4 Basic Potential Flows (or Elementary Flows)

Fundamentals of
Inviscid,
Incompressible Flow
- Part 2

Learning Outcomes Fundamentals of Inviscid, Incompressible Flow - Part 2

Review Session

Review

Uniform Flow
Professor Dr. Mazharul Islam, P.Eng. (Alberta, Canada)
Source & Sink

A Uniform Flow
with Source Department of Mechanical and Production Engineering
Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
A Uniform Flow
with A Source &
Sink Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
AeroPython (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)
Reflections

Summary
Bibliography
2 / 32
 Section A (Aerodynamics)

Fundamentals of
Inviscid,
Incompressible Flow
Aerodynamics
Fundamentals: Incompressible Flow over
- Part 2
Fundamental Principles:
--------------------
Bernoulli Equation
3 Finite Wings:
-----------------------------------
---------------------------------
Definition of Aerodynamics
1 Pressure Coefficient
Potential Flows –
Downwash
Induced drag
Applications of Aerodynamics (a) Uniform flow, The Vortex Filament
Case Studies (b) Source flow, The Biot-Savart Law
Learning Outcomes Selected Fundamental Aerodynamic Variables
Aerodynamic Forces & Moments
(c) Doublet flow,
(d) Vortex flow
Helmholtz’s Theorems
Lifting-line theory
5
Center of Pressure The Kutta-Joukowski Theorem
Review Session Classifications of fluid flows Nonlifting flows over a cylinder
Boundary Layer The flow over a circular cylinder
Review

Uniform Flow
Fundamental Inviscid,
Source & Sink Introduction Principles and Incompressible
A Uniform Flow Equations Flow
with Source

A Uniform Flow
Fundamental Principles and Equations: Incompressible Flow over Airfoils:
with A Source & ------------------------------------------------------
Fundamental equations
2 ----------------------------------------------
Sink Airfoil
Pathlines, Streamlines, and Streaklines The Kutta condition
Circulation Kelvin’s Circulation Theorem
AeroPython Stream Function
Velocity Potential
Thin Airfoil Theory:
- The sysmmetric airfoil. 4
Relationship Between the Stream Function and Velocity Potential - The cambered airfoil
Reflections

Summary
Bibliography
3 / 32
1 Learning Outcomes

2 Review Session

3 Review
4 Uniform Flow

5 Source & Sink

6 A Uniform Flow with Source

7 A Uniform Flow with A Source & Sink

8 AeroPython

9 Reflections

10 Summary
 Learning Outcomes for the Class Session

Fundamentals of
Inviscid,
Incompressible Flow After completion of the class session, the students will be
- Part 2
expected to -
Learning Outcomes (a) solve problems related to:
Review Session

Review
uniform flow;
Uniform Flow
source & sink;
Source & Sink

A Uniform Flow uniform flow with source; and

with Source

A Uniform Flow
with A Source &
uniform flow with source & sink.
Sink

AeroPython
(b) demonstrate interest for Pytyon codes for generating
Reflections potential flows using Jypyter Notebook.
Summary
Bibliography
4 / 32
1 Learning Outcomes

2 Review Session

3 Review
4 Uniform Flow

5 Source & Sink

6 A Uniform Flow with Source

7 A Uniform Flow with A Source & Sink

8 AeroPython

9 Reflections

10 Summary
1 Learning Outcomes

2 Review Session

3 Review
4 Uniform Flow

5 Source & Sink

6 A Uniform Flow with Source

7 A Uniform Flow with A Source & Sink

8 AeroPython

9 Reflections

10 Summary
1 Learning Outcomes

2 Review Session

3 Review
4 Uniform Flow

5 Source & Sink

6 A Uniform Flow with Source

7 A Uniform Flow with A Source & Sink

8 AeroPython

9 Reflections

10 Summary
 Velocity Components (u & v)

Fundamentals of "consists of a velocity field where V ⃗ = u î + v ĵ is a constant" (Lozano,

Inviscid,
Incompressible Flow 2008)
- Part 2
"In 2-D, this velocity field is specified either by the freestream velocity
components u∞ ,v∞ ,or by the freestream speed V∞ and flow angle α"
Learning Outcomes

