (already/ yet) washed the dishes.
5. Have you booked the flight (already/ yet)?
6. I have (already/ yet) seen this drama.
7. They (already/ yet) called the Grab.
8. We’re too late! The bus has (already/ yet) left.
9. Has Linda started her new job (already/ yet)
10. Mr and Mrs Smith have (already/ yet) visited a lot of countries.
46
B. Fill in the blanks with ‘already’ or ‘yet.’
1. Come on! I can hear Adele’s singing. The concert has
already
___________ started.
2. yet
Have the party guests arrived ___________?
3. He hasn’t watered the plants ___________.
yet

4. already
Have you ___________ withdrawn the money for the trip?
5. It hasn’t been decided ___________.
yet

6. Is lunch ready ___________?

yet

7. already
She has ___________ sent her paperwork.
8. yet
Have you called him ___________?
9. Her dad has ___________
already cooked dinner.
10. I haven’t asked the receptions about changing rooms _______
yet .
11. Have you visited the museum ___________?
yet

12. yet
The soldiers haven’t received their orders ___________.

C. Write the correct answer using ‘already’ or ‘yet’ and the correct
form of present perfect tense given in the brackets.
1. She has __________
already seen
____________(see) that movie twice.
2. I have ________
already been
______________ (be) to the bank once today.
3. already
Have the plumber ___________ arrived
___________ (arrive)?
4. He hasn’t ____________
fixed (fix) his car ______________.
yet

5. I haven’t _____________
passed (pass) the bar exam ________________.
yet

6. already
Meg has ___________ drunk
___________ (drink) a cup of coffee.
7. They have _________ finished the task.
already ____________(finish)
8. My mother has ________
already arrived
____________ (arrive) at the airport.

47
 Comparisons: just as…as/ not as…as
general form: affirmative

S VTB just as Adjective as O/C

Lisa is just as smart as you.

Adam is just as tall as Drake.

general form: negative

VTB
S as Adjective as O/C
(negative)

Jack isn’t as old as Tim.

The bed isn’t as comfortable as his own.

Remember!
is not = isn’t
are not = aren’t

general structure: affirmative

S VTB just as Adjective as O/C

I am just as fast as Usain Bolt.

He just as fast as Usain Bolt.

She is just as fast as Usain Bolt.

It just as fast as Usain Bolt.

We just as fast as Usain Bolt.

They are just as fast as Usain Bolt.

You just as fast as Usain Bolt.

- It is used for things which are the same or equal. (sama/ setara)

48
 Remember!
is not = isn’t
are not = aren’t

general form: negative

S VTB as Adjective as O/C

(negative)

I am not as fast as Usain Bolt.

He as fast as Usain Bolt.

is not
She as fast as Usain Bolt.
(isn’t)
It as fast as Usain Bolt.

We as fast as Usain Bolt.

are not
They as fast as Usain Bolt.
(aren’t)
You as fast as Usain Bolt.

- It is used to say someone or something has less of a particular

quality than another person or thing.

Let’s read!

1. Affirmative: I am just as fast as Usain Bolt.

Negative: I am not as fast as Usain Bolt.
2. Affirmative: He is just as fast as Usain Bolt.
Negative: He isn’t as fast as Usain Bolt.
3. Affirmative: She is just as fast as Usain Bolt
Negative: She isn’t as fast as Usain Bolt.
4. Affirmative: It is just as fast as Usain Bolt.
Negative: It isn’t as fast as Usain Bolt.
5. Affirmative: We are just as fast as Usain Bolt.
Negative: We aren’t as fast as Usain Bolt.
6. Affirmative: They are just as fast as Usain Bolt.
Negative: They aren’t as fast as Usain Bolt.
7. Affirmative: They are just as fast as Usain Bolt.
Negative: They aren’t as fast as Usain Bolt.

49
A. Fill in the blanks with comparison ‘as…as.’
1. Our school team can run just as fast as (fast) yours.
2. Jenny is just as gorgeous as(gorgeous) Lisa.
3. Toy Story 2 is just as interesting as(interesting) Toy Story 1.
4. Sandy is just as brave as(brave) Robert.
5. My sister is just as kind as(kind) my mother.
6. His handphone is just as good as(good) yours.
7. The mushroom soup is just as tasty as(tasty) the stew.
8. Our house is just as large as (large) theirs.

B. Fill in the blanks with comparison ‘not as…as.’

1. A hamster is not as heavy as(not/ heavy) a cat.
2. This book is not as boring as(not/ boring) that one.
3. My dad is not as strict as(not/ strict) my mum.
4. Pears are not as sour as (not/ sour) lemons.
5. Jerry is not as naughty as (not/ naughty) Thomas.
6. These potatoes are not as hot as (not/ hot) that meat.
7. Silver is not as expensive as (not/ expensive) gold.
8. My grandpa not as old as (not/ old) as Mr Brown.

C. Complete the sentences with ‘just as…as’ or ‘not as…as’.

1. This drama is just as exciting as(exciting) that book.
2. Apples are just as tasty as (tasty) pears.
3. Kelly is just as kind as(kind) her mother.
4. Luke Hemsworth is not as famous as (not/ famous) his brother
Chris Hemsworth.
5. Rachel is just as pretty as (pretty) her sister.
6. This quiz is not as difficult as (not/ difficult) the previous quiz.
7. I am not as hungry as (not/ hungry) you are because I have
already had lunch.
8. Harry is just as clever as (clever) his father.
9. This year is not as cool as (not/ cool) last year.
10. The price in Mydin Mall is not as expensive as (not/ expensive)
Cold Storage.

50
 too/ not enough
1. We use ‘too’ to to mean more than sufficient or more/ less than
necessary.
general form:
S + too + adjective
Examples:
i) It’s too late to stop him.
ii) Jamie is too young to watch the movie.
iii) The pop quiz is too difficult for the pupils.

