CHP 3
CHP 3
CHP 3
3
COSTVOLUMEPROFIT ANALYSIS
NOTATION USED IN CHAPTER 3 SOLUTIONS
SP: Selling price
VCU: Variable cost per unit
CMU: Contribution margin per unit
FC: Fixed costs
TOI: Target operating income
32 The assumptions underlying the CVP analysis outlined in Chapter 3 are
1. Changes in the level of revenues and costs arise only because of changes in the number
of product (or service) units sold.
2. Total costs can be separated into a fixed component that does not vary with the units sold
and a component that is variable with respect to the units sold.
3. When represented graphically, the behavior of total revenues and total costs are linear
(represented as a straight line) in relation to units sold within a relevant range and time
period.
4. The selling price, variable cost per unit, and fixed costs are known and constant.
33 Operating income is total revenues from operations for the accounting period minus cost
of goods sold and operating costs (excluding income taxes):
Costs of goods sold and operating
Operating income = Total revenues from operations – costs (excluding income taxes)
Net income is operating income plus nonoperating revenues (such as interest revenue)
minus nonoperating costs (such as interest cost) minus income taxes. Chapter 3 assumes
nonoperating revenues and nonoperating costs are zero. Thus, Chapter 3 computes net income
as:
Net income = Operating income – Income taxes
34 Contribution margin is the difference between total revenues and total variable costs.
Contribution margin per unit is the difference between selling price and variable cost per unit.
Contributionmargin percentage is the contribution margin per unit divided by selling price.
35 Three methods to express CVP relationships are the equation method, the contribution
margin method, and the graph method. The first two methods are most useful for analyzing
operating income at a few specific levels of sales. The graph method is useful for visualizing the
effect of sales on operating income over a wide range of quantities sold.
31
36 Breakeven analysis denotes the study of the breakeven point, which is often only an
incidental part of the relationship between cost, volume, and profit. Costvolumeprofit
relationship is a more comprehensive term than breakeven analysis.
37 CVP certainly is simple, with its assumption of output as the only revenue and cost
driver, and linear revenue and cost relationships. Whether these assumptions make it simplistic
depends on the decision context. In some cases, these assumptions may be sufficiently accurate
for CVP to provide useful insights. The examples in Chapter 3 (the software package context in
the text and the travel agency example in the Problem for SelfStudy) illustrate how CVP can
provide such insights. In more complex cases, the basic ideas of simple CVP analysis can be
expanded.
38 An increase in the income tax rate does not affect the breakeven point. Operating income
at the breakeven point is zero, and no income taxes are paid at this point.
310 Examples include:
Manufacturing––substituting a robotic machine for hourly wage workers.
Marketing––changing a sales force compensation plan from a percent of sales dollars to
a fixed salary.
Customer service––hiring a subcontractor to do customer repair visits on an annual
retainer basis rather than a pervisit basis.
311 Examples include:
Manufacturing––subcontracting a component to a supplier on a perunit basis to avoid
purchasing a machine with a high fixed depreciation cost.
Marketing––changing a sales compensation plan from a fixed salary to percent of sales
dollars basis.
Customer service––hiring a subcontractor to do customer service on a pervisit basis
rather than an annual retainer basis.
312 Operating leverage describes the effects that fixed costs have on changes in operating
income as changes occur in units sold, and hence, in contribution margin. Knowing the degree of
operating leverage at a given level of sales helps managers calculate the effect of fluctuations in
sales on operating incomes.
313 CVP analysis is always conducted for a specified time horizon. One extreme is a very
shorttime horizon. For example, some vacation cruises offer deep price discounts for people
who offer to take any cruise on a day’s notice. One day prior to a cruise, most costs are fixed.
The other extreme is several years. Here, a much higher percentage of total costs typically is
variable.
32
CVP itself is not made any less relevant when the time horizon lengthens. What happens
is that many items classified as fixed in the short run may become variable costs with a longer
time horizon.
314 A company with multiple products can compute a breakeven point by assuming there is a
constant sales mix of products at different levels of total revenue.
315 Yes, gross margin calculations emphasize the distinction between manufacturing and
nonmanufacturing costs (gross margins are calculated after subtracting fixed manufacturing
costs). Contribution margin calculations emphasize the distinction between fixed and variable
costs. Hence, contribution margin is a more useful concept than gross margin in CVP analysis.
3. Operating income is expected to increase by $200,000 if Ms. Schoenen’s proposal is
accepted.
The management would consider other factors before making the final decision. It is
likely that product quality would improve as a result of using state of the art equipment. Due to
increased automation, probably many workers will have to be laid off. Patel’s management will
have to consider the impact of such an action on employee morale. In addition, the proposal
increases the company’s fixed costs dramatically. This will increase the company’s operating
leverage and risk.
33
318 (35–40 min.) CVP analysis, changing revenues and costs.
FC $22,000
Q = =
CMU $45 per ticket
= 489 tickets (rounded up)
$32,000
=
$45 per ticket
= 712 tickets (rounded up)
FC $22,000
Q = =
CMU $51 per ticket
= 432 tickets (rounded up)
$32,000
=
$51 per ticket
= 628 tickets (rounded up)
FC $22,000
Q = =
CMU $19 per ticket
= 1,158 tickets (rounded up)
34
FC + TOI $22,000 + $10,000
3b. Q = =
CMU $19 per ticket
$32,000
=
$19 per ticket
= 1,685 tickets (rounded up)
The reduced commission sizably increases the breakeven point and the number of tickets
required to yield a target operating income of $10,000:
8%
Commission Fixed
(Requirement 2) Commission of $48
Breakeven point 432 1,158
Attain OI of $10,000 628 1,685
4a. The $5 delivery fee can be treated as either an extra source of revenue (as done below) or
as a cost offset. Either approach increases CMU $5:
SP = $53 ($48 + $5) per ticket
VCU = $29 per ticket
CMU = $53 – $29 = $24 per ticket
FC = $22,000 a month
FC $22,000
Q = =
CMU $24 per ticket
= 917 tickets (rounded up)
$32,000
=
$24 per ticket
= 1,334 tickets (rounded up)
The $5 delivery fee results in a higher contribution margin which reduces both the breakeven
point and the tickets sold to attain operating income of $10,000.
35
319 (20 min.) CVP exercises.