Review Session
(Lozano, 2008)
Review
u = u∞ = V∞ cos α
Uniform Flow
(Adapted from (Lozano, 2008, pp. 1))
Source & Sink

A Uniform Flow
with Source
v = v∞ = V∞ sin α
A Uniform Flow
with A Source & (Adapted from (Lozano, 2008, pp. 1))
Sink

AeroPython 2 2 2
V∞ = u∞ + v∞
Reflections

Summary
Adapted from (Lozano, 2008) (Adapted from (Lozano, 2008, pp. 1))
Bibliography
8 / 32
 Velocity Potential Function (ϕ) & Stream Function (ψ)

Fundamentals of
Inviscid,
Incompressible Flow
- Part 2

Learning Outcomes

Review Session

Review

Uniform Flow

Source & Sink

A Uniform Flow
with Source

A Uniform Flow Adapted from (Lozano, 2008)

with A Source &
Sink

AeroPython

Reflections ϕ = V∞ x (based on (John D. Anderson, 2010, Eq. (3.53)))

Summary
Bibliography
9 / 32
 Home Work

Fundamentals of
Inviscid,
Incompressible Flow
- Part 2

Learning Outcomes
Prove the following equations.
Review Session

Review

Uniform Flow ϕ = V∞ x (based on (John D. Anderson, 2010, Eq. (3.53)))

Source & Sink

A Uniform Flow
with Source

A Uniform Flow
with A Source &
Sink
ψ = V∞ y (based on (John D. Anderson, 2010, Eq. (3.55)))
AeroPython

Reflections

Summary
Bibliography
10 / 32
 Zero Divergence

Fundamentals of Divergence of a Vector Field

Inviscid,
Incompressible Flow
- Part 2

⃗ = ∂u ∂v ∂w
∇.V + + (based on (John D. Anderson, 2010, Eq. (2.19)))
Learning Outcomes
∂x ∂y ∂z
Review Session

Review "A uniform flow is easily shown to have zero divergence" (Lozano, 2008)
Uniform Flow

Source & Sink

⃗ = ∂u∞ ∂v∞
A Uniform Flow ∇.V + =0 (Adapted from (Lozano, 2008, pp. 1))
with Source ∂x ∂y
A Uniform Flow
with A Source & "since both u∞ and v∞ are constants" (Lozano, 2008)
Sink
"The equivalent statement is that ϕ(x , y ) satisfies Laplace’s equation."
AeroPython

Reflections
(Lozano, 2008)
Summary
"Therefore, the uniform flow satisfies mass conservation." (Lozano, 2008)
Bibliography
12 / 32
 Zero Curl

Fundamentals of Divergence of a Vector Field

Inviscid,
Incompressible Flow
- Part 2 ⃗
∇×V (Adapted from (John D. Anderson, 2010, Eq. (3.39)))

Learning Outcomes "A uniform flow is also easily shown to be irrotational, or to have zero
Review Session vorticity." (Lozano, 2008)
Review
⃗ ≡ ξ = ∂v∞ − ∂u∞ k̂ = 0
 
Uniform Flow ∇×V
Source & Sink
∂x ∂y
A Uniform Flow
(Adapted from (Lozano, 2008, pp. 1))
with Source
"The equivalent irrotationality is that ψ(x , y ) satisfies Laplace’s
A Uniform Flow
with A Source & equation." (Lozano, 2008)
Sink

AeroPython

Reflections

Summary
Bibliography
13 / 32
1 Learning Outcomes

2 Review Session

3 Review
4 Uniform Flow

5 Source & Sink

6 A Uniform Flow with Source

7 A Uniform Flow with A Source & Sink

8 AeroPython

9 Reflections

10 Summary
 What is a Source

Fundamentals of
Inviscid,
Incompressible Flow
- Part 2
Please refer to (John D. Anderson, 2010, Figure 3.20)

"Consider a two-dimensional, incompressible flow where all the

Learning Outcomes

Review Session
streamlines are straight lines emanating from a central point O"
Review
(John D. Anderson, 2010)
Uniform Flow "Moreover, let the velocity along each of the streamlines vary
Source & Sink inversely with distance from point O" (John D. Anderson, 2010)
A Uniform Flow
with Source "Such a flow is called a source flow " (John D. Anderson, 2010)
A Uniform Flow
with A Source &
Sink