2. We use the ‘not + adjective + enough’ form for something lacking

the amount or level that is needed.
general form:
S + not + adjective + enough + O/C
Examples:
i) The service really was not good enough.
ii) I am not thin enough to wear these jeans.
iii) Siti is not strong enough to lift those boxes.

A. Fill in ‘too’ or ‘enough’.

too
1. I can't carry this suitcase. It's _____________ heavy.
enough
2. This bag isn't big _____________. I can't put all my possessions in it.
3. Mom was _____________
too worried to go to sleep, so she stayed up
all night.
too
4. I don't like this fizzy drink. It's much ____________ sweet.
enough
5. I'll ring you up later. I haven't got ____________ time at the moment.
6. We weren't able to buy tickets for both games because we didn't
enough
have ____________ money.
7. .My sister couldn't concentrate because the workers were making
too
___________ much noise.
too
8. You still make ___________ many mistakes. You have to practice
harder.
9. He can't be a good basketball player. He isn't tall ___________.
enough
enough
10. The sea isn't warm ___________ to go swimming.

51
B. Circle the correct word to complete the sentences.
1. I can’t do this quiz. It’s [too/ enough] difficult.
2. She wants to buy this dress, but she hasn’t got [too/ enough]
money.
3. I don’t like the weather in summer. It’s [too/ enough] hot.
4. Please turn up the radio. It isn’t loud [too/ enough].
5. It is [too/ enough] dangerous to climb up this tree.
6. Our family will move to a new house because this one isn’t
big[too/ enough].
7. You need a new handphone. This one isn’t fast [too/ enough].
8. Nobody can answer the riddle because it is [too/ enough]
complicated.

C. Fill in the blanks below to complete the sentences. Use the

words in the box.

young healthy near

dark cool heavy
dangerous easy slow

1. Amin has to wash his car. It’s too dirty.

2. We can’t have a picnic. It’s too hot outside. It’s not cool enough.
3. Tell Sheila to hurry! She’s too slow .
4. Mimi’s house is too far. It’s not near enough.
5. These boxes are too heavy. We can’t lift them.
6. Paul thinks flying is too dangerous. It is not safe enough.
7. Kelly can’t drive a car. She’s too young.
8. The test was too difficult. It wasn’t easy enough.
9. The room is too dark. It isn’t bright enough, so I can’t do my
exercise.
10. Don’t go to work. You’re too sick. You’re not healthy enough.

52
 Passive voice: present simple

vs
Picture A Picture B

Ahmad kicks the ball into the net. The ball is kicked into the net.

Which is the passive form, Picture A or Picture B?

Nota pendek:

1. Ayat pasif: ayat dibuat

2. Menggunakan ‘past participle’ sebagai kata kerja
3. Sebelum past participle ada ‘am/is/are’ (verb-to-be/ VTB)

Example:
The ball is kicked into the net.
Bola itu di tendang ke dalam jaring.
(Subjek) (verb-to-be) (past participle) (object complement)

General form:
Present simple of passive form :

regular: -ed
BE + VTB (am/ is/ are) + PAST PARTICIPLE
irregular: 3rd column

Examples:
i) The photos are taken.
ii) The classroom is cleaned every day.
iii) I am chased by your dog each time I come to your house.

When do we use passive voice?

- When it more convenient or interesting to stress the thing done than the doer
of it.
- Or, when the doer is unknown.

53
1. English has two voices: active and passive.
2. The active voice is used when the subject of the sentence does the action.
3. The passive voice is used when we focus on the object of of the sentence.
4. In the examples below, A is the subject and B is the object.
Active vs passive:

Active My brother sings that song.

A(subject) B(object)

Passive That song is sung by my brother.

B(object) A(subject)

5. When it is important to know who does the action, we use ‘by.’

6. The noun that follows ‘by’ is called the agent. My brother was the subject
in the active sentence, but it becomes the agent in the passive voice.
7. Sometimes, when the agent is unknown, or unimportant to the meaning of
the sentence, we do not use ‘by.’
Example: This handphone is made in China.

Remember!
a. The past participle always stays the same. Only the form of verb-to-be
changes.
b. The subject and verb must always agree in number.

Subject Verb Object

Active The teachers help the new student.

Passive The new student is helped by the teachers.

Active The teachers help the new students.

Passive The new students are helped by the teachers.

We also used passive voice:

a. When we talk about art, science or literature.
Example: The scientific method is used for experiments.
b. To explain directions and instructions.
Example: Baseball is played with nine players on the team.
c. In news reports and academic writing.
Example: The environment is studied by many scientists.

54
Affirmative

Subject verb-to-be Past participle

I am

You are

He is

She is known.

It is

We are

They are

Negative

Subject verb-to-be Past participle

I am not

You are not

He is not

She is not known.

It is not

We are not

They are not

55
 A. Tick the sentences that are in passive voice.

1. An email is written. /

2. She adores kids.

3. Mistakes are committed. /

4. Doctors treats patients.

5. We love our country.

6. Maths classes are taught here every day. /

7. Cloud computing is used by most of us already. /

8. He writes a story.

B. Complete the following passive voice statements using the correct

form of the verb-to-be in the present simple.

is
1. The car ________ washed by my husband.
are
2. Taylor Swift and Justin Bieber ________ loved by people around the
world.
are
3. Blue shoes ________ worn by the athletes.
is
4. The letter ________ written in Chinese.
is
5. My school ________ cleaned by the janitor.
are
6. Pizzas ________ cooked at my house every Friday.
am
7. I ________ bitten by your dog every time I come to your house.
are
8. Cars ________ driven safely.
9. Videos ________
are uploaded to YouTube every day.
is
10. Nasi lemak ________ eaten for breakfast in Malaysia.