Budgeted
Variable Contribution Fixed Operating
Revenues Costs Margin Costs Income
Orig. $10,000,000 G $8,000,000 G $2,000,000 $1,800,000 G $200,000
1. 10,000,000 7,800,000 2,200,000 a 1,800,000 400,000
2. 10,000,000 8,200,000 1,800,000 b 1,800,000 0
3. 10,000,000 8,000,000 2,000,000 1,890,000 c 110,000
4. 10,000,000 8,000,000 2,000,000 1,710,000 d 290,000
5. 10,800,000 e 8,640,000 f 2,160,000 1,800,000 360,000
6. 9,200,000 g 7,360,000 h 1,840,000 1,800,000 40,000
7. 11,000,000 i 8,800,000 j 2,200,000 1,980,000 k 220,000
8. 10,000,000 7,600,000 l 2,400,000 1,890,000 m 510,000
G stands for given.
a $2,000,000 × 1.10 ; b $2,000,000 × 0.90; c $1,800,000 × 1.05; d $1,800,000 × 0.95; e $10,000,000 × 1.08;
f $8,000,000 × 1.08; g $10,000,000 × 0.92; h $8,000,000 × 0.92; i $10,000,000 × 1.10; j $8,000,000 × 1.10;
k $1,800,000 × 1.10; l $8,000,000 × 0.95; m $1,800,000 × 1.05
36
321 (10 min.) CVP analysis, income taxes.
37
322 (20–25 min.) CVP analysis, income taxes.
2.a. Customers needed to earn net income of $105,000:
Total revenues ¸ Sales check per customer
$1,000,000 ¸ $8 = 125,000 customers
b. Customers needed to break even:
Contribution margin per customer = $8.00 – $3.20 = $4.80
Breakeven number of customers = Fixed costs ¸ Contribution margin per customer
= $450,000 ¸ $4.80 per customer
= 93,750 customers
3. Using the shortcut approach:
æ Unit ö
æ Change in ö çcontribution ÷
Change in net income = çnumber of customers÷ ´ ç ÷ ´ (1 – Tax rate)
è ø
è margin ø
= (150,000 – 125,000) ´ $4.80 ´ (1 – 0.30)
= $120,000 ´ 0.7 = $84,000
New net income = $84,000 + $105,000 = $189,000
The alternative approach is:
Revenues, 150,000 ´ $8.00 $1,200,000
Variable costs at 40% 480,000
Contribution margin 720,000
Fixed costs 450,000
Operating income 270,000
Income tax at 30% 81,000
Net income $ 189,000
38
323 (30 min.) CVP analysis, sensitivity analysis.
VCU = $ 4.00 variable production and marketing cost
3.15 variable author royalty cost (0.15 ´ $21.00)
$ 7.15
CMU = $21.00 – $7.15 = $13.85 per copy
FC = $ 500,000 fixed production and marketing cost
3,000,000 upfront payment to Washington
$3,500,000
Solution Exhibit 323A shows the PV graph.
SOLUTION EXHIBIT 323A
PV Graph for Media Publishers
$4,000 FC = $3,500,000
CMU = $13.85 per book sold
3,000
2,000
Operating income (000’s)
1,000
0 Units sold
100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000
2,000
3,000
$3.5 million
4,000
39
2a.
Breakeven FC
number of units =
CMU
$3,500,000
=
$13.85
= 252,708 copies sold (rounded up)
FC + OI
2b. Target OI =
CMU
$3,500,000 + $2,000,000
=
$13.85
$5,500,000
=
$13.85
= 397,112 copies sold (rounded up)
3a. Decreasing the normal bookstore margin to 20% of the listed bookstore price of $30 has the
following effects:
CMU = $24.00 – $7.60 = $16.40 per copy
Breakeven FC
number of units = CMU
$3,500,000
=
$16.40
= 213,415 copies sold (rounded up)
The breakeven point decreases from 252,708 copies in requirement 2 to 213,415 copies.
3b. Increasing the listed bookstore price to $40 while keeping the bookstore margin at 30%
has the following effects:
CMU= $28.00 – $8.20 = $19.80 per copy
310
Breakeven $3,500,000
number of units =
$19.80
= 176,768 copies sold (rounded up)
The breakeven point decreases from 252,708 copies in requirement 2 to 176,768 copies.
3c. The answers to requirements 3a and 3b decrease the breakeven point relative to that in
requirement 2 because in each case fixed costs remain the same at $3,500,000 while the
contribution margin per unit increases.
311
325 (25 min.) Operating leverage.
1a. Let Q denote the quantity of carpets sold
Breakeven point under Option 1
$500Q - $350Q = $5,000
$150Q = $5,000
Q = $5,000 ¸ $150 = 34 carpets (rounded up)
1b. Breakeven point under Option 2
$500Q - $350Q - (0.10 ´ $500Q) = 0
100Q = 0
Q = 0
Find Q such that $150Q - $5,000 = $100Q
$50Q = $5,000
Q = $5,000 ¸ $50 = 100 carpets
Revenues = $500 × 100 carpets = $50,000
For Q = 100 carpets, operating income under both Option 1 and Option 2 = $10,000
For Q > 100, say, 101 carpets,
Option 1 gives operating income = ($150 ´ 101) - $5,000 = $10,150
Option 2 gives operating income = $100 ´ 101 = $10,100
So Color Rugs will prefer Option 1.
For Q < 100, say, 99 carpets,
Option 1 gives operating income = ($150 ´ 99) - $5,000 = $9,850
Option 2 gives operating income = $100 ´ 99 = $9,900
So Color Rugs will prefer Option 2.
Contributi on margin
3. Degree of operating leverage =
Operating income
$150 ´ 100
Under Option 1, degree of operating leverage = = 1.5
$10,000
$100 ´ 100
Under Option 2, degree of operating leverage = = 1.0
$10,000
4. The calculations in requirement 3 indicate that when sales are 100 units, a percentage
change in sales and contribution margin will result in 1.5 times that percentage change in
operating income for Option 1, but the same percentage change in operating income for Option
2. The degree of operating leverage at a given level of sales helps managers calculate the effect
of fluctuations in sales on operating incomes.
312
326 (15 min.) CVP analysis, international cost structure differences.
Requirement 1 Requirement 2
Thailand has the lowest breakeven point since it has both the lowest fixed costs ($4,500,000) and the
lowest variable cost per unit ($17.00). Hence, for a given selling price, Thailand will always have a
higher operating income (or a lower operating loss) than Singapore or the U.S.
The U.S. breakeven point is 1,200,000 units. Hence, with sales of only 800,000 units, it has an
operating loss of $4,000,000.
313
327 (30 min.) Sales mix, new and upgrade customers.
1.