AeroPython

Reflections

Summary
Bibliography
14 / 32
 What is a Sink

Fundamentals of
Inviscid,
Incompressible Flow
- Part 2
Please refer to (John D. Anderson, 2010, Figure 3.20)

"In a source flow, the streamlines are directed away from the origin"
Learning Outcomes

Review Session
(John D. Anderson, 2010)
Review "The opposite case in that of a sink flow " (John D. Anderson, 2010)
Uniform Flow

Source & Sink

A Uniform Flow
with Source

A Uniform Flow
with A Source &
Sink

AeroPython

Reflections

Summary
Bibliography
15 / 32
 In Polar Coordinate

Fundamentals of
Inviscid,
"The radial and tangential velocity components are defined to be"
Incompressible Flow (Lozano, 2008)
- Part 2
Λ
Vr = (Adapted from (Lozano, 2008, pp. 1))
2πr
Learning Outcomes

Review Session
Vθ = 0 (Adapted from (Lozano, 2008, pp. 1))
Review "where Λ is a scaling constant called the source strength" (Lozano, 2008)
Uniform Flow

Source & Sink

A Uniform Flow
with Source

A Uniform Flow
with A Source &
Sink

AeroPython

Reflections
Adapted from (Lozano, 2008)
Summary
Bibliography
16 / 32
 The Volume Flow Rate Per Unit Span

Fundamentals of
Inviscid,
Incompressible Flow
- Part 2

Learning Outcomes

Review Session Adapted from (Lozano, 2008)

Review "The volume flow rate per unit span V̇ ′ across a circle of radius r is
Uniform Flow computed as follows."
Z 2π (Lozano,Z2008)
2π Z 2π
Λ
Source & Sink ′ ⃗ .n̂dA =
V̇ = V Vr rdθ = rdθ = Λ
A Uniform Flow 0 0 0 2πr
with Source
(Adapted from (Lozano, 2008, pp. 2))
A Uniform Flow
with A Source &
Sink
"Hence we see that the source strength Λ specifies the rate of volume
AeroPython
flow issuing outward from the source." (Lozano, 2008)
Reflections

Summary
"If Λ is negative, the flow is inward, and the flow is called a sink."
Bibliography
17 / 32 (Lozano, 2008)
 Velocity Components in Cartesian Coordinate

Fundamentals of
Inviscid,
Incompressible Flow
- Part 2

Learning Outcomes

Review Session

Review

Uniform Flow

Source & Sink

Adapted from (Lozano, 2008)
A Uniform Flow
with Source

A Uniform Flow
Λ x
with A Source & u(x , y ) = (Adapted from (Lozano, 2008, pp. 2))
Sink 2π x 2 + y 2
AeroPython

Reflections Λ y
v (x , y ) = (Adapted from (Lozano, 2008, pp. 2))
Summary 2π x 2 + y 2
Bibliography
18 / 32
 ϕ and ψ

Fundamentals of
Inviscid,
Incompressible Flow
- Part 2

Learning Outcomes

Review Session
Adapted from (Lozano, 2008)
Review

Uniform Flow
Λ q 2 Λ
Source & Sink ϕ(x , y ) = ln x + y 2 = ln r
A Uniform Flow 2π 2π
with Source (Adapted from (Lozano, 2008, pp. 2))
A Uniform Flow
with A Source &
Sink

AeroPython Λ Λ
ψ(x , y ) = arctan(y /x ) = θ (Adapted from (Lozano, 2008, pp. 2))
Reflections 2π 2π
Summary
Bibliography
19 / 32 "It is easily verified that apart from the origin location (x,y)=(0,0), these
 Singularities

Fundamentals of
Inviscid,
Incompressible Flow
"The origin location (0,0) is called a singular point of the source flow."
- Part 2 (Lozano, 2008)
"As we approach this point, the magnitude of the radial velocity tends to
Learning Outcomes
infinity as" (Lozano, 2008)
Review Session
1
Review Vr ∼ (Adapted from (Lozano, 2008, pp. 1))
Uniform Flow r
Source & Sink