56
C. Complete the following passive voice statements using the correct form of
the verb.

1. The backpacks are made(make) in Italy.

2. The plants are watered(water) every Monday.
3. Loud music is played(play) on Saturdays.
4. English is spoken(speak) here.
5. Dinner is cooked(cook) every night by my dad.
6. The report is written(write) weekly.
7. Vegetables are sold(sell) at the market.
8. The roads are fixed(fix)every year.
9. The floor is frozen(freeze).
10. My hair is cut(cut) by a hairstylist.

D. Fill in the blanks below to complete the sentences. Study the boxes above.
1. English is spoken (speak) in many countries around the world.
2. Much of the world's coffee is grown(grow) in Brazil.
3. Many photos are taken(take) of the beautiful scenery near the mountain.
4. The flowers are watered(water) every evening by the gardener.
5. How many books are checked out(check out) from the library every week?
6. Millions of dollars are made (make) on the stock market every day.
7. My friend's salary is paid(pay) by his company every two weeks.
8. Many criminals are caught(catch) with the help of modern technology.
9. The department store doors are opened(open) to customers at 9 a.m.
10. Letters and packages are picked up (pick up) by the postman every day.
11. The rooms are cleaned (clean) by the hotel maids every morning.
12. Canada is known (know) for its long, cold winters.
13. Patients are given (give) very good care at that hospital.
14. Monopoly is played (play) by people in many parts of the world.
15. A new president is elected (elect) every four to eight years.

57
From active to passive

We use the passive voice only with verbs that have an object

Mary studies Mandarin.

is
Mandarin by Mary.
studied

Exercises
E. Change the active to passive.

1. People speak English all over the world.

All over the world, English is spoken by people.
2. She cleans the garden every Saturday.
Every Saturday, the garden is cleaned by her.
3. Diego drinks hot chocolate.
Hot chocolate is drunk by Diego.
4. Mary practices Mandarin.
Mandarin is practised by Mary.
5. They play baseball.
Baseball is played by them.
6. The doctor writes the prescriptions.
The prescriptions are written by the doctor.
7. Fahim fixes the laptop.
The laptop is fixed by Fahim.
8. My brother watches the drama.
The drama is watched by my brother.
9. My mother bakes delicious cakes.
The delicious cakes are baked by my mother.
10. I feed my cat three times a day.
My cat is fed three times a day by me.

58
F. Write the verb in passive voice in affirmative or negative form.
1. Rubbish is thrown(throw) in the bin.
2. Clothes are not sold(not/ sell) in that shop.
3. This wine is not made(not/ made) in Spain.
4. Rooms are cleaned(clean) in this hotel every day.
5. German is spoken(speak) in five European countries.
6. That bag is not produced(not/ produce) in the USA.
7. Employees are not paid(not/ pay) every other Friday.
8. These shoes are designed(design) in Italy.

G. Rearrange these phrases to form negative present simple passive sentences.

1. Malaysia/ Western boots/ / in/ are not produced
Western boots are not produced in Malaysia.
__________________________________________________________________________
2. not expected/ Next month’s/ revenue/ is/ to increase
Next month’s revenue is not expected to increase.
__________________________________________________________________________
3. is/ Breakfast/ not served/ at 9am
Breakfast is not served at 9am
__________________________________________________________________________
4. invited/ are not/ They/ to/ the wedding
They are not invited to the wedding.
__________________________________________________________________________
5. is not/The car/ washed/ every week
The car is not washed every week.
__________________________________________________________________________

H. Rewrite the sentences in negative present simple passive sentences.

1. Most boys don’t watch Tyra Banks show.
Tyra Banks show is not watched by most boys.
__________________________________________________________________________
2. They don't eat the apples.
Apples are not eaten by them.
__________________________________________________________________________
3. He doesn't watch TV in the evening.
In the evening, TV is not watched by him.
__________________________________________________________________________
4. She doesn’t make cookies here.
Cookies are not made here.
__________________________________________________________________________
5. Helga doesn’t follow fashion trends.
Fashion trends are not followed by Helga.
__________________________________________________________________________

59
 Made of + noun/ used for + ing
‘made of’

1. We use made of when we talk about the basic material or qualities of something.
It has a meaning similar to ‘composed of’:
Example:
She wore a beautiful necklace made of gold.

A: What’s this table made of?

B: It’s made of oak, American white oak.
A: It’s lovely.

made of + noun (material)

‘used for”
1. In the case of “used for“:
Examples:
i) These joggers are used for running.
ii) This is a mouthwash that is used for treating bad breath.
iii) A pen is used for writing.

used for + verb+ing

A. Write what they are made of.

plastic metal fabric wood

1. rubber.
The eraser is made of ________________________.

metal.
The pen is made of ________________________.
2.

wood.
The pencil is made of ________________________.
3.

fabric.
The pencil case is made of ________________________.
4.
60
5. wood.
The ruler is made of ________________________.

fabric.
The school bag is made of ________________________.
6.

wood.
The pencil is made of ________________________.
7.

metal.
The knife is made of ________________________.
8.

B. Complete these sentences with ‘used for’ or ‘made of’.

1. This book is made of paper.

2. This door is made of wood.

3. This blender is used for making juice.

4. The sweater is made of wool.

5. The boots are made of leather.

6. The microwave is used for heating food.

7. This bag is used for carrying things.

8. This chair is used for sitting on.

9. This table is made of plastic.

10. The bottle is made of glass.

11. My tablet is used for sending emails.

12. The fridge is used for keeping food cool.

13. The printer is used for printing things from the computer and it is made of plastic.

61
 C. Describe the objects using ‘made of’ and ‘used for’.

Example:

plastic/ carry water

It is made of plastic.
It is used for carrying water.

1.
wood/ keep things
It is made of wood.
It is used for keeping things.

2.
metal/ drink water
It is made of metal.
It is used for drinking water.

