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Introduction to Internet of Things
● Comprises things that have unique identities and are
connected to the internet.
● Existing devices (computers and mobile phones) are already
connected
● Connecting devices or things , that are traditionally not
associated with the Internet
● These include devices such as thermostats, utility meters, a
blue tooth- connected headset, irrigation pumps and sensor or
control circuits for an electric car’s engine

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Introduction to Internet of Things
● Not limited to just connected things
● Extract and create information from lower level data by
filtering, processing , categorizing, condensing and
contextualizing the data.
● Infer knowledge about the system and or its user, it's
environment and its operations and progress towards its
objectives, allowing a smarter performance

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Introduction to Internet of Things
Definition
A dynamic global network infrastructure with self configuring
based on standard and interoperable communication protocols
where physical and virtual “things” have identified, physical
attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces,
often communicate data associated with users and their
environment

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Characteristics
● Dynamic and self-Adapting
IoT devices and systems may have the capability to dynamically
adapt with the changing contexts and take actions based on their
operating condition.
Ex: Surveillance cameras can adapt their modes based on whether
it is day or night - visible/IR - change resolution….

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Characteristics
● Self – Configuring
IoT devices may have self-Configuring capability allowing a
large number of devices to work together to provide certain
functionality . N/W settings, S/W uprades….
● Interoperable communication protocols:
IoT Devices may support a number of interoperable
communication protocols and can communicate with other
devices and also with the infrastructure

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Characteristics
● Unique Identity:
Each IoT devices has a unique identity and a unique identifier
(IP address or URI -Uniform Resource Identifier).
IoT systems may have intelligent interfaces which adapt based
on the context, allow communication with users and the
environment contexts

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Characteristics
● Integrated into information network:
IoT devices are usually integrated into the information network
that allows them to communicate and exchange data with
other devices and systems.

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Physical Design of IoT

● Things of IoT
➔ Refers to IoT devices which have unique identities and can
perform remote sensing, Actuating and monitoring capabilities
➔ Exchange data with other connected devices and applications
(directly or indirectly)
➔ Collect data from other devices and process the data locally or

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Physical Design of IoT

● Things of IoT
➔ Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based application
back-ends for processing the data
➔ Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT
infrastructure, based on temporal and space constraints

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Generic block diagram of an IoT Device

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IoT Protocols

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Physical Design of IoT

● Link Layer
➔ How the data is physically sent over the networks physical layer
or medium - wired/wireless - copper wire (UTP), coaxial cable,
OFC, RF…
➔ How the packets are coded and signaled by the hardware
device over the medium to which the host is attached

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Link Layer

● 802.3 Ethernet
➔ Collections of wired Ethernet standards
➔ Standards provide data rates from 10 Mb/s to 40 gigabits per
second
➔ The shared medium in Ethernet can be a coaxial cable , twisted
pair wire or and Optical fiber
➔ Shared medium carries the communication for all the devices
on the network.

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Link Layer

● 802.1- WI-FI
➔ collections of wireless Local area network.(WLAN)
communication standards
➔ Includes extensive descriptions of the link layer - frequency ,
speed, multiple access techniques etc
➔ IEEE 802.11a- 5 GHz, 54 Mbps
➔ IEEE 802.11b - 2.4 GHz, 11 Mbps
➔ IEEE 802.11g - 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz, 600 Mbps
➔ IEEE 802.11ac, IEEE 802.11ax…

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Link Layer

● 802.16 wiMAX
➔ Worldwide Inter-operability for Microwave Access
➔ Wireless MAN technology
➔ wireless broadband communications technology
➔ provide higher data rates with increased coverage
➔ data rates from from 1.5 Mb/s to 1Gb/s

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Link Layer

● 802.15.4 LR-WPAN
➔ collections of standard for low rate wireless personal area
network
➔ provide data rates from 40 k b/ s - 250 kb/s
➔ provide low cost and low speed Communications for power
constrained devices.
➔ Eg. Zigbee