New Upgrade
Customers Customers
SP $210 $120
VCU 90 40
CMU 120 80
Contribution margin of the bundle = 3 × $120 + 2 × $80 = $360 + $160 = $520
$14, 000,000
Breakeven point in bundles = = 26,923 bundles
$520
Breakeven point in units is:
Sales to new customers: 26,923 bundles × 3 units per bundle 80,769 units
Sales to upgrade customers: 26,923 bundles × 2 units per bundle 53,846 units
Total number of units to breakeven (rounded) 134,615 units
Alternatively,
Let S = Number of units sold to upgrade customers
1.5S = Number of units sold to new customers
Revenues – Variable costs – Fixed costs = Operating income
[$210 (1.5S) + $120S] – [$90 (1.5S) + $40S] – $14,000,000 = OI
$435S – $175S – $14,000,000 = OI
Breakeven point is 134,616 units when OI = 0 because
$260S = $14,000,000
S = 53,846 units sold to upgrade customers (rounded)
1.5S = 80,770 units sold to new customers (rounded)
BEP = 134,616 units
Check
Revenues ($210 ´ 80,770) + ($120 ´ 53,846) $23,423,220
Variable costs ($90 ´ 80,770) + ($40 ´ 53,846) 9,423,140
Contribution margin 14,000,080
Fixed costs 14,000,000
Operating income (caused by rounding) $ 80
314
2. When 200,000 units are sold, mix is:
3a. At New 50%/Upgrade 50% mix, each bundle contains 1 unit sold to new customer and 1
unit sold to upgrade customer.
Contribution margin of the bundle = 1 ´ $120 + 1 ´ $80 = $120 + $80 = $200
$14, 000,000
Breakeven point in bundles = = 70,000 bundles
$200
Breakeven point in units is:
Sales to new customers: 70,000 bundles × 1 unit per bundle 70,000 units
Sales to upgrade customers: 70,000 bundles × 1 unit per bundle 70,000 units
Total number of units to breakeven 140,000 units
Alternatively,
Let S = Number of units sold to upgrade customers
then S = Number of units sold to new customers
[$210S + $120S] – [$90S + $40S] – $14,000,000 = OI
330S – 130S = $14,000,000
200S = $14,000,000
S = 70,000 units sold to upgrade customers
S = 70,000 units sold to new customers
BEP = 140,000 units
Check
Revenues ($210 ´ 70,000) + ($120 ´ 70,000) $23,100,000
Variable costs ($90 ´ 70,000) + ($40 ´ 70,000) 9,100,000
Contribution margin 14,000,000
Fixed costs 14,000,000
Operating income $ 0
3b. At New 90%/ Upgrade 10% mix, each bundle contains 9 units sold to new customers and 1
unit sold to upgrade customers.
315
Alternatively,
Let S = Number of units sold to upgrade customers
then 9S= Number of units sold to new customers
[$210 (9S) + $120S] – [$90 (9S) + $40S] – $14,000,000 = OI
2,010S – 850S = $14,000,000
1,160S = $14,000,000
S = 12,069 units sold to upgrade customers (rounded up)
9S = 108,621 units sold to new customers (rounded up)
120,690 units
Check
Revenues ($210 ´ 108,621) + ($120 ´ 12,069) $24,258,690
Variable costs ($90 ´ 108,621) + ($40 ´ 12,069) 10,258,650
Contribution margin 14,000,040
Fixed costs 14,000,000
Operating income (caused by rounding) $ 40
3c. As Zapo increases its percentage of new customers, which have a higher contribution
margin per unit than upgrade customers, the number of units required to break even decreases:
Operating
= Revenues - æç
Cost of picture Quantity of ö æ Cost of Number of ö Fixed
1a. ´ ÷-ç ´ ÷ -
income è frames picture frames ø è shipment shipments ø costs
= ($45 ´ 40,000) - ($30 ´ 40,000) - ($60 ´ 1,000) - $240,000
= $1,800,000 - $1,200,000 - $60,000 - $240,000 = $300,000
Operating
1b. = ($45 ´ 40,000) - ($30 ´ 40,000) - ($60 ´ 800) - $240,000 = $312,000
income
2. Denote the number of picture frames sold by Q, then
$45Q - $30Q – (500 ´ $60) - $240,000 = 0
$15Q = $30,000 + $240,000 = $270,000
Q = $270,000 ¸ $15 = 18,000 picture frames
3. Suppose Susan had 1,000 shipments.
$45Q - $30Q - (1,000 ´ $60) - $240,000 = 0
15Q = $300,000
Q = 20,000 picture frames
The breakeven point is not unique because there are two cost drivers—quantity
of picture frames and number of shipments. Various combinations of the two cost
drivers can yield zero operating income.
316
329 (25 mins) CVP, Not for profit.
On financial considerations alone, SG should take the subsidy because it can purchase
500 more acres (6,500 acres – 6,000 acres).
3. Let the decrease in contributions be $x .
Cash available to purchase land = $19,000,000 – $x – $1,000,000
Cost to purchase land = $3,000 – $1,000 = $2,000
To purchase 6,000 acres, we solve the following equation for x .
19, 000,000 - x - 1,000,000
= 6,000
2,000
18,000,000 - x = 6,000 ´ 2, 000
18,000,000 - x = 12,000,000
x = $6,000, 000
SG will be indifferent between taking the government subsidy or not if contributions
decrease by $6,000,000.
317
330 (15 min.) Contribution margin, decision making.
$210,000
2. Contribution margin percentage = = 42%
$500,000
3. Incremental revenue (20% × $500,000) = $100,000
Incremental contribution margin
(42% × $100,000) $42,000
Incremental fixed costs (advertising) 10,000
Incremental operating income $32,000
Proof (Optional):
Revenues (120% × $500,000) $600,000
Cost of goods sold (40% of sales) 240,000
Gross margin 360,000
Operating costs:
Salaries and wages $150,000
Sales commissions (10% of sales) 60,000
Depreciation of equipment and fixtures 12,000
Store rent 48,000
Advertising 10,000
Other operating costs:
$40,000
Variable ( × $600,000) 48,000
$500,000
Fixed 10,000 338,000
Operating income $ 22,000
318
331 (20 min.) Contribution margin, gross margin and margin of safety.
1.