3.
cotton/ keep warm
It is made of wood.
It is used for keeping warm.

4. wood/ write
It is made of wood.
It is used for writing.

62
 ‘Will’ and ‘Going to’
Simple future tense: will, will not(won’t)

When do we use will/ won’t?

1. Express future actions decided at the moment of speaking(immediate
decisions)
Example: I’ll have fried rice now.

2. Express a prediction based on personal opinions or experiences(predictions

without evidence)
Example: I think Brazil will win the World Cup.

3. A future fact
Example: The sun will rise tomorrow.

4. A promise
Example: I promise I won’t tell anyone you broke the bowl.

5. An offer
Example: I’ll take you to the train station tomorrow.

6. A threat
Example: I’ll tell the teacher that you cheated on the test.

7. A refusal
Example: No, I won’t let you copy my tutorial.

General form:

Affirmative Negative

I I

You You

He He
She will eat a pizza. She will not eat a pizza.
It It

We We
They They
You You

will not = won’t

63
A. Fill in the blanks with ‘will’ or ‘won’t.’

won’t fly
1. If the weather is bad, the plane ___________________(fly).
will pass
2. You’re studying so hard, I think you ___________________(pass) the exam.
will tidy
3. I promise that I ___________________(tidy) my room today.
will join
4. I want to lose weight so I ___________________(join) a gym.
will win
5. I think Liverpool ___________________(win) the match this evening.
will be
6. Let’s go for a picnic tomorrow! I think it ___________________(be) sunny,
will rest
7. Tina is sick, so she ___________________(rest) at home.
will drive
8. They ___________________(drive) to their hometown for Eid.
will clean
9. My mother ___________________(clean) the kitchen this evening.
will see
10. Amira ___________________(see) her friends again someday.

Going to

When do we use going to?

1. Express future plans decided before the moment of speaking(prior plans)
Example: I’m going to visit my grandparents next weekend.

2. Express a prediction based on present evidence(predictions with evidence)

Example: Look at those black clouds. It is going to rain.

3. Something is about to happen

Example: Get back! The bomb is going to explode.

General form:

Affirmative

Subjects verb -to - be

I am

You are
going to London next month.
He
She is
It

We
They are
You
64
 Negative

Subjects verb -to - be

I am not

You are not

He not going to London next month.

She is not
It

We
They are not
You

Remember!
Contractions:

am not = ‘m not
is not = isn’t
are not = aren’t

B. complete the sentences with the affirmative or negative form of verb-to- be.

am
1. I __________ going to buy a new handphone next Saturday.

is
2. Patrick _________ going to invite all his friends to his wedding next month.

are
3. Hurry up! You _________ going to miss the flight.

are
4. We _________ going to eat at that restaurant for our reunion.

isn’t
5. Sandra doesn’t do revision, so she _________ going to pass her test.

aren’t going to paint their house next summer because

6. Hakim and Amalin _________

they are going for a vacation in New Zealand.

is
7. Amin _________ going to meet his friends this evening.

are
8. Sabrina and I _________ going to go shopping next Sunday.

isn’t
9. My mother _________ going to attend the parent-teacher meeting because

she is busy.

am not going to watch a movie this weekend because I have to complete

10. I _________

my project at the office.

65
C. Circle the correct answer.

a) I’m so clumsy. I [am/ is/ are] going to spill the orange juice.
b) Oh, no! It’s 7.30. We [am/ is/ are] going to be late again.
c) Our house [ am/ is/ are] going to be painted this summer.
d) Linda’s children [ am/ is/ are] going to have a maths quiz tomorrow.
e) My brother’s bike is broken. Our father [ am/ is/ are] going to fix it today.
f) Keith loves music. We [ am/ is/ are] going to give him a concert ticket for his birthday.
g) I’m really hungry. I [ am/ is/ are] going to make pasta for dinner.
h) My friends [am/ is/ are] going to join us for our camping trip.
i) Mr Tan [ am/ is/ are] going to see a movie tonight.
j) Sam and Lisa [ am/ is/ are] going to the football match this weekend.

D. Complete the sentences with ‘will’ or ‘be going to.’

will
1. People _________________________ live on the moon in the future.
will
2. I think Roger Federer _________________________ win the match.
is going to
3. Catherine _________________________ go swimming with George and Charlotte
tomorrow morning.
will
4. Maybe he _________________________ come again.
is going to
5. Look at that man on the ladder! He _________________________ fall!
will
6. She _________________________ be a vet.
7. Be careful! The bee _________________________
will sting you.
am going to
8. I have got a 3 o’ clock flight ticket to Kota Kinabalu. I _________________________ fly
to Sabah tomorrow.
are going to
9. Siti and Shuib _________________________ travel to Korea next month.
is going to
10. It’s May’s birthday tomorrow. She _________________________ turn 12.
is going to
11. Gerald _________________________ organize a party this Sunday.
is going to
12. She didn’t pass her exams, so she _________________________ study very hard this
weekend.

66
 Present simple for future events
When do we use present simple for future events?
1. The present simple can be used to make statements about events at a later
time than now.
2. The statements are based on present facts and these facts are something fixed
such as timetable, schedule or calendar.

Examples:
a) Question: What time does the plane leave tomorrow?
Answer: It leaves at 3 o’clock.
b) She has a yoga class tomorrow morning.
c) The train departs at 10 p.m.
d) What time do you land?
e) The test is on Monday next week.
f) The cafe opens at 10 a.m.
g) His birthday falls on a Friday next year.

A. Use the present simple to talk about these future events.

1. What time (does / is) the history exam start tomorrow?

2. Today we (have / had) art at 10.30. Don’t forget to get your pencil case!

3. The plane (lands / land) in L.A at quarter to nine tonight.

4. I think tonight’s film (starts / start) at 9.30 on TV3.

5. What time (does / did) the train to Dabong leave tomorrow?

6. Jack’s party (begin / begins) at 2 p.m. on Sunday afternoon.

7. Dinner at Grandma’s (isn’t / be) at 9 p.m. tomorrow. It’s at 8 p.m. tonight. Don’t

be late!

