Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology

Design and analysis osculating general curved cone waverider

Xuzhao He, Jialing Le, Si Qin,
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Aerospace Technology, Vol. 89 Issue: 6, pp.797-803, https://doi.org/10.1108/AEAT-12-2014-0214
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 Design and analysis osculating
general curved cone waverider
Xuzhao He, Jialing Le and Si Qin
Science and Technology on Scramjet Laboratory, Hypervelocity Aerodynamics Institute of CARDC, Mianyang, China

Abstract
Purpose – Waverider has high lift to drag ratio and will be an idea aerodynamic configuration for hypersonic vehicles. But a structure permitting
aerodynamic like waverider is still difficult to generate under airframe’s geometric constrains using traditional waverider design methods. And
furthermore, traditional waverider’s aerodynamic compression ability cannot be easily adjusted to satisfy the inlet entrance requirements for
hypersonic air-breathing vehicles. The purpose of this paper is to present a new method named osculating general curved cone (OCC) method aimed
to improve the shortcomings of traditional waveriders.
Design/methodology/approach – A basic curved cone is, first, designed by the method of characteristics. Then the waverider’s inlet captured
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curve and front captured tube are defined in the waverider’s exit plane. Osculating planes are generated along the inlet captured curve and the
designed curved cone is transformed to the osculating planes. Streamlines are traced in the transformed curved cone flow field. Combining all
streamlines which have been obtained, OCC waverider’s compression surface is generated. Waverider’s upper surface uses the free stream surface.
Findings – It is found that OCC waverider has good volumetric characteristics and good flow compression abilities compared with the traditional
osculating cone (OC) waverider. The volume of OCC waverider is 25 per cent larger than OC waverider at the same design condition. Furthermore,
OCC waverider can compress incoming flow to required flow conditions with high total pressure recovery in the waverider’s exit plane. The flow
uniformity in the waverider exit plane is quite well.
Practical implications – The analyzed results show that the OCC waverider can be a practical high performance airframe/forebody for hypersonic
vehicles. Furthermore, this novel waverider design method can be used to design a structure permitting aerodynamic like waverider for a practical
hypersonic vehicle.
Originality/value – The paper puts forward a novel waverider design method which can improve the waverider’s volumetric characteristics and
compression abilities compared with the traditional waverider design methods. This novel design approach can extend the waverider’s applications
for designing hypersonic vehicles.
Keywords General curved cone, Method of characteristics, Osculating method, Streamline tracing, Waverider
Paper type Research paper

Nomenclature Definitions, acronyms and abbreviations

Symbols OCC ⫽ Osculating general curved cone;

OC ⫽ Osculating cone;
␾ ⫽ Ratio of long to short axis of super ICC ⫽ Inlet captured curve;
ellipse [-]; FCT ⫽ Front captured tube;
n ⫽ exponent of super ellipse [-]; MOC ⫽ Method of characteristic; and
␪ ⫽ Quadrant angle of super ellipse °; AHL3D ⫽ Air-breathing hypersonic lab three
a, b, c, d, e and f ⫽ quintic curve’s coefficients [-]; dimensional.
H ⫽ Height between ICC and FCT at
symmetry plane [m]; Introduction
L ⫽ Straight line’s length in FCT curve
Waverider has high lift to drag ratio which can be used as
[m];
hypersonic vehicles’ airframe or forebody. Waverider forebody
RA ⫽ Axisymmetric radius at point A
has many advantages compared with the traditional lift
[m];
forebodies (Duveau et al., 1999) for air-breathing hypersonic
V ⫽ Waverider’s volume [m3]; and vehicle, such as high flow capture ratio and high flow
S ⫽ waverider’s wet surface area [m2]. uniformity. A lot of studies have been conducted to study the
waverider configurations and their applications. Bowcutt et al.

The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available on This work sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China
Emerald Insight at: www.emeraldinsight.com/1748-8842.htm No. 51376192, 91216303.