Mirabella Cosmetics
Operating Income Statement, June 2008
Units sold 10,000
Revenues $100,000
Variable costs
Variable manufacturing costs $ 55,000
Variable marketing costs 5,000
Total variable costs 60,000
Contribution margin 40,000
Fixed costs
Fixed manufacturing costs $ 20,000
Fixed marketing & administration costs 10,000
Total fixed costs 30,000
Operating income $ 10,000
$40,000
2. Contribution margin per unit = = $4 per unit
10,000 units
Fixed costs $30, 000
Breakeven quantity = = = 7,500 units
Contribution margin per unit $4 per unit
Revenues $100, 000
Selling price = = = $10 per unit
Units sold 10,000 units
Breakeven revenues = 7,500 units ´ $10 per unit = $75,000
Alternatively,
Contribution margin $40, 000
Contribution margin percentage = = = 40%
Revenues $100, 000
319
332 (30 min.) Uncertainty and expected costs.
Monthly Number of Orders Cost of Partially Automated System
300,000 $5,000,000 + $30(300,000) = $14,000,000
400,000 $5,000,000 + $30(400,000) = $17,000,000
500,000 $5,000,000 + $30(500,000) = $20,000,000
600,000 $5,000,000 + $30(600,000) = $23,000,000
700,000 $5,000,000 + $30(700,000) = $26,000,000
2. Current System Expected Cost:
$13,000,000 × 0.1 = $ 1,300,000
17,000,000 × 0.25 = 4,250,000
21,000,000 × 0.40 = 8,400,000
25,000,000 × 0.15 = 3,750,000
29,000,000 × 0.10 = 2,900,000
$ 20,600,000
Partially Automated System Expected Cost:
$14,000,000 × 0.1 = $ 1 ,400,000
17,000,000 × 0.25 = 4,250,000
20,000,000 × 0.40 = 8,000,000
23,000,000 × 0.15 = 3,450,000
26,000,000 × 0.1 = 2,600,000
$19,700,000
Fully Automated System Expected Cost:
$16,000,000 × 0.1 = $ 1,600,000
18,000,000 × 0.25 = 4,500,000
20,000,000 × 0.40 = 8,000,000
22,000,000 × 0.15 = 3,300,000
24,000,000 × 0.10 = 2,400,000
$19,800,000
320
3. Dawmart should consider the impact of the different systems on its relationship with suppliers.
The interface with Dawmart’s system may require that suppliers also update their systems. This
could cause some suppliers to raise the cost of their merchandise. It could force other suppliers to
drop out of Dawmart’s supply chain because the cost of the system change would be prohibitive.
Dawmart may also want to consider other factors such as the reliability of different systems and
the effect on employee morale if employees have to be laid off as it automates its systems.
Breakeven (units) = Fixed costs ÷ Contribution margin per package
$480,000
= = 1,200 tour packages
$400 per package
Revenue to achieve target income = (Fixed costs + target OI) ÷ Contribution margin ratio
$480,000 + $100,000
= = $5,800,000, or
0.10
$480,000 + $100,000
Number of tour packages to earn $100,000 operating income: = = 1,450 tour packages
$400
Revenues to earn $100,000 OI = 1,450 tour packages × $4,000 = $5,800,000.
3. Fixed costs = $480,000 + $24,000 = $504,000
Fixed costs
Breakeven (units) =
Contributi on margin per unit
Fixed costs
Contribution margin per unit =
Breakeven (units)
$504,000
= = $420 per tour package
1,200 tour packages
Desired variable cost per tour package = $4,000 – $420 = $3,580
Because the current variable cost per unit is $3,600, the unit variable cost will need to be reduced
by $20 to achieve the breakeven point calculated in requirement 1.
Alternate Method: If fixed cost increases by $24,000, then total variable costs must be reduced
by $24,000 to keep the breakeven point of 1,200 tour packages.
Therefore, the variable cost per unit reduction = $24,000 ÷ 1,200 = $20 per tour package
321
334 (30 min.) CVP, target income, service firm.
Fixed costs
Breakeven quantity =
Contributi on margin per child
$5,600
= = 14 children
$400
Fixed costs + Target operating income
2. Target quantity =
Contributi on margin per child
$5,600 + $ 10,400
= = 40 children
$400
Therefore, the fee per child will increase from $600 to $650.
Alternatively,
New fee per child = Variable costs per child + New contribution margin per child
= $200 + $450 = $650
322
335 (20–25 min.) CVP analysis.
Fixed costs $600,000
Breakeven point in units = = = 150,000 units
Contr. margin per unit $4.00
Margin of safety (units) = 200,000 – 150,000 = 50,000 units
2. Since Galaxy is operating above the breakeven point, any incremental contribution
margin will increase operating income dollar for dollar.
Increase in units sales = 10% × 200,000 = 20,000
Incremental contribution margin = $4 × 20,000 = $80,000
Therefore, the increase in operating income will be equal to $80,000.
Galaxy’s operating income in 2008 would be $200,000 + $80,000 = $280,000.
Target sales in dollars = $16 × 800,000 = $12,800,000
323
336 (30–40 min.) CVP analysis, income taxes.
Target net income
1. Revenues – Variable costs – Fixed costs =
1 - Tax rate
Let X = Net income for 2008
X
20,000($25.00) – 20,000($13.75) – $135,000 =
1 - 0.40
X
$500,000 – $275,000 – $135,000 =
0.60
$300,000 – $165,000 – $81,000 = X
X = $54,000
Alternatively,
Operating income = Revenues – Variable costs – Fixed costs
= $500,000 – $275,000 – $135,000 = $90,000
Income taxes = 0.40 × $90,000 = $36,000
Net income = Operating income – Income taxes
= $90,000 – $36,000 = $54,000
2. Let Q = Number of units to break even
$25.00Q – $13.75Q – $135,000 = 0
Q = $135,000 ¸ $11.25 = 12,000 units
3. Let X = Net income for 2009
X
22,000($25.00) – 22,000($13.75) – ($135,000 + $11,250) =
1 - 0.40
X
$550,000 – $302,500 – $146,250 =
0.60
X
$101,250 =
0.60
X = $60,750
4. Let Q = Number of units to break even with new fixed costs of $146,250
$25.00Q – $13.75Q – $146,250 = 0
Q = $146,250 ¸ $11.25 = 13,000 units
Breakeven revenues = 13,000 ´ $25.00 = $325,000
5. Let S = Required sales units to equal 2008 net income
$54,000
$25.00S – $13.75S – $146,250 =
0.60
$11.25S = $236,250
S = 21,000 units
Revenues = 21,000 units ´ $25 = $525,000
6. Let A = Amount spent for advertising in 2009
$60,000
$550,000 – $302,500 – ($135,000 + A) =
0.60
$550,000 – $302,500 – $135,000 – A = $100,000
$550,000 – $537,500 = A
A = $12,500
324
337 (25 min.) CVP, sensitivity analysis.