8. The documentary (finish / finishes) at 7 pm tonight.

9. Our school holidays (don’t start / doesn’t start) in June next year. They start in

August.

10. The school bus (leaving / leaves) in three minutes. Run!

67
B. Circle the correct answers.

1. The plane ________ at 9 tonight.

A. arrive
B. arrives
C. arriving

2. What time _______ the film start?

A. do
B. does
C. doing

3. Does the concert _______ at 8 or 9?

A. begin
B. begins
C. beginning

4. Most shops in Terengganu don’t ____ until 10.

A. open
B. opens
C. opening

5. What time does the corner shop ___?

A. shut
B. shuts
C. shutting

6. My judo class ____ next weekend.

A. start
B. starts
C. starting

7. Our flight ____ in London at 4 p.m.

A. land
B. lands
C. landing

8. What time ____ the art gallery close?

A. do
B. does
C. doing

9. The competition ____ next Sunday.

A. end
B. ends
C. ending

10. Our ferry for Ibiza ____ at 6 tomorrow morning.

A. depart
B. departs
C. departing
68
C. Answer the following questions.

1. The sale ends(end) next Sunday.

2. The plane departs(depart) at 8.00 a.m.

3. The Jurassic Park exhibit closes(close) on Friday.

4. What time does(do) the shop open(open) tomorrow?

5. The train to Padang Besar leaves(leave) at 11.30 a.m.

6. He flies(fly) to Paris next week.

7. Tomorrow is(be) Wednesday.

8. The cafe opens(open) at 9.00 in the morning.

9. Next Thursday at 10.00 a.m. there is(be) an English quiz.

10. She has(have) yoga class tomorrow evening.

D. Circle the best answer to complete the passage.

MEMO
To: Halimah
From: Director of Studies

As you know, I have a quite busy week coming up. On Monday, I (meet/

am meeting)[1] with the Marketing Team all day to discuss next year’s

brochure. On Tuesday, I (visit/ am visiting)[2] our partner school in

London. My train (leaves/ am leaving)[3] at 8 so I won’t be coming to

the office first. We have interviews for the new teacher’s job on

Wednesday. The first one (starts/ start)[4] at 9.00 a.m. and they (end/

ending)[5] at 4 - 8 people altogether I think. I am seeing the deputy

head on Thursday and as soon as I get back there’s the weekly team

meeting - that usually (go/ goes)[6] on until 6 p.m. I have a day’s

holiday owed to me so I (take/ am taking)[7] a day off on Friday. But as

the new term (start/ starts)[8] next Monday, I am coming in on

Saturday or Sunday briefly to check everything is OK. Email me at

69
anytime if you need advice.
 First conditional
When do we use first conditional?
1. We use first conditional to talk about results of a possible event/ situation in the
future.
2. The first conditional is used to express a real or probable situation in the future.
3. It refers to things that will possibly happen in the future if a condition is met.
4. The first conditional is common when we are talking about:
a. possible plans
b. promises
c. warnings
d. threats
e. persuading someone

Structure

a) PRESENT SIMPLE + FUTURE SIMPLE

IF CONDITION , RESULT

If you study , you will pass the test.

Examples:
a) If it rains, I will stay at home.
b) If I wake up late, I will miss the bus.
c) If Johan leaves, Paula will be sad.
d) If I find your email, I will send you the photos.

b) FUTURE SIMPLE + PRESENT SIMPLE

SUBJECT RESULT IF CONDITION

You will pass the test if you study.

Examples:
i. I will stay home if it rains.
ii. I will miss the bus if I wake up late.
iii. Paula will be sad if Johan leaves.
iv. I will send you the photos if I find your email. 70
A. Circle the correct answers.

1. If you want to come with us, I ________ you up.

A. will pick
B. pick
C. picked
2. If you make lunch, I ________ the dishes.
A. wash
B. will wash
C. washes
3. If you ________ up late, you’ll be tired in the morning.
A. will stay
B. stay
C. stays
4. If it ________, we’ll go skiing.
A. snow
B. will snow
C. snows
5. If you clean the bathroom, I ________ the kitchen.
A. clean
B. will clean
C. cleans
6. The boys will have to play well if they ________ to win the game.
A. wanted
B. will want
C. want
7. If we get home late, mum ________ angry.
A. is
B. won’t be
C. will be
8. He ________ to your party if you don’t invite him.
A. will come
B. comes
C. won’t come
9. Meg will be ill if she ________ a lot of chocolates.
A. eats
B. will eat
C. eat
10. His father won’t buy him a bike if he ________ all his examinations.
A. don’t pass
B. doesn’t pass
C. didn’t pass
11. If it rains, ________ an umbrella.
A. take
B. you will take
C. will take
12. if it ________ too expensive, we’ll buy it.
A. isn’t
B. aren’t
C. am not

71
B. Match. Then, rewrite the sentences in space provides.

1. If you go on the school trip, a. we’ll go to the canteen.

2. If you don’t arrive on time, b. we’ll go to the park afterwards.

c. you’ll see the statues in the

3. You’ll need an umbrella
museum.

4. If you forget your lunch, d. the bus will leave without you.

5. If we have time, e. if we don’t go to the park.

6. We won’t see the swans f. if it rains in the afternoon.

1. If you go on the school trip, you’ll see the statues in the museum.
2. If you don’t arrive on time, the bus will leave without you.
3. You’ll need an umbrella if it rains in the afternoon.
4. If you forget your lunch, we’ll go to the canteen.
5. If we have time, we’ll go to the park afterwards.
6. We won’t see the swans if we don’t go to the park.