Received 18 December 2014

Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology: An International Journal Revised 15 May 2016
89/6 (2017) 797–803 29 May 2016
© Emerald Publishing Limited [ISSN 1748-8842] 4 June 2016
[DOI 10.1108/AEAT-12-2014-0214] Accepted 18 July 2016

797
 Design and analysis osculating general curved cone waverider Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology: An International Journal
Xuzhao He, Jialing Le and Si Qin Volume 89 · Number 6 · 2017 · 797–803

(1987) and Corda and Anderson (1988) studied waverider inlet requirements of the future hypersonic air-breathing
configuration’s optimization problems considering the viscous vehicles. The purpose to use “general curved cone” is to refer
effect. Lewis (1991) used the waverider as vehicle’s forebody to a kind of cone with arbitrary curved surface, but it has a
to design the air-breathing hypersonic vehicle. Mazhul (2010) straight leading edge shock. The curved cone surface ensures
studied the waverider’s performances under off-design that the aerodynamic compression ability and volume
conditions. Takashima and Lewis (1992, 1994a, 1994b) characteristics of the OCC waverider can be adjusted to fit
studied and optimized the waverider’s performance under with the requirements of the potential air-breathing
viscous conditions using the viscous Navier–Stokes hypersonic vehicle. The aerodynamic characteristics and flow
computation tools. Takashima et al. (1996) designed the field structures are simulated and analyzed in detail. The
hypersonic dual fuel vehicle using the waverider theoretical designing results are compared with the inviscid
configurations. CFD simulation results. The comparison study between OCC
Previous waverider studies as introduced above are all and OC waveriders is also presented, which shows that OCC
based on the traditional waverider configuration design waverider will be a better aerodynamic configuration for
method. As we know, the waverider concept was proposed hypersonic vehicle than OC waverider.
by Nonweiler (1959) in 1950s first, and the original concept
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gradually evolved four kinds of waverider design methods. General curved cone design
The first kind of waverider design method was introduced
General curved cone is used as the basic flow flied for OCC
by Nonweiler (1963). The streamline tracing technique and
waverider. Curved cone is designed using the method of
two-dimensional inviscid supersonic wedge flow filed were
characteristic (MOC) for axisymmetric flow. Details of the
used to design wedge-based waveriders. The second kind of
MOC have been introduced by Zucrow and Hoffman (1977).
waverider design method is derived from supersonic flow Figure 1 shows the curved cone flow field structure. The
passing outer or inner cones, which have axisymmetric shock curved cone includes three sections. The first section (OP) is
wave and flow field structures, such as Goonko et al.’s (2000) a straight cone which generates a straight initial shock wave
introduction. The third kind of waverider design method is and finishes the initial compression. Taylor–Maccoll
derived from supersonic wedge and cone flow fields or elliptic equations (Zucrow and Hoffman, 1977) were used to solve
cones flow fields, such as Takashima and Lewis (1994a, the flow field variables in this part. The second part is a curve
1994b) and Rasmussen’s (1980) introduction. The final but (section PQ) which is at a tangent with section OP at point P.
most popular waverider design method is introduced by It can be any curve which continuously compresses the
Sobieczky et al. (1990), called osculating cone (OC) method, incoming flow to the required flow conditions and at the same
which uses supersonic outer cone flow field and osculating time, do not disturb the initial straight shock AO. For
method to generate waverider. Later, Sobieczky et al. (1997) instance, PQ’s shape can be defined first and then MOC tools
used curved shockwave and osculating method to design (Zucrow and Hoffman, 1977) are used to solve the flow field
waverider. Rodi (2005) extends the OC method to osculating which is determined by curve PQ and flow variables on AP.
flow field method which uses power law bodies to generate the AP is a characteristic line and its flow variables are obtained by
basic flow field and osculating method to design waverider, Taylor–Maccoll equations. For a special case, PQ can be an
but Rodi (2005) did not analysis the waverider’s flow field and isotropic compression section whose isotropic compression
also the design method was not verified in the paper. waves meet at point A. The methods introduced by Anderson
As shown above, many waverider design methods have been (1969) can be used to design the isotropic compression curve.
put forward presently, but there are still some difficulties for The third section QC is a curve which is at a tangent with
using a waverider in an utility vehicle. The first obstacle is section PQ at point Q. Its shape can be adjusted to fit the
geometric structure constrain. Using present waverider design specific requirements for inlet entrance conditions. Shape of
methods, a structure permitting aerodynamic-like waverider QC can be defined by cubic curve, and for the present case, it
cannot be generated under airframe’s geometric constrains. is a straight line tangent with curve PQ. Flow field determined
The designed waveriders are too bend to satisfy the structure by transition section QC and characteristic line QA is
or volume requirements. For this reason, the practical calculated by MOC.
hypersonic waverider vehicles do not appear up to now. Figure 2 shows the specific designing result of a curved cone
The second obstacle for traditional waveriders is that the flow field, for which incoming free stream Mach number is
waverider’s aerodynamic compression ability cannot satisfy 6.0. The curved cone has a 10 degree initial straight cone, and
the inlet entrance requirements. For a 10 degree wedge or then an isotropic compression curve PQ connects to the
cone under Mach 6 incoming flow, only Mach number 4.7 or straight cone. The Mach number at point A at the end of
5.0 can be obtained when the flow passes through the leading
edge shock compression. The compressed Mach number is
too high to fit the inlet inner compression part’s requirement. Figure 1 General basic curved cone flow field structure
If the wedge or cone angle is increased, then the compressed
Mach number will decrease but the total pressure recovery will
decrease too. This kind of waverider is obviously not suitable
for airframe propulsion integration.
A new design method named osculating general curved
cone (OCC) method is presented in this paper for practical
waverider design which can satisfy the geometric needs and