Contribution margin per corkscrew = $4 – 3 = $1
Fixed costs = $6,000
Units sold = Total sales ÷ Selling price = $40,000 ÷ $4 per corkscrew = 10,000 corkscrews
1. Sales increase 10%
Sales revenues 10,000 ´ 1.10 ´ $4.00 $44,000
Variable costs 10,000 ´ 1.10 ´ $3.00 33,000
Contribution margin 11,000
Fixed costs 6,000
Operating income $ 5,000
2. Increase fixed costs $2,000; Increase sales 50%
Sales revenues 10,000 ´ 1.50 ´ $4.00 $60,000
Variable costs 10,000 ´ 1.50 ´ $3.00 45,000
Contribution margin 15,000
Fixed costs ($6,000 + $2,000) 8,000
Operating income $ 7,000
3. Increase selling price to $5.00; Sales decrease 20%
Sales revenues 10,000 ´ 0.80 ´ $5.00 $40,000
Variable costs 10,000 ´ 0.80 ´ $3.00 24,000
Contribution margin 16,000
Fixed costs 6,000
Operating income $10,000
4. Increase selling price to $6.00; Variable costs increase $1 per corkscrew
Sales revenues 10,000 ´ $6.00 $60,000
Variable costs 10,000 ´ $4.00 40,000
Contribution margin 20,000
Fixed costs 6,000
Operating income $14,000
Alternative 4 yields the highest operating income. If TOP is confident that unit sales will not
decrease despite increasing the selling price, it should choose alternative 4.
325
338 (20–30 min.) CVP analysis, shoe stores.
3. Unit variable data (per pair of shoes)
Selling price $ 30.00
Cost of shoes 19.50
Sales commissions 0
Variable cost per unit $ 19.50
Annual fixed costs
Rent $ 60,000
Salaries, $200,000 + $81,000 281,000
Advertising 80,000
Other fixed costs 20,000
Total fixed costs $ 441,000
CMU, $30 – $19.50 $ 10.50
a. Breakeven units, $441,000 ¸ $10.50 per unit 42,000
b. Breakeven revenues, 42,000 units ´ $30 per unit $1,260,000
4. Unit variable data (per pair of shoes)
Selling price $ 30.00
Cost of shoes 19.50
Sales commissions 1.80
Variable cost per unit $ 21.30
Total fixed costs $ 360,000
CMU, $30 – $21.30 $ 8.70
a. Break even units = $360,000 ¸ $8.70 per unit 41,380 (rounded up)
b. Break even revenues = 41,380 units ´ $30 per unit $1,241,400
326
[10,000 pairs ´ ($1.50 + $0.30 per pair)] 18,000
Total variable costs $1,053,000
Contribution margin $ 447,000
Fixed costs 360,000
Operating income $ 87,000
Alternative approach:
Breakeven point in units = 40,000 pairs
Store manager receives commission of $0.30 on 10,000 (50,000 – 40,000) pairs.
Contribution margin per pair beyond breakeven point of 10,000 pairs = $8.70 ($30 – $21 – $0.30) per pair.
Operating income = 10,000 pairs ´ $8.70 contribution margin per pair = $87,000.
327
339 (30 min.) CVP analysis, shoe stores (continuation of 338).
Salaries + Commission Plan Higher Fixed Salaries Only
Difference in favor
No. of CM Fixed Operating CM Operating of higherfixed
units sold per Unit CM Costs Income per Unit CM Fixed Costs Income salaryonly
(1) (2) (3)=(1) ´ (2) (4) (5)=(3)–(4) (6) (7)=(1) ´ (6) (8) (9)=(7)–(8) (10)=(9)–(5)
40,000 $9.00 $360,000 $360,000 0 $10.50 $420,000 $441,000 $ (21,000) $(21,000)
42,000 9.00 378,000 360,000 18,000 10.50 441,000 441,000 0 (18,000)
44,000 9.00 396,000 360,000 36,000 10.50 462,000 441,000 21,000 (15,000)
46,000 9.00 414,000 360,000 54,000 10.50 483,000 441,000 42,000 (12,000)
48,000 9.00 432,000 360,000 72,000 10.50 504,000 441,000 63,000 (9,000)
50,000 9.00 450,000 360,000 90,000 10.50 525,000 441,000 84,000 (6,000)
52,000 9.00 468,000 360,000 108,000 10.50 546,000 441,000 105,000 (3,000)
54,000 9.00 486,000 360,000 126,000 10.50 567,000 441,000 126,000 0
56,000 9.00 504,000 360,000 144,000 10.50 588,000 441,000 147,000 3,000
58,000 9.00 522,000 360,000 162,000 10.50 609,000 441,000 168,000 6,000
60,000 9.00 540,000 360,000 180,000 10.50 630,000 441,000 189,000 9,000
62,000 9.00 558,000 360,000 198,000 10.50 651,000 441,000 210,000 12,000
64,000 9.00 576,000 360,000 216,000 10.50 672,000 441,000 231,000 15,000
66,000 9.00 594,000 360,000 234,000 10.50 693,000 441,000 252,000 18,000
328
1. See preceding table. The new store will have the same operating income under either
compensation plan when the volume of sales is 54,000 pairs of shoes. This can also be calculated
as the unit sales level at which both compensation plans result in the same total costs:
Let Q = unit sales level at which total costs are same forboth plans
$19.50Q + $360,000 + $ $81,000 = $21Q + $360,000
$1.50 Q = $81,000
Q = 54,000 pairs
2. When sales volume is above 54,000 pairs, the higherfixedsalaries plan results in lower
costs and higher operating incomes than the salarypluscommission plan. So, for an expected
volume of 55,000 pairs, the owner would be inclined to choose the higherfixedsalariesonly
plan. But it is likely that sales volume itself is determined by the nature of the compensation
plan. The salarypluscommission plan provides a greater motivation to the salespeople, and it
may well be that for the same amount of money paid to salespeople, the salarypluscommission
plan generates a higher volume of sales than the fixedsalary plan.
For the salaryonly plan,
$30.00TQ – $19.50TQ – $441,000 = $168,000
$10.50TQ = $609,000
TQ = $609,000 ÷ $10.50
TQ = 58,000 units
For the salarypluscommission plan,
$30.00TQ – $21.00TQ – $360,000 = $168,000
$9.00TQ = $528,000
TQ = $528,000 ÷ $9.00
TQ = 58,667 units (rounded up)
The decision regarding the salary plan depends heavily on predictions of demand. For
instance, the salary plan offers the same operating income at 58,000 units as the commission plan
offers at 58,667 units.