C. Complete the sentences.

1. If Matt still has (have) a cold tomorrow, he won’t go (not go) to school.
2. If I go (go) to France next week for a holiday, I will visit (visit) the Louvre Museum.
3. We will finish (finish) the project on time if we work (work) hard.
4. If you are (be) hungry, I will cook (cook) dinner for you.
5. If I have (have) any news, I will call (call) you.
6. I will buy (buy) a new laptop if I save (save) enough money.
7. You will feel feel) better if you take (take) the paracetamol.
8. If you don’t wear (not wear) a jacket, you will get (get) sick.

72
 may/ may not/ might/ might not/ could
for future possibility
When do we use may(not), might(not) or could?
1. We use may(not), might(not) or could to talk about present or future
possibilities.
Examples:
i) She may eat lunch at 1 p.m.
ii) I might study history.
iii) He could be lost.

2. ‘could’, ‘may’ and ‘might’ are modals. We use them before a base form.

a) We use ‘may’ in the possibilities that we expect to take place now or in the
future.
Examples:
i. I bought myself a cotton bedsheet in case it may be extremely hot this summer.
ii. The roads snowed all night, so watch out that your car may slide.

b) We use ‘might’ refers to probability like the word ‘may.’

Examples:
i. I might see her in the weekend.
ii. If you worked hard, you might complete your assignment.

may might

Possibility(higher possibility) Possibility

She may be at home. He might like playing tennis.

Permission(ask permission) Permission(more formal)

May I sit here? Might I ask you a question?

Permission(give permission) Suggestion(politely)

Yes, you may go now. You might try my chocolate cake.

Request Request(more formal)

May I have the check, please? Might I borrow your dictionary?

Wish (only may) Conditional

May you both be very happy. If you worked hard, you might
finish it.

Note:
- We use ‘may’, ‘might’ or ‘could’ in the affirmative to talk about a possible future
situation.
- We only use ‘may not’ and ‘might not’ in the negative.

73
A. Read and match with the correct reason.

1. I am afraid of dogs a. she may drown.

because

2. I don’t like spiders because b. they could fall or crash.

3. Sandra never goes c. he might tell me that I

swimming because have a terrible illness.

4. I don’t like flying on planes d. they may bite me.

because

5. I worry about going to the e. some of them could jump

doctor because on me.

B. Choose the best answers.

1. My family and I ______________ travel to Canada next summer.

A. might
B. might be

2. John isn’t in class. I think he ______________ sick.

A. might
B. might be

3. I ______________ at work tomorrow because I have a bad cold.

A. may be
B. may not be

4. We ______________ have a grammar exam next week. Let’s study together!

A. may
B. may be

5. There’s no sound coming from the radio. It ______________ broken.

A. might
B. might be

6. I don’t feel well. I ______________ have to see a doctor.

A. might
B. might be

7. It ______________ rain later today, I’m going to take my umbrella.

A. might
B. might not 74
C. Fill in the blanks with may or might.

1. You may leave now if you wish.

2. There might be rain today.

3. Fazira may be at home this time.

4. May we play tennis, mom?

5. We might fail, but let’s not think about it.

6. They agreed that it might be dangerous.

7. Lisa and Sara might be away for the weekend.

8. The test might be easy, you never know.

9. I might go to the party but I am not sure yet.

10. The pupils may study in the library from 2 p.m. to 5 p.m.

D. Circle the correct answers.

1. They ______________ (could/ might) be away for the weekend but I’m not sure.

2. ______________(Could/ May) you open the window a bit, please?

3. Listen, please. You ______________ (may not/ might not) speak during this exam.

4. You ______________(could/ might) be right but I am going to check the answer.

5. You ______________ (may/ might) go the the bathroom.

6. He ______________(could/ may) be from France, judging by his accent.

7. Many scientists think that there _____________ (may/ might)be life on other planets.

8. I don’t know what kind of insect this is. It _____________(might/ may) be some kind of

ant.

75
E. Complete the sentences with ‘may’ or ‘might.’

1. Alice is coughing, she may be unwell.

2. It’s cloudy, it may rain today.
3. She might win the lucky draw.
4. Hazel might go to the cinema tomorrow.
5. The football match may be canceled today because of the storm.
6. Lulu might buy a new car next month.
7. He may be absent today because he has the flu.
8. You may leave now if you wish.

may could might may might

Amalia: I’m not getting along with my roommate. I ______________move

might out.

Sarah: Really? Why? Your roommate seems nice to me.

Amalia: For one thing, she’s not easygoing. My friends came last night and she
asked us to make less noise.

Sarah: Well, exams are coming up soon. She ______________

may have wanted to
study.

Amalia: You ______________

may be right… but still, every time I invited her out, she
says “no.” Doesn’t that seem kind of rude?

Sarah: Not really. She ______________

might just be shy and introverted rather than
outgoing like you.

Amalia: Maybe…. You know what? I ______________

may talk to her this evening and
find out more about her personality.

76
 Reported speech: present tenses
1. If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker’s
exact words(direct speech) but reported(indirect) speech.
2. How do we transform direct speech into reported speech?
3. We usually change the tense and the pronouns. Look at the table below to
check how the pronouns change.

Direct speech Reported speech Direct speech Reported speech

I he, she Me him, her, I

We they Us them

You he, she, they You him, her, them

My his, her Mine his, hers

Our their Ours theirs

Your his, her, their Yours his, hers, theirs

4. Change the verbs to past tense.

Direct speech Reported speech

am was

is was

are were

Present simple Past simple

Present continuous Past continuous

Examples:

Direct speech Reported speech

i. ‘I want a holiday.’ He said he wanted a holiday.

ii. ‘I hate snakes,’ said Ann. Ann said she hated snakes.

iii. ‘Kiera is doing the test,’ Lisa said. Lisa said Kiera was doing the test.

iv. ‘We are working on the project They said they were working on
together,’ they said. the project together. 77
A. Complete the reported sentences with the correct form of the verb.