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 Design and analysis osculating general curved cone waverider Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology: An International Journal
Xuzhao He, Jialing Le and Si Qin Volume 89 · Number 6 · 2017 · 797–803

Figure 2 MOC design result of a Mach 6 to Mach 4 curved cone properly adjusting ␾, n and ␪. The parameters of the ICC
curve are defined as ␾ ⫽ 2, n ⫽ 2 and ␪ ⫽ 0.6 presently.
The FCT line uses a straight line connected to a quintic
curve to generate. Its shape is shown in Figure 3 and the
formulas are shown below:

y ⫽ H x ⱕ L in DC section (2)

y ⫽ ax5 ⫹ bx4 ⫹ cx3 ⫹ bx2 ⫹ ex ⫹ f in CB section (3)

Where a, b, c, d, e and f are quintic curve’s coefficients which

can be determined by geometric information at point S1 and
S2. H is the height between ICC and FCT at symmetry plane.
The straight line’s length L is set to 0.1 H. The quintic curve
has zero first-order derivation and zero curvature at point S1.
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Its first-order derivation and curvature at point S2 are ⫺1.0

and 0.1, respectively.
isotropic compression fan is set to 4.0. The transition section Then, the curvature center of an arbitrary point, such as
QC for this specific design case is a straight line tangent with point A, on ICC can be found, which is A’. An osculating
the isotropic compression section. The curved cone flow plane AA’ can be generated, as shown in Figure 4. Osculating
field’s Mach number contour and MOC design grid are shown plane is a vertical plane which is perpendicular with the
in Figure 2. waverider’s exit plane. The osculating plane AA’ intersects
with the FCT curve at point D in waverider’s exit plane.
Osculating general curved cone waverider Figure 5 shows the design procedures in the osculating plan.
design method In the osculating plane AA’, the designed curved cone is used
Many articles have introduced OC waverider design method as the osculating flow field. The inviscid similarity law is used
(Sobieczky et al., 1990; Chauffor et al., 2004). In OC method, to scale the designed curved cone flow field to match with the
the waverider’s inlet captured curve (ICC) and front captured geometrical size which is defined in the osculating plane. Such
tube (FCT) are defined first in the waverider’s exit plane. as the corresponding points A-B-C-D-A’ must match with
Second, osculating planes are generated along ICC. Third, in each other in Figures 4 and 5. Then, as shown in Figure 5, a
an osculating plane, streamline is traced in a straight conical horizontal line stretches out from point D and intersects with
flow field. Combining all streamlines which have been the initial straight shock OA at D’. After that, a streamline is
obtained in the osculating plane, OC waverider’s compression traced from the leading edge point D’ until the exit of the
surface is generated. Normally, waverider’s upper surface uses
the free stream surface. The difference between OCC and OC Figure 4 Design sketch map in the waverider’s exit plane
methods is that OCC method uses the designed curved cone
as the osculating flow field. And the similarity law for the
inviscid basic flow field is used in different osculating planes.
For the OCC waverider design method, ICC and FCT
curves are defined in the OCC waverider’s exit plane first.
Actually, any second derivatives continuity curves can be used
as the ICC. For a specific example, ICC is defined as a super
elliptic curve. The definition of ICC is shown as Equation (1)
and ICC’s shape is shown in Figure 3:

x ⫽ ␾共cos (␪)兲2/n y ⫽ 共sin (␪)兲2/n (1)