4. WalkRite Shoe Company
Operating Income Statement, 2008
329
340 (40 min.) Alternative cost structures, uncertainty, and sensitivity analysis.
Contribution margin assuming $10 per arrangement rental agreement
= $50 – $30 – $10 = $10 per bouquet
Fixed costs = $0
Breakeven point = $0 ÷ $10 per bouquet = 0
(i.e. EB makes a profit no matter how few bouquets it sells)
To calculate x we solve the following equation.
$50 x – $30 x – $5,000 = $50 x – $40 x
$20 x – $5,000 = $10 x
$10 x = $5,000
x = $5,000 ÷ $10 = 500 bouquets
For sales between 0 to 500 bouquets, EB prefers the royalty agreement because in this
range, $10 x > $20 x – $5,000. For sales greater than 500 bouquets, EB prefers the fixed
rent agreement because in this range, $20 x – $5,000 > $10 x .
3. If we assume the $5 savings in variable costs applies to both options, we solve the
following equation for x .
$50 x – $25 x – $5,000 = $50 x – $35 x
$25 x – $5,000 = $15 x
$10 x = $5,000
x = $5,000 ÷ $10 per bouquet = 500 bouquets
The answer is the same as in Requirement 2, that is, for sales between 0 to 500
bouquets, EB prefers the royalty agreement because in this range, $15 x > $25 x –
$5,000. For sales greater than 500 bouquets, EB prefers the fixed rent agreement
because in this range, $25 x – $5,000 > $15 x .
4. Fixed rent agreement:
Operating Expected
Bouquets Fixed Variable Income Operating
Sold Revenue Costs Costs (Loss) Probability Income
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)=(2)–(3)–(4) (6) (7)=(5) ´ (6)
200 200 ´ $50=$10,000 $5,000 200 ´ $30=$ 6,000 $ (1,000) 0.20 $ ( 200)
400 400 ´ $50=$20,000 $5,000 400 ´ $30=$12,000 $ 3,000 0.20 600
600 600 ´ $50=$30,000 $5,000 600 ´ $30=$18,000 $ 7,000 0.20 1,400
800 800 ´ $50=$40,000 $5,000 800 ´ $30=$24,000 $11,000 0.20 2,200
1,000 1,000 ´ $50=$50,000 $5,000 1,000 ´ $30=$30,000 $15,000 0.20 3,000
Expected value of rent agreement $7,000
330
Royalty agreement:
Bouquets Variable Operating Expected Operating
Sold Revenue Costs Income Probability Income
(1) (2) (3) (4)=(2)–(3) (5) (6)=(4) ´ (5)
200 200 ´ $50=$10,000 200 ´ $40=$ 8,000 $2,000 0.20 $ 400
400 400 ´ $50=$20,000 400 ´ $40=$16,000 $4,000 0.20 800
600 600 ´ $50=$30,000 600 ´ $40=$24,000 $6,000 0.20 1,200
800 800 ´ $50=$40,000 800 ´ $40=$32,000 $8,000 0.20 1,600
1,000 1,000 ´ $50=$50,000 1,000 ´ $40=$40,000 $10,000 0.20 2,000
Expected value of royalty agreement $6,000
EB should choose the fixed rent agreement because the expected value is higher than the royalty
agreement. EB will lose money under the fixed rent agreement if EB sells only 200 bouquets but
this loss is more than made up for by high operating incomes when sales are high.
341 (2030 min.) CVP, alternative cost structures.
Fixed costs + Target operating income
2. Target number of glasses =
Contribution margin per glass
$6 + $3
= = 30 glasses
$0.30
3. Contribution margin per glass = Selling price – Variable cost per glass
= $0.50 – $0.15 = $0.35
Fixed costs = $6 + $1.70 = $7.70
Fixed costs $7.70
Breakeven point = = = 22 glasses
Contribution margin per glass $0.35
331
342 (30 min.) CVP analysis, income taxes, sensitivity.
1a. To break even, Almo Company must sell 500 units. This amount represents the point
where revenues equal total costs.
Let Q denote the quantity of canopies sold.
Revenue = Variable costs + Fixed costs
$400Q = $200Q + $100,000
$200Q = $100,000
Q = 500 units
Breakeven can also be calculated using contribution margin per unit.
Contribution margin per unit = Selling price – Variable cost per unit = $400 – $200 = $200
Breakeven = Fixed Costs ¸ Contribution margin per unit
= $100,000 ¸ $200
= 500 units
1b. To achieve its net income objective, Almo Company must sell 2,500 units. This amount
represents the point where revenues equal total costs plus the corresponding operating income
objective to achieve net income of $240,000.
Revenue = Variable costs + Fixed costs + [Net income ÷ (1 – Tax rate)]
$400Q = $200Q + $100,000 + [$240,000 ¸ (1 - 0.4)]
$400 Q = $200Q + $100,000 + $400,000
Q = 2,500 units
2. To achieve its net income objective, Almo Company should select the first alternative
where the sales price is reduced by $40, and 2,700 units are sold during the remainder of the
year. This alternative results in the highest net income and is the only alternative that equals or
exceeds the company’s net income objective. Calculations for the three alternatives are shown
below.
Alternative 1
Revenues = ($400 ´ 350) + ($360 a ´ 2,700) = $1,112,000
Variable costs = $200 ´ 3,050 b = $610,000
Operating income = $1,112,000 - $610,000 - $100,000 = $402,000
Net income = $402,000 ´ (1 - 0.40) = $241,200
a $400 – $40; b 350 units + 2,700 units.
Alternative 2
Revenues = ($400 ´ 350) + ($370 c ´ 2,200) = $954,000
Variable costs = ($200 ´ 350) + ($190 d ´ 2,200) = $488,000
Operating income = $954,000 - $488,000 - $100,000 = $366,000
Net income = $366,000 ´ (1 - 0.40) = $219,600
c $400 – $30; d $200 – $10.
332
Alternative 3
Revenues = ($400 ´ 350) + ($380 e´ 2,000) = $900,000
Variable costs = $200 ´ 2,350 f = $470,000
Operating income = $900,000 - $470,000 - $90,000 g = $340,000
Net income = $340,000 ´ (1 - 0.40) = $204,000
e $400 – (0.05 ´ $400) = $400 – $20; f 350 units + 2,000 units; g $100,000 – $10,000
1. We can recast Marston’s income statement to emphasize contribution margin, and then use it
to compute the required CVP parameters.