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Link Layer

● 2G / 3G / 4G mobile communications
➔ Different generations of mobile communication standards
➔ 2G- GSM and CDMA
➔ 3G- UMTS and CDMA2000
➔ 4G - LTE
➔ 9kbps to 100mbps

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Network / internet layer

➔ Responsible for sending of IP datagrams from the source

network to the destination network
➔ Host addressing and packet routing based on IPv4 or IPv6
➔ The datagrams contains a source and destination address which
are used to route them from the source to the destination
across multiple networks
➔ IPv4 - 32 bi and IPv6 - 128 bit
➔ 6LoWPAN - IPv6 over Low-power Wireless Personal Area
Networks -low power, limited processing capability devices. 2.4
➔ GHz data transfer rate of upto 50 kb/s.

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Transport layer

➔ Responsible for sending of IP datagrams from the source

network to the destination network
➔ End-to-end message transfer capability independent of the
underlying network
➔ Either using handshake or without handshake
acknowledgements
➔ Provides functions such as error control , segmentation, flow
control and congestion control.

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Transport layer

TCP - Transmission control protocol

➔ Responsible for transferring IP packet form source m/c to
destination m/c
➔ TCP ensures reliable transmissions of packets in order
➔ Connection Oriented and stateful protocol
➔ Provide flow control (match Tx/Rx data handling rate), error
detection, duplicate packet handling etc
➔ Need more overhead packets/bits

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Transport layer

UDP - User Datagram Protocol

➔ Connectionless protocol for end to end packet delivery
➔ Need less overhead bit as no connection establishing
➔ Does not provide guaranteed delivery, ordering of messages
and duplicate eliminations - unreliable

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Application layer

➔ Define how the application interfaces with the lower layer

➔ Converting files to smaller data units by encapsulation
➔ Enables process-to-process connection using ports - each
process is assigned a port number
HTTP
➔ Hypertext transfer protocol is the application layer protocol
that forms the foundations of world wide web
➔ Client - server communicates with http commands
➔ Works on TCP

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Application layer

CoAP -Constrained application protocol

➔ Protocol for machine to machine application meant for
constrained environment with constrained devices and
constrained networks
➔ Like HTTP CoAP is a web transfer protocol and uses a request-
response model
➔ Runs on top of UDP due to constraints

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Application layer

Websocket
➔ Websocket protocol allows full duplex communication over a
single socket connections for sending message between client
and server.
➔ Based on TCP and Allows streams of messages to be sent back
and forth between the client and server while keeping the TCP
connection open.
➔ The client can be a browser, a mobile application and IoT device

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Application layer

MQTT :Message Queue Telemetry Transport

➔ It is a lightweight message protocol based on publish -
subscribe model -publisher send the information only once and
server retransmits to the subscriber
➔ An IOT device sends it message to MQTT broker The broker
forward the message to the clients subscribed
➔ Suited for constrained environments and devices
➔ Need less bandwidth

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Application layer

XMPP: Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol

➔ It is a protocol for real-time communication and streaming XML
(Extensible Markup Language) data between network entities.
➔ Supports messaging, presence, data syndication, gaming
multiparty chat and voice / voice calls
➔ Uses client-server architecture and is decentralized

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Application layer

DDS: Data distribution service

➔ It is the data centric middleware standard for device to device
machine to machine communication
➔ Uses a publish - subscribe model
➔ DDS provide quality of service (QoS) control and configurable
reliability

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Application layer

AMQP: Advanced Message Queuing protocols

➔ It is an open application layer protocol for business messaging.
➔ Support point to point and publish - subscribe model routing
and queuing.
➔ AMQP broker receive message from publishers example
devices or applications that generate data and about them over
connections to consumers publishers publish the message to
exchange which then distribute message copies to queues.