␾ is the ratio of long to short axis and n is exponent of super

ellipse. A reasonable shock shape curve can generated by

Figure 3 Sketch map of ICC and FCT curves in waverider exit plane
Figure 5 Design sketch map in the osculating plane AA’
y
L
S1 FCT

H
S2
x
ICC

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 Design and analysis osculating general curved cone waverider Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology: An International Journal
Xuzhao He, Jialing Le and Si Qin Volume 89 · Number 6 · 2017 · 797–803

curved cone flow field. This streamline forms the waverider’s Figure 8 pressure contour in exit plane of the designed OCC
lower surface in the osculating plan AA’. waverider
Repeating the previous procedures along ICC point by
point, the entire OCC waverider’s compression surface is
generated. The free stream surface is used as the upper surface
of OCC waverider. Figure 6 shows the three side views of a
designed OCC waverider.

Flow field structure analysis of osculating

general curved cone waverider
CFD software AHL3D (He et al., 2006) is used to simulate
the designed waverider’s inviscid aerodynamic characteristics. Figure 9 The OCC waverider and its three dimensional shock wave
AHL3D can simulate two-dimensional, axisymmetric or
three-dimensional Euler or Navier–Stocks equations on
structured multi-block grids. A variety of robust upwind
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schemes can be used for inviscid flux construction. The

working fluid can be simulated as a calorically perfect single
component gas or a mixture of thermally perfect gas.
The simulation is conducted at design condition, which is
Mach number 6, zero angle of attack. Simulation results will
be compared with design ones to verify OCC waverider’s
design method. Figure 7 shows the CFD simulation grids.
Structured grids with four blocks and totally 3.2 million points Figure 10 Mach number contour in symmetry plane of the
are used in present simulation. designed OCC waverider
In Figure 8, pressure contour in the OCC waverider’s exit
plane is shown. Figure 9 shows the waverider’s
three-dimensional shock wave structure which is generated by
the iso-pressure surface of CFD simulation result. Above
results show that the three-dimensional shock wave attaches
with the OCC waverider’s side edge closely. The shock wave
attachment characteristic of the waverider is show clearly from
those two figures.
Figure 10 is the Mach number contour in OCC waverider’s
symmetric plane. The flow field structure in symmetric plane

Figure 6 Three sides view of the designed OCC waverider

is identical with the basic curved cone’s flow field structure.

The initial compression shock and isentropic compression
wave can be seen clearly in waverider’s symmetry plane.
Figure 11 shows the pressure contour (p/p⬁) comparison
between the CFD simulation and theoretical design results on
the OCC waverider’s compression surface. The pressure

Figure 11 Comparison of the waverider’s compression surface

pressure contour (p/p⬁) between the CFD simulation and theoretical
Figure 7 CFD calculation grid of the designed OCC design result (top view)

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 Design and analysis osculating general curved cone waverider Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology: An International Journal
Xuzhao He, Jialing Le and Si Qin Volume 89 · Number 6 · 2017 · 797–803