Marston Corporation
Income Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, 2008
Using Sales Agents Using Own Sales Force
Revenues $26,000,000 $26,000,000
Variable Costs
Cost of goods sold—variable $11,700,000 $11,700,000
Marketing commissions 4,680,000 16,380,000 2,600,000 14,300,000
Contribution margin $9,620,000 $11,700,000
Fixed Costs
Cost of goods sold—fixed 2,870,000 2,870,000
Marketing—fixed 3,420,000 6,290,000 5,500,000 8,370,000
Operating income $3,330,000 $ 3,330,000
Contribution margin percentage
($9,620,000 ¸ 26,000,000;
$11,700,000 ¸ $26,000,000) 37% 45%
Breakeven revenues
($6,290,000 ¸ 0.37;
$8,370,000 ¸ 0.45) $17,000,000 $18,600,000
Degree of operating leverage
($9,620,000 ¸ $3,330,000;
$11,700,000 ¸ $3,330,000) 2.89 3.51
333
3. Variable costs of marketing = 15% of Revenues
Fixed marketing costs = $5,500,000
Variable Fixed
Operating income = Revenues - Variable - Fixed - marketing - marketing
manuf. costs manuf. costs
costs costs
Denote the revenues required to earn $3,330,000 of operating income by R, then
R - 0.45R - $2,870,000 - 0.15R - $5,500,000 = $3,330,000
R - 0.45R - 0.15R = $3,330,000 + $2,870,000 + $5,500,000
0.40R = $11,700,000
R = $11,700,000 ¸ 0.40 = $29,250,000
1. Sales of A, B, and C are in ratio 20,000 : 100,000 : 80,000. So for every 1 unit of A, 5
(100,000 ÷ 20,000) units of B are sold, and 4 (80,000 ÷ 20,000) units of C are sold.
Alternatively,
Let Q = Number of units of A to break even
5Q = Number of units of B to break even
4Q = Number of units of C to break even
Contribution margin – Fixed costs = Zero operating income
$3Q + $2(5Q) + $1(4Q) – $255,000 = 0
$17Q = $255,000
Q = 15,000 ($255,000 ÷ $17) units of A
5Q = 75,000 units of B
4Q = 60,000 units of C
Total = 150,000 units
334
2. Contribution margin:
A: 20,000 ´ $3 $ 60,000
B: 100,000 ´ $2 200,000
C: 80,000 ´ $1 80,000
Contribution margin $340,000
Fixed costs 255,000
Operating income $ 85,000
3. Contribution margin
A: 20,000 ´ $3 $ 60,000
B: 80,000 ´ $2 160,000
C: 100,000 ´ $1 100,000
Contribution margin $320,000
Fixed costs 255,000
Operating income $ 65,000
Alternatively,
Let Q = Number of units of A to break even
4Q = Number of units of B to break even
5Q = Number of units of C to break even
$3Q + $2(4Q) + $1(5Q) – $255,000 = 0
$16Q = $255,000
Q = 15,938 ($255,000 ÷ $16) units of A (rounded up)
4Q = 63,752 units of B
5Q = 79,690 units of C
Total = 159,380 units
Breakeven point increases because the new mix contains less of the higher contribution
margin per unit, product B, and more of the lower contribution margin per unit, product C.
335
345 (40 min.) Multiproduct CVP and decision making.
1. Faucet filter:
Selling price $80
Variable cost per unit 20
Contribution margin per unit $60
Pitchercumfilter:
Selling price $90
Variable cost per unit 25
Contribution margin per unit $65
Each bundle contains 2 faucet models and 3 pitcher models.
Breakeven point in units of faucet models and pitcher models is:
Faucet models: 3,000 bundles ´ 2 units per bundle = 6,000 units
Pitcher models: 3,000 bundles ´ 3 units per bundle = 9,000 units
Total number of units to breakeven 15,000 units
Breakeven point in dollars for faucet models and pitcher models is:
Faucet models: 6,000 units ´ $80 per unit = $ 480,000
Pitcher models: 9,000 units´ $90 per unit = 810,000
Breakeven revenues $ 1,290,000
(2 ´ $60) + (3 ´ $65)
Alternatively, weighted average contribution margin per unit = = $63
5
$945,000
Breakeven point = = 15, 000 units
$63
2
Faucet filter: ´ 15,000 units = 6,000 units
5
3
Pitchercumfilter: ´ 15 ,000 units = 9,000 units
5
Breakeven point in dollars
Faucet filter: 6,000 units ´ $80 per unit = $480,000
Pitchercumfilter: 9,000 units ´ $90 per unit = $810,000
2. Faucet filter:
Selling price $80
Variable cost per unit 15
Contribution margin per unit $65
336
Pitchercumfilter:
Selling price $90
Variable cost per unit 16
Contribution margin per unit $74
Each bundle contains 2 faucet models and 3 pitcher models.
Breakeven point in units of faucet models and pitcher models is:
Faucet models: 3,200 bundles ´ 2 units per bundle = 6,400 units
Pitcher models: 3,200 bundles ´ 3 units per bundle = 9,600 units
Total number of units to breakeven 16,000 units
Breakeven point in dollars for faucet models and pitcher models is:
Faucet models: 6,400 bundles ´ $80 per unit = $ 512,000
Pitcher models: 9,600 bundles ´ $90 per unit = 864,000
Breakeven revenues $1,376,000
(2 ´ $65) + (3 ´ $74)
Alternatively, weighted average contribution margin per unit = = $70.40
5
$945,000+181,400
Breakeven point = = 16, 000 units
$70.40
2
Faucet filter: ´ 16,000 units = 6,400 units
5
3
Pitchercumfilter: ´ 16, 000 units = 9, 600 units
5
Breakeven point in dollars:
Faucet filter: 6,400 units ´ $80 per unit = $512,000
Pitchercumfilter: 9,600 units ´ $90 per unit = $864,000
Operating income using old equipment = $315 x – $945,000
At point of indifference:
$315 x – $945,000 = $352 x – $1,126,400
$352 x – $315 x = $1,126,400 – $945,000
$37 x = $181,400
x = $181,400 ÷ $37 = 4,902.7 bundles
= 4,903 bundles (rounded)
337
Faucet models = 4,903 bundles ´ 2 units per bundle = 9,806 units
Pitcher models = 4,903 bundles ´ 3 units per bundle = 14,709 units
Total number of units 24,515 units
Let x be the number of bundles,
When total sales are less than 24,515 units (4,903 bundles), $315x - $945,000 >
$352x - $1,126,400, so Pure Water Products is better off with the old equipment.