1. ‘I want to go to the park.’

She said she wanted to go to the park.
2. ‘You are late,’ Eve said.
Eve said he was late.
3. ‘We are going to eat lunch there.’
They said they were going to eat lunch there.
4. ‘I buy a house.’
He said he bought a house.
5. ‘We are working.’
He told me they were working.
6. Meera said, ‘ We often buy books.’
Meera said they often bought books.
7. ‘Luke is coming to the party,’ said Brenda.
Brenda said Luke was coming to the party.
8. ‘We travel in summer,’ they said.
They said they travelled in the summer.
9. ‘I am cooking rendang for raya,’ mom said.
Mom said she was cooking rendang for raya.
10. ‘Bob is making me angry.’
She said Bob was making her angry.
11. ‘Alan draws beautiful sceneries,’ Hannah said.
Hannah said Alan drew beautiful sceneries.
12. ‘The dolphins are calling for help!’
He said the dolphins were calling for help.
13. ‘I like the new job,’ Jerry said.
Jerry said he liked the new job.
14. ‘I am on a holiday here.’
He said he was on a holiday there.
15. ‘Please keep quiet. The baby is sleeping,’ my mother said.
My mother told me to keep quiet because the baby was sleeping.
16. ‘I always go to the cinema every Saturday.’
He said he always went to the cinema every Saturday.
78
B. Circle the correct answer.

1. ‘I’m a student.’
Sam said she _________________.
A. is a student
B. was a student
2. ‘I am doing the dishes.’
My brother said he _________________.
A. is doing the dishes
B. was doing the dishes
3. ‘I live in Madrid.’
He said he _________________.
A. lives in Madrid
B. lived in Madrid
4. ‘They go to the beach every day in the summer.’
He said they _________________.
A. going to the beach every day in the summer.
B. went to beach every day in the summer.
5. ‘I am writing an email to my friend to tell her about my summer holiday.’
She said she _________________.
A. wrote an email to her friend to tell her about her summer holiday.
B. was writing an email to her friend to tell her about her summer holiday.
6. ‘I love cats.’
She said she _________________.
A. loves cat
B. loved cat

C. Tick the correct answer. Is it direct speech or reported speech?

1. ‘I am going to stay here,’ said Tommy.

/ direct speech reported speech

2. My father said he was reading a scientific journal.

direct speech / reported speech

3. ‘Learning English is easy.’

/ direct speech reported speech

4. ‘We enjoy our classes.’

/ direct speech reported speech

5. Carl said today was his birthday.

direct speech / reported speech

79
 Indefinite pronouns and adverbs
What is an indefinite pronoun?
1. An indefinite pronoun is used to talk about people, places or things without saying
exactly who, where or what they are.
2. It is used to count the entire noun without any specification.
3. Indefinite pronoun is followed by a singular verb.

Person Place Thing

Affirmative someone somewhere something

statements Someone is singing A lark is singing Let’s get something
my favourite song. somewhere. to eat.

Affirmative no one nowhere nothing

statements No one will help you I had nowhere to go That box is empty.
with in this situation. because all the There is nothing
negative shops were closed. inside.
meanings

Questions/ anyone anywhere anything

negative Was anyone at home She didn’t go He didn’t eat
statements when you knocked on anywhere on the anything for lunch,
the door? weekend, so she was so he’s really hungry
really bored. now.

General form:

indefinite pronoun
+ singular verb

Examples:
a) No one is late for the meeting.
b) Hercules is brave. Nothing scares him.
c) Someone has just spoken to me.

80
A. Circle the correct word.

1. Sometimes, I just need (no one/ someone) to talk to.

2. Tom needs to find (nowhere/ somewhere) to live.
3. It was obvious to (no one/ anyone) that she disliked the boy.
4. If (nothing/ anything) can go wrong, it will.
5. I’ve lost my car keys. I can’t find them (somewhere/ anywhere).
6. Everyone wants to be a here, but (no one/ someone) wants to die.
7. There was (someone/ no one) at the park, so I went home.
8. It is too dark. I can’t see (something/ anything).

B. Complete the sentences with indefinite pronouns.

1. There is no one in the classroom.
2. Q: Who are you going to visit?
A: I’m going to visit someone, but it is a secret.
3. Do you know anyone in Paris?
4. I’m lonely. I don’t have anyone to talk to.
5. I want something to drink. I’m thirsty.
6. This bag is empty. There is nothing in it!
7. Do you know anything about insects?
8. There is nothing to do in this town! I’m bored.
C. Choose the correct answer.
1. There is ____________________ in my wardrobe. It’s empty.
A. anything B. nothing C. something

2. I think there’s ____________________ downstairs. I can hear a noise.

A. anyone B. no one C. someone

3. I don’t remember ____________________ about the accident.

A. anything B. nothing C. something

4. We didn’t go ____________________ interesting last weekend.

A. anywhere B. nowhere C. somewhere

5. Has ____________________ seen my notebook? It was here a moment ago.

A. anyone B. no one C. someone

6. There’s ___________________ in my eye. Can you see it?

A. anything B. nothing C. something 81
 Question tags: to be, present simple, can
What is a question tag?
A question tag is a small question at the end of a statement.
When do we use question tags?
We use question tags when asking for agreement or confirmation.

Positive question tags

General form:

a negative statement
+ a positive question tag

Negative statement Positive tag

He isn’t crazy, is he?

You don’t speak Korean, do you?

You can’t drive a car, can you?

Negative question tags

General form:

a positive statement
+ a negative question tag

Positive statement Negative tag

You are Japanese, aren’t you?

She studies engineering, doesn’t she?

You can speak two languages, can’t you?