contours of the design result are interpolated from the traced OCC and OC waveriders. For comparing OC and OCC
streamlines in the basic curved cone’s flow field. The design waverider, the same ICC and FCT curves are used which have
result is almost identical with the CFD simulation result. been defined in Section 3. A straight cone with 10 degree cone
From Chauffor and Lewis (2004), the azimuthal pressure angle is used as the basic flow field for the OC waverider
gradients along the waverider’s osculating plane are negligible design, which has the same cone angle as the straight part of
at high Mach number. Even in low supersonic speed, the curved cone which has been defined in Section 2. The
osculating method still can generate a general waverider which OCC waverider studied in the present paper is used as the
can isolate the high pressure gas in waverider’s compression counterpart for comparison.
surface. Figure 12 is the back view of the comparison results First, from the geometrical point of view, as shown in
between design and simulation pressure contours (p/p⬁) in Figure 14, the OCC waverider is more plump than OC
OCC waverider’s exit plane and compression surface. The waverider. The OCC waverider has a convex compression
shock wave’s size and structure, the pressure contours’ surface and its structure is realizable. The OC waverider has an
distribution and value are almost identical in design and inner concave surface and its structure is difficult to realize. OCC
simulation condition. waverider looks more like a practical vehicle’s airframe or
Figure 13 is the front view of wall surface streamlines and forebody than OC waverider.
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osculating planes in the waverider’s compression surface. The Figure 15 is the Mach number contour’s comparison
solid lines in this figure indicate the streamlines drawing from between OC and OCC waverider on their compression
the CFD computational result, while the dashed lines are the surfaces and exit planes. From this figure, OC waverider can
theoretical streamlines which overlap with the osculating compress incoming flow from Mach number 6 to Mach
planes. From Figure 11, the pressure distribution on number 5.0 ⬃ 5.1. The compressed Mach number varies from
waverider’s compression surface decreases from center to side 5.0 to 5.1. The OCC waverider compresses the Mach number
edge. So small azimuthal pressure gradients will appear on 6 incoming flow to Mach number 4.0 ⬃ 3.98 at its exit. Its
waverider’s compression surface, and consequently, the compressed Mach number varies from 3.98 to 4.0. Those
streamlines move slightly outward to the side edge. Actually, results show that the OCC waverider has better compression
the flow is not totally axisymmetric in the osculating plane and ability and flow uniformity than OC waverider.
the streamlines will not stay in the osculating plane exactly. Figure 16 is the comparison between the OC and OCC
Instead, the streamlines stray away from the high pressure waverider’s pressure contour (p/p⬁) on their compression
region into the low pressure region; however, the deflection of surface and exit plane. We can see that OC waverider can
the streamlines from the osculating planes is small. All those produce around 2.5 times static pressure rise in its exit plane.
above results have proven that present OCC waverider design But the OCC waverider has around 10 times static pressure
method is theoretically correct. rise at the same place. Obviously, OCC waverider has stronger
flow compression ability than OC wavrider, and it can provide
Comparison between osculating cone and suitable compressed incoming flow for inlet’s inner
osculating general curved cone waverider compression section. OCC waverider will be a suitable
forebody for waverider inlet integration.
Having introduced an innovative waverider design method Figure 17 is the comparison between OC and OCC
above, we want to know what are the differences between waverider’s Mach number contour in their symmetry plane.
Their symmetry plane’s flow field structures give clear
Figure 12 Comparison of exit plane and waverider compression
surface pressure contour (p/p⬁) between the CFD simulation and Figure 14 Three dimensinal view of the OC and OCC waverider
theoretical design results (back view)

Figure 15 Comparison of mach number contour on waveriders low

Figure 13 Front view of streamlines and osculating planes along
surface and exit
the lower surface of the designed OCC waverider

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 Design and analysis osculating general curved cone waverider Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology: An International Journal
Xuzhao He, Jialing Le and Si Qin Volume 89 · Number 6 · 2017 · 797–803

Figure 16 Comparison of pressure contour (p/p⬁) on waveriders Conclusion

low surface and exit plane
The design method of OCC waverider has been introduced
in present papers. OCC waverider uses general curved cone
as the osculating flow field. Osculating and streamline
tracing methods are used to generate the OCC waverider
when the inlet capture curve and front capture tube are
defined. Based on the study of present paper, there are
several advantages for this kind of waverider: 1. OCC
waverider has good volumetric characteristics. Using the
same inlet capture curve and front capture tube curves, the
OCC waverider has bigger volume than OC waverider.
Figure 17 Comparison of Mach number contour on OC and OCC The OCC waverider looks more like a structure realizable
waveriders’ symmetry plane waverider. 2. OCC waverider has good flow compression
abilities. OCC waverider can compress incoming flow to
required flow conditions with high total pressure recovery
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in the waverider’s exit plane. The flow uniformity in the

waverider exit plane is quite well. The high and qualified
flow compression ability can provide qualified compressed
gas for hypersonic air-breathing vehicle’s inlet. From above
indications, we can draw a conclusion that OCC waverider
can be a practical high performance airframe/forebody for
hypersonic vehicles in the near future.

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 Design and analysis osculating general curved cone waverider Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology: An International Journal
Xuzhao He, Jialing Le and Si Qin Volume 89 · Number 6 · 2017 · 797–803

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Corresponding author
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Paper 92-0305. Xuzhao He can be contacted at: hexuzhao@sina.com

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