At total sales of 30,000 units (6,000 bundles), Pure Water Products should buy the
new production equipment.
Check
$352´ 6,000 – $1,126,400 = $985,600 is greater than $315´ 6,000 –$945,000 =
$945,000.
1. Sales of standard and deluxe carriers are in the ratio of 150,000 : 50,000. So for every 1
unit of deluxe, 3 (150,000 ÷ 50,000) units of standard are sold.
Alternatively,
Let Q = Number of units of Deluxe carrier to break even
3Q = Number of units of Standard carrier to break even
Revenues – Variable costs – Fixed costs = Zero operating income
The breakeven point is 120,000 Standard units plus 40,000 Deluxe units, a total of 160,000
units.
338
2a. Unit contribution margins are: Standard: $20 – $14 = $6; Deluxe: $30 – $18 = $12
If only Standard carriers were sold, the breakeven point would be:
$1,200,000 ¸ $6 = 200,000 units.
2b. If only Deluxe carriers were sold, the breakeven point would be:
$1,200,000 ¸ $12 = 100,000 units
3. Operating income = Contribution margin of Standard + Contribution margin of Deluxe Fixed costs
= 180,000($6) + 20,000($12) – $1,200,000
= $1,080,000 + $240,000 – $1,200,000
= $120,000
Sales of standard and deluxe carriers are in the ratio of 180,000 : 20,000. So for every 1
unit of deluxe, 9 (180,000 ÷ 20,000) units of standard are sold.
Alternatively,
Let Q = Number of units of Deluxe product to break even
9Q = Number of units of Standard product to break even
The breakeven point is 163,638 Standard + 18,182 Deluxe, a total of 181,820 units.
The major lesson of this problem is that changes in the sales mix change breakeven points
and operating incomes. In this example, the budgeted and actual total sales in number of units
were identical, but the proportion of the product having the higher contribution margin declined.
Operating income suffered, falling from $300,000 to $120,000. Moreover, the breakeven point
rose from 160,000 to 181,820 units.
339
347 (20 min.) Gross margin and contribution margin.
1. Ticket sales ($20 ´ 500 attendees) $10,000
Variable cost of dinner ($10 a ´ 500 attendees) $5,000
Variable invitations and paperwork ($1 b ´ 500) 500 5,500
Contribution margin 4,500
Fixed cost of dinner 6,000
Fixed cost of invitations and paperwork 2,500 8,500
Operating profit (loss) $ (4,000)
a
$5,000/500 attendees = $10/attendee
b
$500/500 attendees = $1/attendee
Revenues - Variable c osts
1. Contribution margin percentage =
Revenues
$5, 000, 000 - $3, 000, 000
=
$5,000,000
$2,000,000
= = 40%
$5,000,000
Fixed costs
Breakeven revenues =
Contributi on margin percentage
$2,160,000
= = $5,400,000
0.40
2. If variable costs are 52% of revenues, contribution margin percentage equals 48% (100%
- 52%)
Fixed costs
Breakeven revenues =
Contributi on margin percentage
$2,160,000
= = $4,500,000
0.48
340
4. Incorrect reporting of environmental costs with the goal of continuing operations is
unethical. In assessing the situation, the specific “Standards of Ethical Conduct for Management
Accountants” (described in Exhibit 17) that the management accountant should consider are
listed below.
Competence
Clear reports using relevant and reliable information should be prepared. Preparing reports on
the basis of incorrect environmental costs to make the company’s performance look better than it
is violates competence standards. It is unethical for Bush not to report environmental costs to
make the plant’s performance look good.
Integrity
The management accountant has a responsibility to avoid actual or apparent conflicts of interest
and advise all appropriate parties of any potential conflict. Bush may be tempted to report lower
environmental costs to please Lemond and Woodall and save the jobs of his colleagues. This
action, however, violates the responsibility for integrity. The Standards of Ethical Conduct
require the management accountant to communicate favorable as well as unfavorable
information.
Credibility
The management accountant’s Standards of Ethical Conduct require that information should be
fairly and objectively communicated and that all relevant information should be disclosed. From
a management accountant’s standpoint, underreporting environmental costs to make
performance look good would violate the standard of objectivity.
Bush should indicate to Lemond that estimates of environmental costs and liabilities should
be included in the analysis. If Lemond still insists on modifying the numbers and reporting lower
environmental costs, Bush should raise the matter with one of Lemond’s superiors. If after taking
all these steps, there is continued pressure to understate environmental costs, Bush should
consider resigning from the company and not engage in unethical behavior.
Peoria Moline
Selling price $150.00 $150.00
Variable cost per unit
Manufacturing $72.00 $88.00
Marketing and distribution 14.00 86.00 14.00 102.00
Contribution margin per unit (CMU) 64.00 48.00
Fixed costs per unit
Manufacturing 30.00 15.00
Marketing and distribution 19.00 49.00 14.50 29.50
Operating income per unit $ 15.00 $ 18.50
341
1.
Annual fixed costs = Fixed cost per unit ´ Daily
production rate ´ Normal annual capacity
($49 ´ 400 units ´ 240 days;
$29.50 ´ 320 units ´ 240 days) $4,704,000 $2,265,600
Breakeven volume = FC ¸ CMU of normal
production ($4,704,000 ¸ $64; $2,265,600 ¸ 48) 73,500 units 47,200 Units
2.
Units produced and sold 96,000 96,000
Normal annual volume (units)
(400 × 240; 320 × 240) 96,000 76,800
Units over normal volume (needing overtime) 0 19,200
CM from normal production units (normal
annual volume ´ CMU normal production)
(96,000 × $64; 76,800 × 48) $6,144,000 $3,686,400
CM from overtime production units
(0; 19,200 ´ $40) 0 768,000
Total contribution margin 6,144,000 4,454,400
Total fixed costs 4,704,000 2,265,600
Operating income $1,440,000 $2,188,800
Total operating income $3,628,800
Contribution margin per plant:
Peoria, 96,000 × $64 $ 6,144,000
Peoria 24,000 × ($64 – $3) 1,464,000
Moline, 72,000 × $48 3,456,000
Total contribution margin 11,064,000
Deduct total fixed costs 6,969,600
Operating income $ 4,094,400
The contribution margin is higher when 120,000 units are produced at the Peoria plant and
72,000 units at the Moline plant. As a result, operating income will also be higher in this case
since total fixed costs for the division remain unchanged regardless of the quantity produced at
each plant.
342