A Uniform Flow
with Source "Hence the flow at the singular point is not physical" (Lozano, 2008)
A Uniform Flow
with A Source &
"We will simply need to ensure that the singular point is located outside
Sink the flow region of interest." (Lozano, 2008)
AeroPython

Reflections

Summary
Bibliography
20 / 32
1 Learning Outcomes

2 Review Session

3 Review
4 Uniform Flow

5 Source & Sink

6 A Uniform Flow with Source

7 A Uniform Flow with A Source & Sink

8 AeroPython

9 Reflections

10 Summary
 Superposition

Fundamentals of
Inviscid,
Incompressible Flow
- Part 2
"Two or more incompressible, irrotational flows can be
combined by superposition, simply by adding their
Learning Outcomes velocity fields or their potential or stream function
Review Session

Review
fields." (Lozano, 2008)
Uniform Flow So, we can obtain
Source & Sink a uniform flow with a source; or
A Uniform Flow a uniform flow with a source & a sink
with Source

A Uniform Flow
with A Source &
Sink

AeroPython

Reflections

Summary
Bibliography
21 / 32
 A Uniform Flow with A Source

Fundamentals of
Inviscid, Λ x
Incompressible Flow u(x , y ) = + V∞ (Adapted from (Lozano, 2008, pp. 3))
- Part 2
2π x + y 2
2

Λ y
Learning Outcomes v (x , y ) = (Adapted from (Lozano, 2008, pp. 3))
2π x + y 2
2
Review Session
Λ q 2 Λ
Review ϕ(x , y ) = ln x + y 2 + V∞ x = ln r + V∞ r cos θ
Uniform Flow 2π 2π
Source & Sink
(Adapted from (Lozano, 2008, pp. 3))
A Uniform Flow Λ Λ
with Source ψ(x , y ) = arctan(y /x ) + V∞ y = θ + V∞ r sin θ
A Uniform Flow
2π 2π
with A Source & (Adapted from (Lozano, 2008, pp. 3))
Sink

AeroPython

Reflections

Summary
Bibliography
22 / 32
 A Uniform Flow with A Source

Fundamentals of
Inviscid,
Incompressible Flow
- Part 2

Learning Outcomes

Review Session

Review

Uniform Flow

Source & Sink

Adapted from (Lozano, 2008)
A Uniform Flow
with Source

A Uniform Flow "The bullet-shaped heavy line on the combined flow corresponds to the dividing streamline,
with A Source & which separates the fluid coming from the freestream and the fluid coming from the source."
Sink
(Lozano, 2008)
AeroPython
"If we replace the dividing streamline by a solid semi-infinite body of the same shape, the flow
Reflections about this body will be the same as the flow outside the dividing streamline in the
Summary superimposed flow " (Lozano, 2008)
Bibliography
23 / 32
1 Learning Outcomes

2 Review Session

3 Review
4 Uniform Flow

5 Source & Sink

6 A Uniform Flow with Source

7 A Uniform Flow with A Source & Sink

8 AeroPython

9 Reflections

10 Summary
 A Uniform Flow with A Source & Sink

Fundamentals of
Inviscid,
Incompressible Flow
- Part 2

Learning Outcomes

Review Session

Review

Uniform Flow

Source & Sink

A Uniform Flow Adapted from (Lozano, 2008)

with Source

A Uniform Flow "The heavy line again indicates the dividing streamline, which traces our
with A Source &
Sink a Rankine Oval" (Lozano, 2008)
AeroPython "The net volume outflow from the oval is zero" (Lozano, 2008)
Reflections "the dividing streamline could be replaced by a solid oval body of the
Summary same shape." (Lozano, 2008)
Bibliography
24 / 32
1 Learning Outcomes

2 Review Session

3 Review
4 Uniform Flow

5 Source & Sink

6 A Uniform Flow with Source

7 A Uniform Flow with A Source & Sink

8 AeroPython

9 Reflections

10 Summary
 Python (https: // www. python. org/ )

Fundamentals of
Inviscid,
Incompressible Flow
A powerful programming language
- Part 2
Excellent documentation with Jupyter Notebook
(https://jupyter.org)
Learning Outcomes

