The four parasympathetic ganglia of the head are the ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia. Each ganglion receives sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic roots, with the exception of the otic ganglion which also receives a motor root. The pterygopalatine ganglion lies in the pterygopalatine fossa and gives off branches that include the orbital, pharyngeal, palatine, and nasopalatine nerves. The submandibular ganglion lies in the submandibular region deep to the mylohyoid muscle. The ciliary ganglion lies close to the medial wall of the orbit and
The four parasympathetic ganglia of the head are the ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia. Each ganglion receives sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic roots, with the exception of the otic ganglion which also receives a motor root. The pterygopalatine ganglion lies in the pterygopalatine fossa and gives off branches that include the orbital, pharyngeal, palatine, and nasopalatine nerves. The submandibular ganglion lies in the submandibular region deep to the mylohyoid muscle. The ciliary ganglion lies close to the medial wall of the orbit and
The four parasympathetic ganglia of the head are the ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia. Each ganglion receives sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic roots, with the exception of the otic ganglion which also receives a motor root. The pterygopalatine ganglion lies in the pterygopalatine fossa and gives off branches that include the orbital, pharyngeal, palatine, and nasopalatine nerves. The submandibular ganglion lies in the submandibular region deep to the mylohyoid muscle. The ciliary ganglion lies close to the medial wall of the orbit and
The four parasympathetic ganglia of the head are the ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia. Each ganglion receives sensory, sympathetic, and parasympathetic roots, with the exception of the otic ganglion which also receives a motor root. The pterygopalatine ganglion lies in the pterygopalatine fossa and gives off branches that include the orbital, pharyngeal, palatine, and nasopalatine nerves. The submandibular ganglion lies in the submandibular region deep to the mylohyoid muscle. The ciliary ganglion lies close to the medial wall of the orbit and
Configuration of the four parasympathetic ganglia of
the head Abstract Volume 2 Issue 5 - 2016
The ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, and otic ganglia lie in the head and they are Heshmat SW Haroun parasympathetic in function. Each has sensory, sympathetic and parasympathetic roots. Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Cairo University, However, the otic ganglion has an additional motor root. Branches of the ciliary ganglion Egypt are named the short ciliary nerves while those of the pterygopalatine ganglion are termed the orbital, pharyngeal, palatine and nasopalatine nerves. On the other hand, branches of the Correspondence: Heshmat SW Haroun, Department of submandibular and otic ganglia are unnamed. The pterygopalatine ganglion is sometimes Anatomy and Embryology, Cairo University, Egypt, clinically referred to as the “ganglion of hay fever”. Email heshmatsabet@hotmail.com
Keywords: parasympathetic ganglia, ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, otic Received: May 07, 2016 | Published: June 07, 2016
Introduction and cornea (corneal reflex) while the sympathetic fibers supply the ocular blood vessels. It is worthy to note that sympathetic fibers going The four parasympathetic ganglia of the head are related to three to the dilator pupillae muscle are found to come directly through the out of the four cranial nerves that have parasympathetic activities: long ciliary branches of the nasocciliary nerve. the oculomotor (III), the facial (VII) and the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves. These ganglia include the ciliary, the pterygopalatine, the The pterygopalatine ganglion submandibular, and the otic ganglia. There is a general plan for the The pterygopalatine ganglion lies in the pterygopalatine fossa. configuration of these ganglia. Each ganglion is suspended from a Two sensory roots suspend it from the maxillary nerve that is the branch of the trigeminal (V) nerve. Each has three roots: sensory, second division of the trigeminal ganglion. The sympathetic root is sympathetic and parasympathetic; the otic ganglion, in addition, the “deep petrosal nerve” that arises from the internal carotid artery has a fourth motor root. The cell bodies of the sensory root lie in the plexus inside the carotid canal, emerges at the apex of the petrous trigeminal (Gasserian) ganglion, those of the sympathetic root lie in temporal bone, and crosses on the foramen lacerum where it meets the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion, and the cell bodies of the the parasympathetic root. The parasympathetic root arises, in the parasympathetic root lie in one of three parasympathetic nuclei in the pons, from the superior salivary nucleus of the facial (VII) nerve. It brainstem. The parasympathetic root relays within the ganglion; so it is enclosed within the nervous intermedius part of the facial nerve, is formed of preganglionic fibers whereas the sympathetic root does to reach the geniculate ganglion of this nerve that gives rise to the not relay, as its fibers are postganglionic. Furthermore, the sensory “greater superficial petrosal nerve”. The latter