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Revien
"
oif
1 " A sequence { anin : 1
is convergent to

V t
10 . ⽇ NE 3
E .

IGn - LICE En > NE

)
sequence is calledbdd
2
A if t 0 雪 s
M
.

IanI MVncin

3)
Monotonic sequene tnm
;

It ancantlor anzant ) isbddn

ansandl 1

thenlimnesanexists ,

Example

到 arn = atartar 只

↑
=
無 ( ifir |< 1 )

consider thefinitesum ( partialsum )

州
三品 arnt :
 吐时
哥

The limit of a
series an isdefined
mawifthelimitexist
lia 到
by 3

let Sm =

an thensmi 谈 : lequencea
,

Soweknow
arnn isonvergenti rklff
到 1

Example
“

"
⾔"州 = !
0

" =

sm
=≡ nin +

" 流 片丽 ) =
…
“

吃⼀ … 六
↓
H
=
1 列 mn
mCalaulate
a
-

-
=

partialsumfint
lim
Smm =
1

+∞

三品形式冷
"
2)
1 —
sm
Ʃ
n = 1 n ( n + 3 )
=≡ nin + s )

⼆亨 ( 1 + 忙 + 片) ⽇
1 分⼀
⼀吃⼀ 5
+
…
⼗極⼩
 of {
1

D -
an In =
A Subsequene { anjlj " =
is asequenetnat

Satisfies I ≤ n .
cnz .
.

{ ain 3 = ior { aktnl. aresubsequenes of ans

n =
{

Fact
1 ) If limn+ s
an = l , then
any Subseqwence

{ anj } onvergestoc
Cornllary : suppose { anl 9
=
, nas 2
convergent
Sequences
the different
ni limits
th ,

Sequence Sanlndiverges
, =
.

21 Suppose { an { , can be written as annion

of finite number of subsequences withthe

Samelimit ,

lex . 若奇偶項收⼈到 L , 則
then lim anexists . 救列收到 , to 0 L
n +∞

V E 70 ,
雪 NE S . t . IAn -

HKEEn > NE

N ε→
nj
-
—
=
j
>
= - |
anj -
c <ε
tjon
≥ ⾃⼰的会
Thm

Suppose { adgis convergent , then { an } 貿

的 bdd .
( 反推 不成立1

pf :
Let L =

∞
lim
Gm for ε= 1 , 雪 Ns 、⼤、

lan -

L1 cOn
⼟ > n
| 隨便挑

→| anl ≤ ItHan -
) <
1 L 1 tl

Let M = max
{ la , l , 1 az 1 .
.l , k 1 + 1 }
→| an 1 ≤ Min

Example

“
ConsidrSm : =
^∴= ⼴补 1 ⼩ ( t 年 1 + 5
号15 万5)
t. t !
lzm i -

t .
tm
)
? 上立 + ( 片⼗年 ) + ( 京⾼
+ t
器
凸
Hm
So limaS 2
m
=∞
Sam
divsSndiverges
Thm A seris anisconvergent , then

Ninn an ! ( 前例 )
反推不立成
ny ∞

时 :
lmacm
LetSk =Ʃ
=
,

ThenanSnSn 1 . limnssSu =
LexistsSmce
therefore ,

limnisan =
lima ( Sn - Sn - o
) L

- L
=

∞ Series
Example
品os ( isdmergent
divergene ( By Test of ,

( limnt ∞ osl
01
Fwehavews
) 刻 divergs
Seqnerue
SallsTheInteguadTest
KeyIdea
,
" m

Suppose f ( x ) isnon
-

increasing ( f ( x ) ≥ f (y )

xityz .

finyet
lan =

upperR lowerR
G .
+ 2 +
mtGN -

1
≥
[∵f ( x ,
dx 2 azta 3 rni
+ an

Ʃ
∵
⾔ ai =
{ ☆ fx , dx :
: = 2
ai
limitexists
号 bdd
→ converges ;
[ 1 , ∞ ) relaxed
canb
Thm to [ n , ∞ ) forsomen .

If f ( x 1 is non increasing and non

negative
-

(
an =
f tin
) nEN ,
Then canbecheckedbyf 1
≤ 0

∞
2
onverges iff
ann
= 5 If (x ) dx converges .

Recal

JdxisconvergentiffP > I ,

∞ iffp 2
品
converge
) >
,
,

P
-

geries
Examples
1 ) 1
nny /
= 1

Consider f ( x) =
Fxx ,
it
'

sdecreasingon [ 1 ,
∞ )

SinceJ " "

lim+∞ tan " x 是
dx = = 是 -妥
1
Converges )
By the Integral test , we have

onverges
到 ,
.
t
tonvergencenon bne
dont know the partialsum

③
nopen
21
P >
n = zn (

Lefextxllnx) p devreasing on [ i ∞ )

lux

SIxenxlipldxiduridxftfanxindxfdnand
u =

limmal ÷p ( lnx 1 是 )
= )"

FPuP
=
→
+ c

1 ( lm 2 )
1
?

nllunip
-converges
,
 2 lnx 7 ⼟

31 Ʃlmn lnx >Ʃ+ x ,

Je
2
n
n = z
=

L 比
fx , =

fix 1
=☆ s

.
xslnx
-

x
=
lux ( 2 ) So fixco for x ,
Je

s dx = fx
- dxlmx letu lmx =

d xrdxv =

⼆⼀f 求 dx → dw
V = -
⽂
x
dx
+= -

X tcux
^

餐⼩
= -

x c = -

于
by Integral test 歌onveges

decreasing, non -
negative improperintegral
,

,
Sec 114 Comparison tnm

Suppose ofan ≤ bnfor Nn

>

bn converges
If ⾚ , tnen ☆
anconverges .

n =
l
內
L

If thenbndiverges
n
andiv geser
=
,
,

Plusversion

Suppose oEancbn andlimn n

∞
,
= L > 0 ,

an
Then bnconverges
convergs iff 2 , 2
,

man
pfi 忌 ≤ bn
点 partial sum isbddand
→
是
increasing .
≤
bu By sequencetnmM
onotonic

limntsSn converges
1

n =

Example 和元有點相似所以找發散 ,

品
nt 候
" Ʃ ≥ for big enougn
1

neznt 4 loon

4
2
挑⼀個⼤数字
loon ( n + 1 n znt
) 4

(π)
不⾏ )
eventually
哥以都
+a

( 2 n + 2 n ≥ n 午 2 n + 4
→ n 22 )

)
diverge
2Ʃ tam 六 ) diverge
n =↑

tun / h ) 2 1 n tanxx

3 sim 的converge
)
品⼆
smln ) ≤ 2

4) 哥 sin 片 )

irugat
品響以
_

sid 到

d
anrifklim 的 an
no
but
nT ∞
_