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Logical Design of IoT

➔ Logical design of an IoT system refers to an abstract

representation of the entities and process without going into
low level specification of the implementations

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Logical Design of IoT

IoT functional blocks

➔ Devices: An IoT system comprises of the devices that provide
sensing, actuation, monitoring and control function
➔ Communication: communication block handle the
communication systems existing between units
➔ Services : Includes services for device monitoring ,device
control services ,data publishing services and services for
device discovery

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Logical Design of IoT

IoT functional blocks

➔ Management: Functional blocks provide various functions to
govern the IoT system
➔ Security: Provides functions such as application authorization
message and content integrity and data security.
➔ Application: IoT application provides and interface that the
user can used to control and monitor various aspects of the IoT
system. Application also allow users to view the system status
and view or analyze the processed to data

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IoT communication model

Request response Model

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IoT communication model

Request response Model

➔ Client sends request to the server and the server responds to
the requests
➔ When the server receives a request, it decides how to respond,
fetches the data, retrieves resource representations, prepares
the response, and then sends the response to the client
➔ It is a stateless communication model (server need not retain
the information of a session) - each request response pair is
independent of others.

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IoT communication model

Publish - Subscribe model

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IoT communication model

Publish - Subscribe model

➔ It is a communication model that involve Publishers, brokers
and consumers
➔ Publishers are the source of data and send the data to the
topics which are managed by the broker
➔ Publishers are not aware of the consumers
➔ Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by the
broker
➔ When the broker receives data for a topic from the publisher, it
sends the data to all the subscribed consumers

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IoT communication model

Push-Pull communication model

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IoT communication model

Push-Pull communication model

➔ Data producers push the data to queues and the consumers
pull the data from the queues
➔ Producers do not need to be aware of the consumers
➔ Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the
producers and consumers
➔ Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations when
there is a mismatch between the rate at which the producers
push data and the rate at which the consumers pull data

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IoT communication model

Exclusive Pair
Communication
model

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IoT communication model

Exclusive Pair communication model

➔ Bidirectional, fully duplex communication model that uses a
persistent connection between the client and server
➔ Once the connection is setup it remains open until the client
sends a request to close the connection.
➔ Client and server can send messages to each other after
connection setup
➔ It is a stateful Communications model and the server is aware
of all the open connections

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IoT communication APIs

REST- based communication API

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IoT communication APIs

REST- based communication API

➔ Application Programming Interface (API)
➔ Representational State Transfer(REST)
➔ follow the request- response communication model
➔ A set of architectural principles by which web service and Web
API can be designed that focus on a system resources and how
resources states and addressed the transferred
➔ The REST architectural constraints apply to the components,
connectors, and data elements, within a distributed
hypermedia system

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IoT communication APIs

WebSocket-based Communication APIs

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IoT enabling Technologies

It is enabled by several Technologies including wireless sensor

networks, cloud computing, big Data Analytics, embedded
system, security protocols and architectures, communication
protocols, web service, mobile internet and semantic search
engine

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IoT enabling Technologies

wireless sensor
network

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IoT enabling Technologies

wireless sensor network

➔ Comprise of distributed devices with the sensor which are used
to monitor the environmental and physical conditions
➔ Consists of a number of end nodes, routers and a coordinator
➔ End nodes have several sensors attached to them.
➔ End node can also act as a routers.
➔ Routers are responsible for routing the data packet from end
nodes to the coordinator.
➔ The coordinator node collect the data from all the notes
coordinator also act as a Gateway that connects the WSN to the
internet
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IoT enabling Technologies

wireless sensor network

➔ Weather monitoring system using WSN in which the nodes
collect temperature, humidity and other data which is
aggregated and analyzed
➔ Indoor air quality monitoring system using WSN to collect data
on the indoor air quality and connections of various gases
➔ Smart grid use wireless sensor network for monitoring the grid
at various point

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IoT enabling Technologies

Cloud computing
➔ It is a transformative computing paradigm that involves
delivering applications and services over the internet
➔ It involves provisioning of computing, networking and storage
resources on demand and providing these resources as
metered services to the users, in a “ pay as you go” model