emerges from the root runs through the ganglion, without a relay, in a direction opposite petrous temporal bone through the hiatus and groove for greater to that of each of the parasympathetic and sympathetic roots. The superficial petrosal nerve to meet the deep petrosal nerve on foramen sympathetic root is derived from a plexus around either of the external lacerum. The two roots (greater and deep petrosal) unite to form or internal carotid arteries. After receiving roots, each parasympathetic the Vidian nerve “nerve to pterygoid canal” that passes through the ganglion gives branches that contain the three types of the received pterygoid canal to enter the pterygopalatine fossa and to join the fibers: sensory, sympathetic and parasympathetic. ganglion from behind. The ciliary ganglion The branches of the pterygopalatine ganglion include the orbital The ciliary ganglion lies close to the medial wall of the orbit. It branches that pass forwards through the inferior orbital fissure, the is suspended, by a sensory root, from the nasocciliary nerve that is pharyngeal branch that passes backwards through the pharyngeal a branch of the ophthalmic nerve (the 1st division of the trigeminal (palatinovaginal) canal, the greater and lesser palatine nerves that ganglion). The ciliary ganglion receives its sympathetic root from the descend through their canals, and the short and long nasopalatine plexus around the ophthalmic artery, which in turn is derived from the nerves that pass medially through the sphenopalatine foramen. internal carotid artery plexus. The parasympathetic root for the ciliary Eventually, these branches supply the orbital periosteum, the lacrimal ganglion arises, in the midbrain, from the Edinger-Westphal nucleus gland, the roof of nasopharynx, the hard and soft palates, and the nose. of the oculomotor (III) nerve, passes through this nerve to its inferior In hay fever, irritation of this ganglion leads to running nose and eyes. division then to the nerve to the inferior oblique muscle of the eye that The submandibular ganglion gives the parasympathetic root. The submandibular ganglion lies, in the submandibular region, on The branches of the ciliary ganglion, named the “short the hyoglossus muscle with the deep part and duct of the submandibular ciliary nerves”, pierce the eyeball around the optic nerve. Their salivary gland as well as the hypoglossal nerve situated below it; all parasympathetic component fibers supply two intraocular muscles: deep to mylohyoid muscle. Sensory roots from the lingual nerve the constrictor (sphincter) pupillae and ciliary muscles. The sensory suspend the ganglion. The lingual nerve is a branch of the posterior fibers in the short ciliary nerves carry sensations from the conjunctiva
division of the mandibular nerve that is the third and largest division of gives rise to the parasympathetic fibers of the glossopharyngeal (IX) the trigeminal ganglion. The sympathetic root for this ganglion comes nerve that gives its tympanic branch (Jacobson’s nerve) that shares in from the facial artery plexus that is derived from the external carotid the formation of the tympanic plexus, which gives rise to the lesser artery plexus. The parasympathetic root for the ganglion arises from superficial petrosal nerve. The latter nerve emerges from the hiatus the superior salivary nucleus of facial (VII) nerve in the pons, runs and groove for the lesser superficial petrosal nerve (in the petrous through the “chorda tympani” branch of facial nerve that escapes from temporal bone), descends through foramen ovule of the skull to join the tympanic cavity through the petrotympanic fissure into the infra the otic ganglion as its parasympathetic root. The otic ganglion has an temporal fossa, to join the lingual nerve deep to the lateral pterygoid additional motor root that arises from the nerve to the medial pterygoid muscle. Unnamed branches originating from the submandibular muscle, passes through the ganglion without relay, and then emerges to ganglion either go directly to supply the submandibular salivary gland supply tensor palati and tensor tympani muscles. Unnamed branches or rejoin the lingual nerve to supply the sublingual salivary gland and of the otic ganglion join the two roots of the auriculotemporal nerve to carry taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the mucous to supply the parotid gland. The remaining cranial nerve that has membrane of the tongue. parasympathetic function is the vagus (X) nerve. It is related to none of the above-mentioned four parasympathetic ganglia of the head. Its The otic ganglion ganglia are terminal close to or within the walls of the respiratory The otic ganglion hangs from the medial (deep) aspect of the main organs, the heart, and the proximal part of the digestive tract. trunk of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, and both structures lie deep to the lateral pterygoid muscle in the infratemporal Acknowledgements fossa. The sympathetic root for this ganglion comes from the plexus None. around the middle meningeal artery that is a branch of the first part of the maxillary artery. This plexus originates from the external carotid Conflict of interest artery plexus. The inferior salivary nucleus in the medulla oblongata Author declares that there is no conflict of interest.
Citation: Haroun HSW. Configuration of the four parasympathetic ganglia of the head. MOJ Anat Physiol. 2016;2(5):135‒136. DOI: 10.15406/mojap.2016.02.00059