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 Question tags: to be
Examples:
a) It’s hot outside, isn’t it?
b) Lions are dangerous, aren’t they?
c) Nights in the Arctic are long, aren’t they?
d) You aren’t Malaysian, are you?

Question tags: present simple

Note:
Examples:
i) We use ‘do’ with I, you,
a) They love cats, don’t they?
we and they.
b) Nothing interesting happens in this city, does it?
ii) We use ‘does’ with he,
c) Jill works at the hospital, doesn’t she?
she and it.
d) Your mother doesn’t speak English, does she?
e) You don’t like cheese, do you?

Question tags: can

a) Sheera can’t ride a bike, can she?
b) We can’t play soccer, can we?
c) Henry can help us, can’t he?
d) The little boy can’t read, can he?
e) Ana can speak French fluently, can’t she?

A. Match the statements with the correct question tags.

1. She isn’t Spanish, a. aren’t you?

2. They are from Nigeria, b. isn’t she?

3. This game is from China, c. aren’t they?

4. They can’t speak Arabic, d. isn’t it?

5. You are good at puzzles, e. can they?

6. We are rich, f. can’t you?

7. You can help me with my assignment, g. aren’t we?

8. He isn’t good at surfing, h. don’t you?

9. She can ride a horse well, i. is he?

10. You like Italian food, j. can’t she?

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B. Complete the sentences with the correct question tags.

1. There’s some cake left in the fridge, isn’t it?

2. You always sleep till late on Saturdays, don’t you?
3. He can’t do a cartwheel, can he?
4. That red car isn’t yours, is it?
5. Thomas and William can speak Mandarin fluently, can’t they?
6. She isn’t the tallest girl in the class, is she?
7. Steven is doing his homework, isn’t he?
8. Diana collects gold jewelry, doesn’t she?
9. The Sphinx is in Egypt, isn’t it?
10. It is very hot today, isn’t it?
11. Mars isn’t the smallest planet, is it?
12. Spring in Canada isn’t very long, is it?
13. She is good at acting, isn’t she?
14. It isn’t snowing now, is it?
15. You are a librarian, aren’t you?

C. Choose the correct question tags.

1. Brenda is sad, __________ she?
A. isn’t
B. doesn’t

2. Sam can play tennis, __________ he?

A. isn’t
B. can’t

3. Today is Monday, _________ it?

A. isn’t
B. doesn’t

4. That aircond costs RM3, 000, _________ it?

A. doesn’t
B. don’t

5. Oh, no! he’s late again, _________ he?

A. isn’t
B. doesn’t

6. Sandy and Pat are studying in the library, _________ they?

A. don’t
B. aren’t 84
 Review of modal verbs
Type Modal verbs Examples

1. Advice should a) You should visit your dentist at least twice a

shouldn’t year.
b) You should stay indoor when it is hot.

2. Obligation must a) Syamsul must pay Puteri's legal costs.

mustn’t b) The doctor must not allow the patient to be
have to put at risk.

3. No don’t have to a) In Canada, children do not have to go to

obligation school on Saturdays, but many adults have to
work.

4. Permission can a) They can go out during the weekend.

can’t b) We can’t speak in the library.

5. Possibility may a) Ray may come to see us tomorrow.

might b) It looks gorgeous, but it might be expensive.
could c) They could come by later.

A. Circle the correct answer.

1. (May/ Should) I borrow this pen?
2. You (must/ may) follow the traffic rules.
3. The child (might/ must) be taken to the hospital immediately.
4. We (must/ could) not speak loudly in the hospital.
5. She (could/ should) come to the wedding later.
6. Sheldon (must/ doesn’t have to) study more if he wants to pass the test.
7. I (could/ must) be late as I have a lot to of chores to do.
8. It (might/ should) snow tomorrow.
9. (May/ Must) all your wishes come true in life.
10. You (might not/ must not) win the match.
11. He (could/ might) run faster when he was younger.
12. You (should/ may) wear a mask when you go out.
13. We (mustn’t/ might not) take photos in the museum.
14. You look sick. You (might/ should) see a doctor.
15. You (have to/ may have to) take off your shoes before you get into the
mosque.
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B. Choose the correct modal verbs.
1. You __________________ have so much ice cream. It’s not good for you.
A. don’t have to
B. shouldn’t
2. In some countries, you __________________ have an identity card.
A. have to
B. can
3. He __________________ be French by the looks of his elegant suit.
A. could
B. have to
4. You __________________ board the plane without a boarding pass.
A. can’t
B. might
5. Students __________________ use their phones in classroom.
A. mustn't
B. don’t have to
6. __________________ you turn the radio down?
A. Can
B. Should
7. I’ll be late tomorrow. I __________________ go to the doctor.
A. mustn’t
B. have to
8. You worked all day. You __________________ be tired.
A. must
B. don’t have to
9. That __________________ to be Shila’s umbrella, but I’m not certain.
A. may
B. must
10. His teacher said he __________________ study more at home.
A. might
B. should
11. She __________________ read when he was two years old.
A. must
B. couldn’t
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C. Complete the sentences with the correct modal verbs.

1. We are not completely sure, but Amin may come back tomorrow.
2. Sofia’s daughter could write perfectly when she was seven years old.
3. In many schools in England, students must wear uniforms. It is compulsory.
4. May I use your phone? It’s an emergency.
5. The Simpson must be the richest family in town. Mr Simpson’s just bought two villas.
6. He can drive a truck.
7. Uncle Tom may visit us this week.
8. The jug can hold one liter of juice.
9. May I go with you to the library?
10. You mustn't feed the animals in the zoo. It’s forbidden!
11. She doesn’t have to wear formal outfits on Fridays. She can wear jeans.
12. You musn't copy other people’s tutorial.
13. I don’t have to clean the house because I have a maid.
14. You must stop when the traffic light is red.
15. We didn’t have to go to school on Tuesday - it was a holiday.

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