Review Session
In order to use Jupyter Notebook, you need to install a Python-based
Review
package like Anaconda available at https://www.anaconda.com.
Uniform Flow

Source & Sink

A Uniform Flow
with Source

A Uniform Flow
with A Source &
Sink

AeroPython

Reflections

Summary
Bibliography
25 / 32
 "Classical Aerodynamics with Python" - AeroPython

Fundamentals of
Inviscid,
Incompressible Flow
- Part 2
Available at
https://github.com/barbagroup/AeroPython/tree/master/lessons
Learning Outcomes

Review Session

Review

Uniform Flow

Source & Sink

A Uniform Flow
with Source

A Uniform Flow
with A Source &
Sink

AeroPython

Reflections

Summary
Bibliography
26 / 32
 A Plot using AeroPython - Source

Fundamentals of
Inviscid, 1.00
Incompressible Flow
- Part 2 0.75

0.50
Learning Outcomes

Review Session 0.25

Review
0.00
y

Uniform Flow

Source & Sink 0.25

A Uniform Flow
with Source 0.50
A Uniform Flow
with A Source & 0.75
Sink
1.00
AeroPython 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Reflections x
Summary
Bibliography
27 / 32
 A Plot using AeroPython - Sink

Fundamentals of
Inviscid, 1.00
Incompressible Flow
- Part 2 0.75

0.50
Learning Outcomes

Review Session 0.25

Review
0.00
y

Uniform Flow

Source & Sink 0.25

A Uniform Flow
with Source 0.50
A Uniform Flow
with A Source & 0.75
Sink
1.00
AeroPython 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Reflections x
Summary
Bibliography
28 / 32
 A Plot using AeroPython - A Uniform Flow with a Source

Fundamentals of
Inviscid,
2.0
Incompressible Flow
- Part 2 1.5

1.0
Learning Outcomes

Review Session 0.5

Review
0.0
y

Uniform Flow

Source & Sink 0.5

A Uniform Flow
with Source 1.0
A Uniform Flow
with A Source & 1.5
Sink
2.0
AeroPython
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
Reflections x
Summary
Bibliography
29 / 32
 A Plot using AeroPython - A Uniform Flow with a
Source-Sink Pair
Fundamentals of
Inviscid,
2.0
Incompressible Flow
- Part 2 1.5

1.0
Learning Outcomes

Review Session 0.5

Review
0.0
y

Uniform Flow

Source & Sink 0.5

A Uniform Flow
with Source 1.0
A Uniform Flow
with A Source & 1.5
Sink
2.0
AeroPython
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
Reflections x
Summary
Bibliography
30 / 32
1 Learning Outcomes

2 Review Session

3 Review
4 Uniform Flow

5 Source & Sink

6 A Uniform Flow with Source

7 A Uniform Flow with A Source & Sink

8 AeroPython

9 Reflections

10 Summary
1 Learning Outcomes

2 Review Session

3 Review
4 Uniform Flow

5 Source & Sink

6 A Uniform Flow with Source

7 A Uniform Flow with A Source & Sink

8 AeroPython

9 Reflections

10 Summary
 Summary

Fundamentals of
Inviscid,
Incompressible Flow
- Part 2
Uniform Flow;
Source & Sink;
Learning Outcomes

Review Session
Uniform Flow With a Source; and
Review
Uniform Flow With a Doublet.
Uniform Flow

Source & Sink AeroPython

A Uniform Flow
with Source

A Uniform Flow
with A Source &
Sink

AeroPython

Reflections

Summary
Bibliography
31 / 32
 References
I
Fundamentals of
Inviscid,
Incompressible Flow
- Part 2

Learning Outcomes

Review Session John D. Anderson, J. (2010). Fundamentals of Aerodynamics. McGraw-Hill

Review Education (India) Private Ltd., fifth edition edition.
Uniform Flow Lozano, P. P. (2008). Fluids - Lecture 15 Notes. Fluid Mechanics and
Source & Sink
Aerodynamics, Unified Engineering, MIT.
A Uniform Flow
with Source

A Uniform Flow
with A Source &
Sink

AeroPython

Reflections

Summary
Bibliography
32 / 32