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IoT enabling Technologies

Cloud computing
➔ Infrastructure as a service(IAAS) - provides the user the ability
provision computing and storage resources
➔ Platform as a service(PaaS)- provides the user the ability to
develop and deploy application in the cloud using the
deployment tool
➔ Software as a service(SaaS)- Provide the user a complete
software applications of the user interface to the application
itself

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IoT enabling Technologies

Big Data Analytics

➔ It is defined as collections of data set whose volume, velocity in
(terms of its temporal variations )or variety, is so large that it is
difficult to store, manage, process and analyze the data using
traditional database and data processing tools
➔ Big Data Analytics involving several steps starting from Data
cleaning data munging data processing and visualization.
➔ Eg weather monitoring stations, Location tracking of vehicle,
retail inventory monitoring system etc

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IoT enabling Technologies

Communications protocol:
Communications protocols form the backbone of IoT system
and enable network connectivity and coupling to applications.
Communications protocols allow device to exchange data over
the network. These protocols define the data exchange formats
and data encoding schemes for devices and routing of packets
from source to destination. Other function of the protocol
include sequence control flow control and transmissions of Lost
packet

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IoT enabling Technologies

Embedded systems
An Embedded system is computer system that has computer
hardware and software embedded perform specific task. In
contrast to general purpose computers or personal computers
which can perform various types of tasks, embedded systems
are designed to perform a specific set of tasks.
Microcontroller, memory, N/w units, I/O devices

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IoT levels and Deployment Templates

IoT system components:

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IoT levels and Deployment Templates

IoT Level-1
➔ single node/device that performs sensing and/or actuation,
stores data, performs analysis and hosts the application
➔ systems are suitable for modeling low- cost and low-
complexity solutions where the data involved is not big and the
analysis requirements are not computationally intensive.
➔ No involvement of cloud
➔ Eg. controlling the lights or appliances

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IoT levels

IoT Level-1

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IoT levels

IoT Level-1

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IoT levels and Deployment Templates

IoT Level-2
➔ Has a single node that performs sensing and/or actuation and
local analysis.
➔ Data is stored in the cloud and application is usually cloud-
based
➔ Level-2 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where the data
involved is big, however, the primary analysis requirement is
not computationally intensive and can be done locally itself
➔ Eg. Cloud based irrigation systems

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IoT levels
IoT Level-2
➔ Cloud used for data storage but
Analysis locally

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IoT levels
IoT Level-2

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IoT levels
IoT Level-3
➔ Has a single node.
➔ Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud and application is
cloud- based.
➔ Systems are suitable for solutions where the data involved is
big and the analysis requirements are computationally
intensive.

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IoT levels
IoT Level-3

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IoT levels
IoT Level-4
➔ Has multiple nodes that perform local analysis. Data is stored
in the cloud and application is cloud-based
➔ contains local and cloud- based observer nodes which can
subscribe to and receive information collected in the cloud
from IoT devices
➔ suitable for solutions where multiple nodes are required, the
data involved is big and the analysis requirements are
computationally intensive

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IoT levels
IoT Level-4

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IoT levels
IoT Level-5
➔ Has multiple end nodes and one coordinator node
➔ The end nodes perform sensing and/or actuation
➔ Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud and application is
cloud-based
➔ Suitable for solutions based on wireless sensor networks, in
which the data involved is big and the analysis requirements
are computationally intensive

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IoT levels
IoT Level-5

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IoT levels
IoT Level-5

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IoT levels
IoT Level-6
➔ has multiple independent end nodes that perform sensing
and/or actuation and send data to the cloud
➔ Data is stored in the cloud and application is cloud-based.
➔ The analytics component analyzes the data and stores the
results in the cloud database
➔ The results are visualized with the cloud-based application
➔ The centralized controller is aware of the status of all the end
nodes and sends control commands to the nodes

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IoT levels
IoT Level-6

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